1 2 3 AP Gov Exam Review Key terms, charts and graphs The Policymaking System The process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time The Constitution Foundations The philosophy of John Locke Second Treatise on Civil Government Natural rights Consent of the governed (Social Contract Theory) Limited government Declaration of Independence Concepts of: Democracy and Republicanism 4 5 6 7 The Agenda in Philadelphia The Equality Issues Equality and Representation of the States New Jersey Plan equal representation in states Virginia Plan population-based representation Connecticut Compromise Slavery Three-fifths compromise Political Equality and voting left to states The Madisonian Model The Madisonian Model Individual Rights Only these protections were included No suspension of Writ of Habeas Corpus 1
No suspension of Writ of Habeas Corpus No Bills of attainder Prohibition of Ex post facto laws No religious qualifications for public office Trial by jury in most cases Strict standards for charges of Treason Omission of others led to demand for a Bill of Rights 8 9 10 11 Ratifying the Constitution Constitutional Change Defining Federalism Judicial Review Marbury v. Madison 1803 Established the Judiciary s ability to interpret the constitutionality of the laws of Congress McCulloch v. Maryland Strengthened the implied powers of the Federal Government Gibbons v. Ogden Affirmed the Federal Government s authority to regulate interstate commerce 12 13 The Constitutional Basis of Federalism Intergovernmental Relations Today Fiscal Federalism The Grant System: Distributing the Federal Pie Categorical Grants: federal grants that can be used for specific purposes; grants with strings attached Project Grants: based on merit Formula Grants: amount varies based on formulas Block Grants: federal grants given more or less automatically to support broad programs 2
automatically to support broad programs Grants are given to states and local governments. 14 Civil Liberties The legal constitutional protections against the government ( Congress shall make no law... ) The Bill of Rights and the States Written to restrict the national government Congress shall make no law Barron v. Baltimore (1833) Most have been incorporated through the 14 th Amendment, and now restrict state and local governments First Amendment protection of speech first incorporated to states in Gitlow v. New York (1925) 15 1 2 The Bill of Rights Freedom of Religion Establishment clause Free exercise clause Lemon Test Freedom of Expression Prior restraint Free speech and public order Free press and fair trial Obscenity Miller Test Libel and slander Symbolic speech Commercial Speech Regulation of the Public airways Freedom of Assembly Right to assemble Right to associate Right to Bear Arms 3
Right to Bear Arms Militia, right to bear arms Defendant s Rights Miranda Searches and seizures Exclusionary Rule Self-incrimination Right to counsel Trials Cruel and unusual punishment Right to Privacy? 9 th Amend. ( Penumbra ) 16 17 18 The Incorporation Doctrine (Sometimes referred to as selective incorporation ) Civil Rights Protected mostly through the 14 th Amendment Civil Rights Racial Segregation De jure & de facto Key Cases & Laws Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 19 Civil Rights Gender 19 th Amendment ERA Comparable Worth Title IX Americans w/disabilities Act Lawrence v. Texas (2003) DOMA 4
DOMA affirmative action Regents of the University of California v Bakke (1978) Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) 20 21 22 1 The American People The American People The Regional Shift Population shift from east to west Reapportionment: the process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives every 10 years on the basis of the results of the census Redistricting: the redrawing of district lines after the census Gerrymandering: the manipulation of district lines to favor one s party Public Opinion & Media More Key Terms: exit poll demography political socialization political ideology gender gap melting pot minority majority sample sampling error random sampling random digit dialing political participation protest civil disobedience 2 high-tech politics print media 5
print media trial balloons mass media broadcast media soundbites media event narrowcasting talking head press conferences chains policy agenda investigative journalism beats policy entrepreneurs 23 24 25 26 How American Learn About Politics: Political Socialization Political Learning Over a Lifetime Aging increases political participation and strength of party attachment. What Americans Value: Political Ideologies The Party in the Electorate Party Coalitions 27 Money and Campaigning The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms Soft Money: political contributions (not subject to contribution limits) earmarked for party-building expenses or generic party advertising The McCain-Feingold Act (2002) banned soft money, increased amount of individual contributions, and limited issue ads. 527s: independent groups that seek to influence political process but are not subject to contribution restricts because 6
527s: independent groups that seek to influence political process but are not subject to contribution restricts because they do not directly seek election of particular candidates 28 29 30 31 32 33 Money and Campaigning The Proliferation of PACs Political Action Committees (PACs): created by law in 1974 to allow corporations, labor unions and other interest groups to donate money to campaigns; PACs are registered with and monitored by the FEC. As of 2006 there were 4,217 PACs. PACs contributed over $372.1 million to congressional candidates in 2006. PACs donate to candidates who support their issue. PACs do not buy candidates, but give to candidates who support them in the first place. Red & Blue States Whether to Vote: A Citizen s First Choice Whether to Vote: A Citizen s First Choice How Americans Vote: Explaining Citizens Decisions Interest Groups Pluralist Theory Elite Theory Hyperpluralist Theory Downs Model: Potential group Actual group Collective good Free-rider problem Selective benefits Olsen s Law of Large Groups Strategies employed 7
Strategies employed Lobbying Electioneering Litigation Going public Iron Triangles (subgovernments) 34 35 1 2 Congressional Elections Who Wins Elections? Incumbents: Those already holding office. How Congress is Organized to Make Policy The House 435 members, 2-year terms of office Initiates all revenue bills, more influential on budget House Rules Committee Limited debates The Senate 100 members, 6-year terms of office Gives advice & consent, more influential on foreign affairs Unlimited debates (filibuster) 36 1 2 How Congress is Organized to Make Policy The House Led by Speaker of the House elected by House members Presides over House Major role in committee assignments and legislation Assisted by majority leader and whips The Senate Formally lead by Vice President Really lead by Majority Leader chosen by party members Assisted by whips 8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Assisted by whips Must work with Minority leader How Congress is Organized to Make Policy How Congress is Organized to Make Policy Committees and Subcommittees Standing committees: subject matter committees that handle bills in different policy areas Joint committees: a few subject-matter areas membership drawn from House and Senate Conference committees: resolve differences in House and Senate bills Select committees: created for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate investigation The Congressional Process The Presidents Presidential Powers Running the Government: The Chief Executive Running the Government: The Chief Executive The Executive Office Made up of policymaking and advisory bodies Three principle groups: NSC, CEA, OMB Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers 9
47 48 Power from the People: The Public Presidency Presidential Approval Receives much effort by the White House Product of many factors: predispositions, honeymoon, rally events Changes can highlight good or bad decisions The Presidency Other key terms Twenty-second Amendment impeachment Watergate Twenty-fifth Amendment presidential coattails War Powers Resolution legislative veto Crisis manager 49 The Federal Budget Key Terms budget deficit expenditures revenues federal debt income tax payroll taxes Sixteenth Amendment tax expenditures Social Security Act Medicare incrementalism 10
incrementalism uncontrolled expenditures entitlements House Ways and Means Committee Senate Finance Committee Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 Congressional Budget Office budget resolution reconciliation authorization bill appropriations bill continuing resolutions 50 51 52 The Budgetary Process The Budgetary Process The Federal Bureaucracy Key Terms: patronage Pendleton Civil Service Act civil service merit principle Hatch Act GS (Gender Schedule) rating Senior Executive Service Plum Book Independent regulatory commission (Ex. SEC) government corporations (Ex. Post Office) independent executive agency (Ex. NASA) policy implementation standard operating procedures administrative discretion street-level bureaucrats 11
street-level bureaucrats regulation deregulation command-and-control policy ( stick ) incentive system ( carrot ) executive orders iron triangles 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 The Bureaucrats How Bureaucracies Are Organized How Bureaucracies Are Organized Understanding Bureaucracies The Structure of the Federal Judicial System The Structure of the Federal Judicial System The Structure of the Federal Judicial System The Courts as Policymakers Accepting Cases Use the rule of four to choose cases Issues a writ of certiorari to call up the case Supreme Court accepts few cases each year The Federal Courts More key terms: Criminal law Civil Justice System (civil courts) Litigation/litigants (plaintiff & defendant) Standing to sue Class action suits 12
Class action suits Justiciable disputes amicus curiae briefs ( friend of the court ) original jurisdiction appellate jurisdiction Plea bargain (90% of all cases) Majority opinion Dissenting opinion Concurring opinion Stare decisis Judicial implementation Original intent Judicial activism/restraint Doctrine of political questions Statutory construction 13