Global 10 Regents Review

Name: Period: Teacher: Global 10 Regents Review 10.1 THE WORLD in 1750: The world in 1750 was marked by powerful Eurasian states and empires, coastal African kingdoms, and growing European maritime empires. The interactions of these states, empires, and kingdoms disrupted regional trade networks and influenced the development of new global trade networks. 10.1a Powerful Eurasian states and empires faced and responded to challenges ca. 1750 Compare the Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire in 1750 Policies of religious and ethnic tolerance Political organization Commercial activity (i.e. trade) How did the Tokugawa Shogunate attempt to unify and centralize Japan? Compare the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan with the Bourbon Dynasty in France: What the role did the city of Edo and the Palace at Versailles play: o To control the daimyo and nobles o To develop a bureaucracy? 10.1b Perceptions of outsiders and interactions with them varied across Eurasia Compare how the Tokugawa and Mughal Empires responded to outsiders? How did their policies impact them? On the map, color in the following empires make a key The Russian Empire The Ottoman Empire The Mughal Empire Qing Dynasty Tokugawa Shogunate Ashanti, Benin, and Dahomey 1

10.2: ENLIGHTENMENT, REVOLUTION, AND NATIONALISM: The Enlightenment called into question traditional beliefs and inspired widespread political, economic, and social change. This intellectual movement was used to challenge political authorities in Europe and colonial rule in the Americas. These ideals inspired political and social movements. 10.2a Enlightenment thinkers developed political philosophies based on natural laws, which included the concepts of social contract, consent of the governed, and the rights of citizens. 10.2b Individuals used Enlightenment ideals to challenge traditional beliefs and secure people s rights in reform movements, such as women s rights and abolition; some leaders may be considered enlightened despots. Explain the theories of the following Enlightenment thinkers. (Focus on key ideas and written works): John Locke Baron de Montesquieu Jean-Jacques Rousseau How did the following individuals contribute to the issues of abolition and gender equality: Mary Wollstonecraft William Wilberforce What is an enlightened despot? How can Catherine the Great be considered an Enlightened Despot? 10.2c Individuals and groups drew upon principles of the Enlightenment to spread rebellions and call for revolutions in France and the Americas. What caused the French Revolution? (political, social, economic) What roles did the following individuals play: Olympe de Gouges Maximilien Robespierre Napoleon Bonaparte How did the French Revolution lead to other resistance and revolutionary movements? 10.2d Cultural identity and nationalism inspired political movements that attempted to unify people into new nation-states and posed challenges to multinational states. What roles did the following individuals play in those revolutions? Toussaint L Ouverture Simon Bolivar Explain the impact of nationalism and cultural identity on the following: Unification of Italy and Germany Break up of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. 10.3 CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: Innovations in agriculture, production, and transportation led to the Industrial Revolution, which originated in Western Europe and spread over time to Japan and other regions. This led to major population shifts and transformed economic and social systems. 10.3a Agricultural innovations and technologies enabled people to alter their environment, allowing them to increase and support farming on a large scale. Explain causes and impacts of the agricultural revolution in Great Britain. Causes: Impacts: 2

10.3b Factors including new economic theories and practices, new sources of energy, and technological innovations influenced the development of new communication and transportation systems and new methods of production. These developments had numerous effects. What does a nation need in order to industrialize? How does industrialization change a nation s economy? What is Laissez Faire Capitalism? Who is the author of The Wealth of Nations? How does industrialization impact the following: Energy Technology Communication Transportation 10.3c Shifts in population from rural to urban areas led to social changes in class structure, family structure, and the daily lives of people. What was the Meiji Restoration? What were the effect on Japan: Social: Political: Economic: How could you compare Meiji Japan with Victorian England? 10.3d Social and political reform, as well as new ideologies, developed in response to industrial growth. Evaluate the calls for reform brought on by the Industrial Revolution: Expanded Suffrage Education Labor Reforms Marxism The Irish Potato Famine: Causes: Results: 10.4 IMPERIALISM: Western European interactions with Africa and Asia shifted from limited regional contacts along the coast to greater influence and connections throughout these regions. Competing industrialized states sought to control and transport raw materials and create new markets across the world. 10.4a European industrialized states and Japan sought to play a dominant role in the world and to control natural resources for political, economic, and cultural reasons. Explain the perspective of imperialism for each of the following groups: (i.e. would they support imperialism or be against it, and if so why) Missionaries (hint White Man s Burden) Indigenous people 3

Merchants / business people Government officials How did the Europeans rule over their colonies: Direct Rule (example: Britain in India): Indirect Rule (example: British in Nigeria): Spheres of Influence (China): 10.4b Those who faced being colonized engaged in varying forms of resistance and adaptation to colonial rule with varying degrees of success. 10.4c International conflicts developed as imperial powers competed for control. Claims over land often resulted in borders being shifted on political maps, often with little regard for traditional cultures and commerce (e.g., Berlin Conference). Explain one example of resistance in Africa (Zulu, Ethiopia, or Southern Egypt/Sudan) Explain one example of resistance in in China (Taiping Rebellion or Boxer Rebellion and the role of Empress Dowager CiXi). Identify and explain how Japan reacted to the threat of Western imperialism in Asia. Compare the maps. To the left is Africa as colonized by the Europeans. To the right is after independence. What do you notice about the borders? How would this impact Africa after independence? 10.5 UNRESOLVED GLOBAL CONFLICT (1914 1945): World War I and World War II led to geopolitical changes, human and environmental devastation, and attempts to bring stability and peace. 10.5a International competition, fueled by nationalism, imperialism, and militarism along with shifts in the balance of power and alliances, led to world wars. Identify and explain with examples the causes of World War 1: Militarism: Alliances: Nationalism: 4

Imperialism: Assassination Explain the effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany, and how that led to the rize of the Nazi party. Identify why each of the following nations practiced aggressive expansionism in the 1920s and 1930s Germany: Italy: Japan: Define Appeasement and explain how this policy led to World War II Compare the long and short term causes of World War I and World War II. What are the similarities? What are the differences? Long Term Causes Similarities Differences Short Term Causes Compare the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I with the end of World War II (Nuremberg Trials, Tokyo Trials, start of the Cold War). What are the similarities, what are the differences? 10.5b Technological developments increased the extent of damage and casualties in both World War I and World War II. Identify some of the technologies used in World War I: Identify some of the technologies used in World War II: In this chart, compare the human and environmental devastation of the following four technologies of World War I and World War II Trench Warfare Unrestricted Submarine Warfare 5

Strategic Bombing of World War II Atomic Bombs 10.5c The devastation of the world wars and use of total war led people to explore ways to prevent future world wars. Identify explain as many Wilson s Fourteen Points as possible. Why were many of Wilson s Points not included in the Treaty of Versailles? Explain how the Treaty of Versailles was a peace built on quicksand Identify and explain the problems with the League of Nations. When the League was replaced with the United Nations, how were these problems addressed? Identify some of the failures of the League of Nations. 10.5d Nationalism and ideology played a significant role in shaping the period between the world wars. Complete the chart for causes of the Russian Revolution Political Causes Economic Causes Social Causes Identify Totalitarianism and give three examples of how Stalin s reign was totalitarian: Complete the chart for the causes of the Nazi Rise to Power World War I Economic Problems Weak government 6

Identify and explain two differences between Fascism and Communism. Explain the role of nationalism and the development of the National Socialist state under Hitler in Germany Explain how the Great Depression led to the rise of totalitarian dictators in the following nations: Japan Italy 10.5e Human atrocities and mass murders occurred in this time period. Complete the following chart about the atrocities of the early 20th century Armenian Genocide Holodomor Holocaust 10.6 UNRESOLVED GLOBAL CONFLICT (1945 1991: THE COLD WAR): The second half of the 20th century was shaped by the Cold War, a legacy of World War II. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as global superpowers engaged in ideological, political, economic, and military competition. 10.6a The Cold War originated from tensions near the end of World War II as plans for peace were made and implemented. The Cold War was characterized by competition for power and ideological differences between the United States and the Soviet Union. During World War II, what promises did Stalin make at the Yalta Conference? Explain what actually happened? How did the US and its allies respond? Containment The Truman Doctrine 7

The Berlin Blockade/Airlift NATO 10.6b The Cold War was a period of confrontations and attempts at peaceful coexistence. What is a proxy war? Explain how areas like Cuba, Vietnam and Afghanistan can be considered proxy wars or Cold War conflicts? Explain the objectives of alliances such as NATO and. the Warsaw Pact? Explain the goals of Nuclear Proliferation? How did conflicts such as the Vietnam War lead to the rise of the military-industrial complex.? What is the non-aligned movement?. What nations participated in it and why? What is détente? From a US perspective: From a USSR perspective: 10.6c The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the communist bloc in Europe had a global impact. Explain the goals and results of the political reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev: Glasnost Perestroika 10.7 DECOLONIZATION AND NATIONALISM (1900 2000): Nationalist & decolonization movements employed a variety of methods, including nonviolent resistance and armed struggle. Tensions and conflicts often continued after independence as new challenges arose. 10.7a Independence movements in India and Indochina developed in response to European control. Evaluate the methods used by Gandhi to achieve Indian independence Boycotts/Homespun Movement Civil Disobedience Passive Resistance Evaluate the roles the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League played in the process of decolonization. Explain the partition of India? Why did Gandhi view this as a failure? 8

Compare the ideologies and methodologies of Gandhi and Ho Chi Minh as nationalist leaders Similarities: Differences: 10.7b African independence movements gained strength as European states struggled economically after World War II. European efforts to limit African nationalist movements were often unsuccessful. 10.7c Nationalism in the Middle East was often influenced by factors such as religious beliefs and secularism. Evaluate how the nations of Africa achieved their independence? Ghana Algeria Kenya What are the goals of Zionism? What factors lead to the development of Arab nationalism? How did the creation of the State of Israel lead to the Arab-Israeli conflict.? 10.7d Nationalism in China influenced the removal of the imperial regime, led to numerous conflicts, and resulted in the formation of the communist People s Republic of China. How did the following contribute to the Chinese Civil War? Nationalists Communists The World Wars Compare the People s Republic of China versus nationalist-run Taiwan: Mao Zedong Deng Xiaoping Political Policies Economic Policies Social Policies 10.8 TENSIONS BETWEEN TRADITIONAL CULTURES AND MODERNIZATION: Tensions exist between traditional cultures and agents of modernization. Reactions for and against modernization depend on perspective and context. 10.8a Cultures and countries experience and view modernization differently. For some, it is a change from a traditional rural, agrarian condition to a secular, urban, industrial condition. Some see modernization as a potential threat and others as an opportunity to be met. Define Urbanization: Define Industrialization: Evaluate the extent to which urbanization and industrialization has impacted society: 9

Impact of Urbanization/Industrialization Examples from Africa (e.g.,zimbabwe, Kenya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone), Latin America (e.g., Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico) Asia (e.g., China, India, Indonesia, South Korea). Family Religion Education Government 10.8b Tensions between agents of modernization and traditional cultures have resulted in ongoing debates within affected societies regarding social norms, gender roles, and the role of authorities and institutions. Evaluate the tensions between modernization and maintaining traditional culture: Turkey under the rule of Kemal Atatürk Modernization Maintaining Traditional Culture Iran under the Pahlavis and the Ayatollahs. How has modern technology, such as communication and transportation, have affected interactions between people and those in authority? Provide some examples that you have studied. Efforts to prompt change in government policy: Efforts to engage people in the political process including use of social media: Efforts to control access to information: Use of terrorism as a tactic: 10

10.9 GLOBALIZATION AND A CHANGING GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT (1990 PRESENT): Technological changes have resulted in a more interconnected world, affecting economic and political relations and in some cases leading to conflict and in others to efforts to cooperate. Globalization and population pressures have led to strains on the environment. 10.9a Technological changes in communication and transportation systems allow for instantaneous interconnections and new networks of exchange between people and places that have lessened the effects of time and distance. Give three examples of how news technologies have changed how information is accessed, exchanged and controlled. For each of these examples, how has it changed the way business conducted. Explain the causes and effects of, and responses to, one infectious disease (e.g., Malaria, HIV/AIDS, Ebola). 10.9b Globalization is contentious, supported by some and criticized by others. Evaluate various issues concerning globalization: [To be discussed in class] Free market, export-oriented economies vs. localized, sustainable activities Development of a mixed economy in China and China s role in the global economy Multinational corporations and cartels such as OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) Roles of the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund Economic growth and economic downturns (e.g., recession, depression) Economic development and inequality (e.g., access to water, food, education, health care, energy) Migration and labor Ethnic diversity vs. homogenization (e.g., shopping malls, fast food, language, pop culture) 10.9c Population pressures, industrialization, and urbanization have increased demands for limited What is the Green Revolution? 11

natural resources and food resources, often straining the environment. What impacts did the Green Revolution have: Positive Effects Negative Effects Explain the modern day strains on the environment due to population growth, industrialization, and urbanization: Threats to wildlife Desertification Deforestation Pollution 10.9d Globalization has created new possibilities for international cooperation and for international conflict. Evaluate the goals and whether or not those goals are being achieved of the following international organizations: United Nations (UN) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) The European Union Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) What is the Kyoto Protocol and what issues does it try to resolve? Evaluate the threats to global security presented by each of the following: International trade in weapons of mass destruction (for example: chemical, biological, and nuclear) Nuclear proliferation Cyber warfare Terrorism 12

10.10 HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS: Since the Holocaust, human rights violations have generated worldwide attention and concern. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights has provided a set of principles to guide efforts to protect threatened groups and has served as a lens through which historical occurrences of oppression can be evaluated. 10.10a Following World War II, the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) was written. This provides a set of principles to guide efforts to protect threatened grou ps. Read the main provisions of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Why would this need to be created? Why did the following events lead to this Declaration? Holocaust Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials 10.10b Governments, groups, and individuals have responded in various ways to the human atrocities committed in the 20th and 21st centuries. Evaluate what nations have done to adhere to international human rights. Provide some examples of how international organizations have worked to maintain peace, stability, and economic prosperity, and to protect nations and people from oppressive governments and political violence. 10.10c Historical and contemporary violations of human rights can be evaluated, using the principles and articles established within the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. How have the following individuals violated human rights in their nations: Augusto Pinochet Deng Xiaoping Slobodan Milosevic How were human rights violated in the following events: Cambodia Rwanda Darfur Explain the concept of apartheid in South Africa. 13

How was the policy of apartheid challenged? How did the following address human rights violations: Mother Teresa Aung San Suu Kyi Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 14

Name Date Period Global 10 Stimulus Based Questions This year you will see questions that will be matched with some type of stimuli or source such as charts graphs, maps, timelines, and political cartoons. These questions can ask a variety of different things: Comprehension: Find a specific term, item, figure or number. The idea here is, can you locate the information in stimuli Generalization: you have to identify a broad statement or common pattern that is based off of the stimulus Conclusion: A judgement used reasoning. Using the evidence in the document, you have to draw a conclusion or see a pattern. Explanatory: You are asked to provide an explanation for the situation shown in the reading, graph, etc. First you have to create a generalization, and then use your existing knowledge to show what the data illustrates. Prediction: you are being asked to guess what the information indicates for the future. First you have to make a generalization and then use your knowledge to make a prediction. General Strategies The figure in the cartoon is a symbol that represents According to the graph, in which year was production the least? Based on the information in the chart, what type of person usually supports laissez faire economics. Using the reading, it is clear that the author was influenced by What conclusion can be drawn from the data in the graph? Which factor most likely contributed to the situation show on the map? Based on the information in the date, which is most likely to occur? When looking at a document, try to find information about the author s background. This can often help you to understand the author s position or purpose in writing his or her ideas. Ask yourself the following questions when reading a written document: When and where was the document written? Why was the document written? What do I now about the author? What is the main idea of the passage? What facts, if any, does the writer present to support his or her views? What is the tone (attitude) of the writing? Also, when interpreting a written source you have to keep in mind the historical context of the document: What was going on, what events were taking place, when the document was written? This helps you understand why the document was created Example: Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792 I wish to persuade women to endeavor to acquire strength, both of mind and body, and to convince them that the soft phrases, susceptibility of heart, delicacy of sentiment, and refinement of taste, are almost synonymous with epithets of weakness, and that those beings who are only the objects of pity, and that kind of love which has been termed its sister, will soon become objects of contempt...i wish to show that elegance is inferior to virtue, that the first object of laudable ambition is to obtain a character as a human being, regardless of the distinction of sex. Source: http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111wollstone.html

Point of View and Bias Finally, you need to understand the author s point of view. What is their class, education, social position, etc? How might that shape their point of view? All documents have bias. Meaning the author s point of view has preexisting beliefs or opinions that may be unsupported by facts. To determine bias, ask the following questions: What does the author choose to write about? What does the author leave out? Does the author like or dislike what she describes? Are the words used positive or negative? Is the author similar / different to the people they describe? The Main idea: After reading a document, summarize what the passage is about in a brief summary. Leave out the less important details, and get to the main idea. Example: Letter from Leeds Cloth Merchants, 1791. In the Manufacture of Woollens, the Scribbling Mill, the Spinning Frame, and the Fly Shuttle, have reduced manual Labour nearly One third, and each of them at its-first Introduction carried an Alarm to the Work People, yet each has contributed to advance the Wages and to increase the Trade, so that if an Attempt was now made to deprive us of the Use of them, there is no Doubt, but every Person engaged in the Business, would exert himself to defend them. From these Premises, we the undersigned Merchants, think it a Duty we owe to ourselves, to the Town of Leeds, and to the Nation at large, to declare that we will protect and support the free Use of the proposed Improvements in Cloth-Dressing, by every legal Means in our Power; and if after all, contrary to our Expectations, the Introduction of Machinery should for a Time occasion a Scarcity of Work in the Cloth Dressing Trade, we have unanimously agreed to give a Preference to such Workmen as are now settled Inhabitants of this Parish, and who give no Opposition to the present Scheme. This statement by the Cloth Merchants of Leeds (a major center of wool manufacture in Yorkshire) defended the use of machines. It appeared in 1791. Political Cartoons When analyzing a political cartoon, I like to divide up the picture into four quadrants. Then in each of those quadrants I look for: facial expressions, exaggerations, symbols, dialoged, characters, etc. Why are the leaders of this 1936 cartoon spineless?

Maps Students get a lot of easy map questions wrong. When looking at a map, make sure you identify the: title, legend or key, scale, any other important information. Example: So for this map, what do the lines represent? What does the title tell you? - Comprehension What is the reason for the change on this map? - Conclusion Why did the Treaty that ending World War I cause these changes? Explanatory What was the effect of some of these changes? Explanatory

Example: What do the lines represent? Why are some lines thicker than others? The arrows? The different shadings? The star symbol? - Comprehension What is the reason for the change on this map? Conclusion Why did India gain independence in this way? Explanatory What future problems did the situation on this map cause? - Explaatory Timeline A timeline is a series of events arranged in chronological order along a line. Chronological order means a sequence of events in the order they occurred. In a timeline, there are some things to understand.: Space between timline events: The distance between events are usualy in proportion to the time between the events the represent. Timeline events are usually related in some way, usualy indicated by the title. Look to see if the timeline is divided into decades, centuries, or millennium. Division between B.C.E. or C.E.

Name Date Period Global History Before You Begin Do This Read the Historical Context Read the Task Decide how you will organize this essay Decide what should be addressed in each power graph? Thematic Essay Planning! Your introduction should include the who/what/when/where/why of the essay so this will help. Create a Pre Reading chart How many paragraphs will you have? How do you know? Topic Sentences Describe Show similarities Show Differences Analyze Indicate Change Transforms Agree Conversely Because Transformed Changes Also Differently Therefore Converted Demonstrates As well Disagree Due to Altered Emerges Both/all However Consequently Before Exemplifies In addition Contrast Hence After Illustrates In common On the contrary For this reason Pror to indicates Shares the view On the other hand as a result of Emerged Portrays Similarly Unlike Thus Adapted Reflects Neither Either Led to Reveals Likewise Different from signifies Too Instead Equally Rather Just as so too although Theme: Culture and Intellectual Life Intellectuals, philosophers, and leaders have often recorded their ideas in written works. These ideas have been used throughout history to guide societies and influence the course of national and regional development. Task: Select two intellectuals, philosophers, and/or leaders and a writing associated with that person andfor each Describe the historical circumstances surrounding this writing Describe a main idea found in this writing Discuss how this idea has influenced the development of a nation or region You may use any intellectuals, philosophers, or leaders from your study of global history. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include: John Locke Two Treatises on Government Karl Marx Communist Manifesto Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf Mao Zedong Little Red Book Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom

Leaders Historical Circumstances Main Idea Influence TASK Select two political leaders and for each Describe the historical circumstances that brought this political leader to power Explain one policy or practice that was put into effect under this leader Discuss how this policy or practice affected a specific group of people or society or region Leaders Historical Circumstance One Policy or Practice How did the Policy or practice affect a specific group of people, or society, or region

Theme: Human Rights Violations The human rights of many groups have been violated at different times in various nations and regions. Efforts by governments, groups, and individuals to resolve these human rights violations have met with mixed results. Task: Select two groups who have experienced human rights violations in a specific nation or region and for each Describe one historical circumstance that led to a human rights violation in the nation or region Describe one example of a human rights violation in that nation or region Discuss the extent to which a government, a group, or an individual made an attempt to resolve this human rights violation You may use any group whose rights have been violated from your study of global history. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include Christians under the Roman Empire, indigenous peoples in Latin America, Armenians under the Ottoman Empire, Ukrainians after the Russian Revolution, Jews in Europe, Cambodians under Pol Pot, blacks under apartheid in South Africa, and Kurds in the Middle East. Groups Historical Circumstance Example of Human Rights Violation Attempt to resolve Rights Violation

TASK Select two political leaders and for each Describe the historical circumstances that brought this political leader to power Explain one policy or practice that was put into effect under this leader Discuss how this policy or practice affected a specific group of people or society or region Leaders Historical Circumstance One Policy or Practice How did the Policy or practice affect a specific group of people, or society, or region Task Select two political revolutions and for each Describe the historical circumstances leading to this revolution Discuss the political, economic, and/or social effects of this revolution Revolutions Historical Circumstances leading to this revolution Political, economic and/or social effects of the revolution

Task: Select two political revolutions and for each Describe the historical circumstances leading to this revolution Discuss the political, economic, and/or social effects of this revolution Revolutions Historical Circumstances leading to this revolution Political, economic and/or social effects of the revolution Taske Select two geographic features and for each Discuss how this geographic feature influenced the political, economic, social, and/or historical developments in a country or region Geographic Features & Region How did the Geographic Feature affect a nation/region How did Humans modify the nation/region to best fit their needs

Task Select two individuals and for each Describe the historical circumstances that led the individual to defend human rights Describe a method the individual used to defend human rights Discuss the extent to which the individual s effort was successful Individuals Historical Circumstance Method used to Defend Human Rights Extent to which the Individual s effort was successful Task: Select two different examples from history where human rights have been denied to groups of people and for each Explain the historical circumstances that led to the denial of human rights Describe how the human rights of that group were denied Discuss an action taken by an individual, a group, or a government that attempted to end the human rights violations Individuals Historical Circumstance How were the Human Rights of that Group Denied Action taken by an individual, a group, or a government that attempted to end the human rights violations

Task Select two armed conflicts and for each Describe the historical circumstances leading to this armed conflict Discuss the ways in which this armed conflict affected a specific group of people, a country, and/or a region Armed conflicts Historical Circumstances Leading to Conflict Ways in which this armed conflict affected a specific group of people, country, and/or region Task Select two global issues that have occurred since the end of World War II and for each Describe how this issue has affected a specific country or region or the global community Explain a solution that has been proposed to address the issue Discuss the extent to which this solution has been successful in solving the issue Global Issues Affected a Specific Country or Region or the Global Community Explain a solution that has been proposed to address the issue Action taken by an Extent to which this solution has been successful in solving the issue