1 2 Unit I: Test 1 Consequences of WWI, Rise of WW II, Holocaust In your own words define the Treaty of Versailles? normally. 1918- Europe was hit by the Spanish influenza pandemic, which killed an estimated 25 million people! You Tell Me. #bittertowardsgermany 3 Versailles, France 4 The Treaty of Versailles Peace settlement after World War I had ended. Armistice agreement signed November 11, 1918 January 18, 1919: Paris Peace conference (6-month negotiation) June 28, 1919: Treaty of Versailles signed The Big 3: President Woodrow Wilson (USA), Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau (France), & Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Great Britain). Clemenceau wanted Germany punished for years to come. Much of Europe was destroyed by the War (France & Germany). 8 Attitude Towards Germany The Big 3 were in no mood to be charitable to the defeated Central Powers. Germany in particular was held responsible for the war and its consequences. Hang the Kaiser" and "Make Germany Pay" were two very common calls in the time immediately after the end of the war. 1) European reconciliation as opposed to revenge. 2) Fear of Communist influence. 3) Relentless 5 6 Background: Casualties World War I left Europe devastated! The countries that fought in the War suffered casualties never seen before. 9 Terms of the Treaty: Military, Monetary & Territory Military: Germany s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed an air force, tanks, or submarines. 7 Background Cont. Vast areas of Northeastern Europe had been reduced to rubble. More than 750,000 French homes were completely destroyed. Roads, coal mines, telegraph poles had all been destroyed and such a loss hindered the area's ability to function normally. 10 11 Monetary: War reparations of 132 billion gold marks. Final payment was paid October 3, 2010. ($341 billion today) Territory: Alsace-Lorrain given to France (rich in resourcescoal, iron ore, lumber, agriculture) What if What would have happened if the Germans refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles? It is far easier to make war than to make peace -Georges Clemenceau 1& 2&
12 It is far easier to make war than to make peace -Georges Clemenceau What if In your opinion, what would have happened if the Big Three decided not to punish Germany, but rather stabilize the country politically and financially? 16 Explain how Stalin s communist changes impacted the Soviet Union (Russia) Compare and contrast Fascism and Communism Mussolini & Fascist Italy 13 14 15 Would WWII have happened regardless? Brief Culture of the 1920 s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=684n8fo68lu The 14 Points Woodrow Wilson s 14 Point Plan for world peace (before armistice) Attempted to solve the causes of WWI Allied leaders were skeptical of Wilson s Plan (Idealism versus Realism) Every Point was rejected except #14- Establishing a League of Nations. Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for the League However the USA never joined the League of Nations-_ LofN had 2 primary goals: 1) Preserve peace through collective action 2) Promote international cooperation (economically & socially) As WWII unfolded, it was clear the League had failed. Objectives Describe how conditions in Italy allowed Mussolini to come into power Understand how Mussolini changed Italy 17 18 1 2 Benito Mussolini Fascist Flag Conditions Conditions in Italy: Economic chaos and political corruption in Italy after WWI. Returning veterans faced unemployment Trade declined and taxes rose Government was split into several groups Italians were upset with current conditions Mussolini- fiercely nationalist leader for Italy A model for ambitious politicians elsewhere in Europe Mussolini Emerges Mussolini organized veterans & upset Italians to form his Fascist political party. A very charismatic, influential speaker who promised to replace corruption and turmoil with order Reviving Roman greatness- Mediterranean Sea into a Roman lake Organized his supporters into groups in order to revolt. These groups were called and wore Black Shirts Favored violent action over a democratic way Used intimidation and terror to remove government officials Italians accepted these actions because they wanted change 3& 4&
19 change 1922- Mussolini & thousands of Fascists demanded change in Rome King Victor Emmanuel III feared a civil war & appointed Mussolini to lead Italy Totalitarianism 22 1 Fascism v. Communism Totalitarian National, private interests Defined class system (middle & upper-class support) Devotion to the State 20 Dominates every part of one s life Absolute Rule (Italy v. Russia v. Germany) Common Characteristics: Single-party dictator (1 leader) State (government) control of economy Use of police spies to enforce rules (violence) Government control of media & propaganda Influencing the children Mussolini s Fascist Rule Il Duce- The leader - title of Mussolini Mussolini brought the Italian economy under State control Favored the upper-class State > individual: Country comes first Women were only expected to have many children Children were taught strict military discipline & about ancient Rome Fascism- a centralized, totalitarian government that stresses patriotism, military action, and endangers human rights Fascism emphasizes loyalty to the State Fascism glorifies warfare & foreign conquest 23 24 2 Totalitarian Work for international change Classless society (support from lower-class and farmers) Devotion to the State Francisco Franco- Spain Military figure in Spain during Spanish Civil War Social & Economic structure in Spain was failing Franco joined the rebel movement to gain power Loyalist Republicans versus Conservative Nationalists (rebel groups led by Francisco Franco) Franco led the nationalists with military help from Hitler & Mussolini After the Civil War ended (1936-1939) Franco created a Fascist dictatorship He killed and imprisoned thousands of former Loyalists Franco remained in power until the 70s The Soviet Union Under Stalin Joseph Stalin- Communist dictator of the USSR (Soviet Union) during WWII Turned Soviet Union into a totalitarian State 21 Stalin s 5 Year Plan: aimed at building-up industry, improving transportation, & increasing farm output 5& 6&
transportation, & increasing farm output Government controlled economy Extreme production! 28 **Review** What conditions in Spain, the USSR, and Italy made it possible for Fascist/Communist dictators to come to power? 25 Bonuses if goals met, punished if goals not met Peasant Farmers Revolt Low standards of living and goods produced 29 What similarities do these totalitarian governments share? Unrest In Germany After WWI Germany was on the brink of chaos Threat of communism from the near east 1919- Germany drafts a new constitution after WWI in the city of Weimar, Germany. New government was called the Weimar Republic. It failed miserably: hyperinflation, splitting political parties, & the Great Depression An emerging politician, Adolf Hitler, promised to solve the country s woes 30 Adolf Hitler Born in Austria 1889 (German-Austrian: became fascist dictator of Germany during WWII 26 27 Stalin wanted strict government control of all agricultural land Peasants were stripped of all their food & grain to starve Kulaks- Wealthy farmers who revolted against Stalin Gulags- labor camps where many were killed or died from overwork! Methods of Control Labor Camps Public trials for former political activists Propaganda Atheism became a state policy Censorship of art & media Russification- making culture more Russian Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Day 31 Fought for Germany during WWI Took advantage of Germany s weak political state Became leader of the NAZI party (National Socialist of German Workers) Organized his supporters into fighting squads to promote his ideas/political actions. Rise of the Nazi Party The Weimar Republic was failing In 1923 Hitler staged a small coup (overthrow) to seize power of the German government. 7& 8&
of the German government. It failed, he was arrested, found guilty of treason, & sent to prison While in prison Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)- became the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology Included: Extreme German nationalism Anti-Semitism- discrimination of the Jewish people Aryans- Hitler s master race. Light-skinned German Europeans (blonde hair blue eyes). Jews were the enemy Lebensraum- more German living space in neighboring countries 34 Kristallnacht & Nuremberg Laws Hitler s anti-semitism: wanted all Jews driven out of German lands. 1935: Germany passes the Nuremberg Laws- No Jewish citizenship, No attending or educating at German schools/ colleges, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books. Kristallnacht Crystal Night (or Night of the Broken Glass)- November 1938. Nazi-led mobs that attacked Jewish stores and families (incarcerated many) 32 33 *Identify 2 of the 4 main causes that led to World War II. The Third Reich Third Reich- The Nazi government in Germany under Hitler Final Solution- the extermination of all Jewish peoples Germany became a Fascist, totalitarian state The SS- Hitler s storm troopers who enforced der Fuhrer s will Gestapo- secret police who rooted out the opposition, in particular Jews Purifying German culture- jazz, Catholicism, modern art Nazi Youth? 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Review Questions Identify 2 of the 4 causes, which led to World War II 9& 45 10& 46
47 45 Identify 2 of the 4 causes, which led to World War II What does the word appease mean? Define. Objectives Analyze the threats to world peace posed by dictators in the 1920s and 1930s, and how democratic countries responded 48 Japan withdrawals from the League of Nations Japan s militaristic society overran much of Eastern China by 1937. Once again democratic protests did nothing. 46 Summarize the ways in which continuing Nazi aggression led Europe to the Great War. Preserving World Peace After World War I European countries wanted to maintain peace so they could avoid another international war 49 Italy Invades 1935: Benito Mussolini, fascist leader of Italy during WWII, decides to invade Ethiopia. Ethiopia once defended itself from Italian imperialism, but their weapons and technology were no match. Late 1920s and all of the 1930s Ethiopia appeals to the League of Nations for help! Britain and France ignored signs of German, Italian, & Japanese advances- recreating new empires Despite the Western (democratic nations) efforts, the world was headed to war 50 The League failed to enforce international power again Treaty of Versailles Violated Hitler builds of Germany s military, disregarding any restrictions from the Treaty of Versailles Aggressive dictators were only met with verbal protest pleasgood ideas at the time? Hitler found Western democracies weak with little power By 1936 he sent troops into the Rhineland, bordering France another violation 47 Japan: Unchecked Aggression Japanese nationalists (military leaders) sought to gain an empire like the fascist dictators in Europe. Japan seized the territory of Manchuria in 1931- an early attempt at fascist expansion. Hideki Tojo- Prime Minister of Japan during WWII 51 League of Nations denounced these actions but took no real action against Hitler Westerns leaders adopted a policy of appeasement- giving in to the demands of the aggressor to keep peace Pacifism- opposition to all war Why Appease Hitler? Page 567 of book. 11& 12& 52
53 Page 567 of book. 1. Fear of the destructive power of modern technology 2. Widespread pacifism following WWI 3. Hitler s actions were seen as justifiable because of the harsh terms from the Treaty of Versailles 4. Economic depression 5. Hitler & fascism seen as a defense against the spread of Soviet communism 6. Misled trust/faith in compromise 7. Misreading of Hitler s and other fascist leaders intentions 54 Czechoslovakia Germany then turned to the Czechs Aimed at taking the Sudetenland- heavy German populations Still Britain, France, and others were not willing to go to war to save it Searched for peaceful plans while Hitler increased his demands 52 Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis As war approached in the mid-1930s the US passed the Neutrality Acts, which aimed to keep the US out of war The fascist leaders of Japan, Italy, and Germany would form the R,B,T Axis These three countries would form what would be known as the Axis Powers: Agreed to fight communism Agreed not to interfere with another s territorial expansion Allowed for even bolder actions in the future 55 Democratic leaders caved again! Hitler annexed the Sudetenland and assured Britain and France that he had no further plans to expand Brink of World War II After Hitler s reassurance, France & Britain felt that they had accomplished a great deal! 1939: Hitler plunges towards war by taking the rest of Czechoslovakia 53 German Expansion Continues Late 1930s- Hitler pursues his goals for more German living space, creating an Aryan race, removing vermin, and promoting his Third Reich 1938- Hitler annexes a supportive Austria Anschluss- union of Austria and Germany Western leaders acknowledge that appeasement has failed and promise to protect Poland at all costs Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact- Hitler & Stalin agreed to keep peaceful relations- not going to war September 1, 1939: Poland is invaded, WWII begins Anschluss violate the Versailles Treaty and Western democracies did nothing to stop him 56 13& 14&