THE CONSTITUTION Chapter 2
ROOTS OF THE CONSTITUTION 2.1
TRADE AND TAXATION 2.1 Mercantilism Strict import/export controls Widely ignored Costly French and Indian War New taxes on sugar and paper items Sugar Act Stamp Act "No taxation without representation"
Why was Samuel Adams important? 2.1 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
FIRST STEPS TOWARD INDEPENDENCE 2.1 Stamp Act Congress formed to address grievances Boston Massacre, 1770 Committees of Correspondence build public opinion against Britain. Boston Tea Party Coercive Acts of 1774 (Intolerable Acts) Quartering of British troops
What really happened at the Boston Massacre? 2.1 New York Historical Society
THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 2.1 First Continental Congress September, 1774 56 delegates Declaration of Rights and Resolves
THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 2.1 Battle of Lexington and Concord Second Continental Congress May, 1775 Olive Branch Petition (July 5, 1775) Thomas Paine's Common Sense
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 2.1 Committee of Five Thomas Jefferson Principal author John Locke Social contract theory Life, liberty, and property
THE FIRST ATTEMPT AT GOVERNMENT: THE ARTICLES OF 2.2 CONFEDERATION
PROBLEMS UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 2.2 No power to tax No power to regulate commerce No executive to implement laws No judicial system No coercive power over states
SHAYS'S REBELLION 2.2 Farmers protest farm foreclosures Shays and followers shut down court No state militia to quell the uprising
What was the result of Shays's Rebellion? 2.2 North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy
THE MIRACLE AT PHILADELPHIA: WRITING THE U.S. 2.3 CONSTITUTION
CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTIVES OF THE FRAMERS 2.3 All wealthy white males Most young Some slave owners Relatively educated Social motives Maintain social order which benefited them Economic motives Maintain property rights which benefited them
THE VIRGINIA AND NEW JERSEY PLANS 2.3 Virginia Plan Large states Powerful central government Representation based on population New Jersey Plan Small states Weak central government Representation by state
CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES 2.3 The Great Compromise Bicameral legislature Number of representatives based on population Representatives directly elected States given equal votes in Senate Senators elected by state legislatures Division of power between national and state governments
CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES 2.3 The Issue of Slavery No limits for 20 years The Three-Fifths Compromise Representation determined by counting slaves as three-fifths of a person Gave southern states more representatives
UNFINISHED BUSINESS: THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH 2.3 One-person executive 4-year term Electoral College Impeachment
THE U.S. CONSTITUTION 2.4
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 2.4 Federalism Power divided between national and state governments National government considered supreme Power derived from the people
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 2.4 Separation of Powers Executive branch Legislative branch Judicial branch Checks and Balances Each branch has powers to check the other two branches.
What are the separation of powers and checks and balances under the U.S. Constitution? Rob Hill/Fotolia 2.4 Vacclav/Fotolia trekandphoto/fotolia
STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION 2.4 Article I: Legislative branch Enumerated powers Necessary and proper clause Also called the Elastic clause Implied powers
STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION 2.4 Article II: Executive branch commander in chief authority to make treaties and federal appointments execute the laws faithfully
Why does the president deliver a State of the Union Address? 2.4 Virginia Mayo/ AP Images
STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION 2.4 Article III: Judiciary branch Articles IV through VII Full faith and credit Supremacy clause Amendment process
RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION 2.5
FEDERALISTS VERSUS ANTI-FEDERALISTS 2.5 Federalists favored strong national government. Anti-Federalists favored strong state governments. Ratification process was contentious
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS 2.5 85 essays by Federalists Alexander Hamilton (51) James Madison(26) John Jay(3) Appeared in New York newspapers Theoretical, scholarly Anti-Federalists responded with critique of Constitution
WINNING SUPPORT FOR THE CONSTITUTION 2.5 Delaware first state Small states before others New Hampshire 9th state New York and Virginia
THE BILL OF RIGHTS 2.5 Condition of ratification Sought by Anti-Federalists to protect civil liberties First ten amendments to Constitution
TOWARD REFORM: METHODS OF AMENDING 2.6 THE CONSTITUTION
FORMAL METHODS OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION 2.6 Proposal Two-thirds members of both houses Two-thirds of state legislatures Never used Ratification Vote in state legislature Vote in ratifying convention
How can the U.S. Constitution be amended? 2.6
Which is the only constitutional amendment to be repealed? 2.6 Kean Collection/Archive Photos/Getty Images
INFORMAL METHODS OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION 2.6 Judicial interpretation Supreme Court can decide if laws are unconstitutional. Social and cultural change Legislation can alter balance of power between government and states. Technological change Media is redefining free speech.