UN- C.T.E.D 16 Nevember 2017. New York Returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters: Combating Threats and Managing Resilience DR EL MOSTAFA REZRAZI OCP Policy Center Senior Fellow President of Moroccan Observatory on Extremism & Violence rezrazi@lab-psy.net 1
After ISIL defeat Loosing Territoriality Loosing Leadership But Doctrinal Resilience continues The debate is limited to return or redeployment
THE RETURN (1) Let them die The Fate of FTF Some western Political Reactions generating negative feedbacks from the public: Asking for killing jihadists where they are in Syria and do not allow them to return/ escape
Deprivation of nationality from jihadists Case of Arab Countries: Tunisia as example
Deprivation of nationality from jihadists - Case of Europe- While nationality represents a component of identity and psychological integrity. For some western policy makers, nationality is not necessarily a permanent or unshakeable feature. Indeed, most domestic legislations on nationality contain a set of rules - alongside those defining the conditions for acquiring nationality - which set out the grounds on which a national may lose or be deprived of that nationality.
But with the public panic that has occupied the European public space since 2015, the growing concern over international terrorism and now the phenomenon of foreign fighters s return, some governments are trying to use the politics of nationality as a potential instrument in the protection of their national security interests. Emerging Problem Dealing with international conventions related to human rights Dealing with constitutional laws Collective/ Regional immigration policies Special Laws and procedures for combating terrorism Resilience
LEGAL DEBATE MIGHT APPLY The right to nationality as a fundamental right The prohibition against discrimination The prohibition against statelessness The prohibition against arbitrary deprivation of nationality BUT THE RIGHT TO SECURITY REMAINS ALSO STRONG
Remembering the process of the Internationalization of Terrorism Bin Laden: Despite his wealth, the Saudi government in 1994 revoked bin Laden's citizenship, Others Recently, deprivation process is back in egypt, in trails of Moslem brotherhood 1994-1998 ---- Deprivation---- internationalization of the Jihadi Movement
(3) A Third Option Hard, not Exotic, but Wise Proactive Actions( Proactive Actions/ Advanced Intelligence Monitoring/ Inclusive process of eradication/ deradicalization/ rehabilitation Systemic and integrated planning that takes into consoderation: The Preventive, the Corrective and the Curative approaches
The Redeployment Redeployment to North Africa ( cases already recorded) Redeployment to Sahel ( cases already recorded) Redeployment to the Balkane ( cases already recorded) Redeployment to Asia ( cases already recorded) Redeployment to Yemen ( cases already recorded) Redeployment to new a area where political turbulence might emerge Redeployment to a third country for those binationals, using the no requirement of visa, falsified travel documents ( cases already recorded) 10
Processes for Conterring extremism (Eradication 1/2) Security Forces actions against terrorists, Intelligence monitoring of extremists, Monitoring terrorist communication Controlling Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing ( including Bitcoin and online trade) Monitoring of Space of Cults (including abolishing voluntary leadership, monitoring charity) Cyber Communication ( including Dark net) Controlling Acces points, Borders, Aeroports, Ports, uncontrolled remote Area
Legal Framework of Eradicalization Process Resolutions 1624 & 2178 Measures should conform to international law & the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and related provisions Extending criminalization of acts: including incitement and glorification of terrorist acts Expresses concern over the use of the internet
Processes for C T: II- Deradicalization I II III Hard Measures: Arrest those with extreme and violent religious / CONTRV: political Islamic Groups who are moderate and nonviolent views.// Moral Resp UNSC Differentiate EXTR & VEXTR Initiative Measures: Promotion of Tolerance platforms in Religious Spaces Promotion of Tolerance platforms in Educational Spaces Socialization Measures: Create a Tolerant global environment in all supplying processes of Socialization ( School, Media, etc )
Legal Framework of Deradicalization Process International: I. Security Council Resolution 2129 Key point in the resolution: Recognizing that terrorism will not be defeated by military force, law enforcement measures, and intelligence operations alone Reaffirming also that terrorism cannot and should not be associated with any religion, nationality, civilization or group, Areas of development: Evolving nexus between terrorism and information and communications technologies, in particular the Internet, and the use of such technologies to commit terrorist acts capacity-building to Member States identifying good practice
Framework for the Good Practices Ankara Memorandum on Good Practices for a Multi- Sectoral Approach to Countering Violent Extremism (2013) Marrakech Memorandum on Good Practices for a More Effective Response to the FTF Phenomenon, Good Practice
There is a need for a New Memerondum since all previous discourses and statments were concerned by departure and not return A need for a methodological differenciation between Actions to prevent from extremism and actions to prevent from terrorist menaces A need for an inclusive approach to deradicalize Pulic spaces in all its aspects ( cultural, religious, educational spaces, media, virtual space, etc) IT is costly, timless, and has interferences with political and doctrinal agendas.
A need for an inclusive approach to achieve the disengagement of former extremists: Cognitive Psychological Doctrinal Socio Economic We should care about the profiles of ISIL population ( less educated, with psychological difficultés in the cognitive, social and emotional inteligences)
We should be aware about deontological considerations We should be aware about generations differences of extremists Educated/ leadership/ group oriented The Mourajaat process is less efficient today ( experience of Jordan, Libya, Egypt and Morocco)
Critical outputs of cooperation Operational capabilities building Intelligence and operational cooperation between African agencies Intelligence and operational cooperation between African and international counterparts.
Urban and Remote Areas Police, Gendarmerie, Army OperationalVs Strategic North -South Colonial Heritage/ New states, Donor/ recipients, technological superiority Information Sharing complications Technical deficts Lack of Awareness Mechanisms