The philosophes views about society often got them in trouble. In France it was illegal to criticize either the Catholic Church or the government. Many philosophes landed in jail or were exiled. Voltaire, for example, experienced both punishments. Nevertheless, the Enlightenment spread throughout Europe with the help of books, magazines, and word of mouth. In time, Enlightenment ideas influenced everything from the artistic world to the royal courts across the continent.
A world of ideas The buzz of Enlightenment ideas was most intense in the mansions of several wealthy women of Paris. The views expressed in the articles soon angered both the French government and the Catholic Church. They held regular social gatherings called salons, where great intellects met to discuss ideas. He created the Encyclopedia, a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays. The most influential of the salon hostess was Marie-Thérèse Geoffrey. She helped finance the project of a leading philosophe named Denis Diderot The salons and the Encyclopedia helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over Europe.
New Artistic Styles European art of the 1600s and early 1700s had been dominated by the style called baroque. Under the influence of the Enlightenment, styles began to change. A new style that borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome: neoclassical.
Music styles also changed to reflect Enlightenment ideals. The music scene in Europe had been dominated by: New Artistic Styles Bach Mozart Handel Haydn A new, lighter, and more elegant style of music known as classical emerged. Beethoven
New Artistic Styles Writers in the 18th century also developed new styles and forms of literature. Writers, including many women, turned out a flood of popular novels in the 1700s. Samuel Richardson s Pamela is often considered the first true English novel.
The Enlightenment spirit also swept through Europe s royal courts. Enlightenment and Monarchy The philosophes tried to convince monarchs to rule justly. They became known as enlightened despots. They wanted to make their countries stronger and their own rule more effective.
Enlightenment and Monarchy Frederick II, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, committed himself to reforming Prussia. the first servant of the state. He did several reforms and changes. But his changes only went so far. Frederick s most important contribution was his attitude toward being king.
Enlightenment and Monarchy The most radical royal reformer was Joseph II of Austria. After his death a lot do his reforms were undone. He introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press and freedom of worship, even for Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews. His most radical reform was to abolished serfdom. The nobles opposed him.
The ruler most admired by the philosophes was Catherine the Great. Enlightenment and Monarchy The revolts were crushed with great brutality and serfdom continue to exist. She sought to reform Russia with the ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria. At the end she was only able to put some limited reforms. But the situation of the Russian peasents didn t change and they revolted.
Catherine sought and gain access to the Black Sea and to the Mediterranean. Enlightenment and Monarchy Meanwhile inspired by Enlightenment ideas, colonial leaders in N.A. decided to do the unthinkable: break away from their ruling country and found an independent republic. Catherine also expanded her empire westward into Poland. Poland was divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria: First Partition of Poland. Poland disappeared as an independent country for more than a century. Russia was becoming an international