THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

THE OLD REGIME/ THE ANCIEN REGIME Name used by the revolutionaries to refer the times before the French revolution Later adopted by historians to refer to characteristics of the period between the 15th and 18th centuries 15TH C 18TH C

THE EIGHTEEN CENTURY: TIMES OF THE OLD REGIME CHANGE THE ENLIGHTMENT: Ideological movement of French origin

LIGHT

THE DISEMINATION OF THE IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT The Encyclopaedia, published by Diderot and D Alambert, was a compendium of the knowledge of the time, based on reason. The writers critised beliefs based on tradition and superstition. Panflets, periodicals and new journals The salons. Social gatherings, centres of intellectual exchanges

THE IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTMENT: CRITICS OF ABSOLUTISM POLITICAL CHANGES ABSOLUTISM The king s power derived from God. The monarch had complete power to govern, legislate, control de economy the justice and the army. The kings ignored the Parliaments VOLTAIRE The king s power should be limited by the Parliament, following the English model MONTESQUIEU Proposed the division of powers: Executive Legislative Judiciary ROUSSEAU Sovereignity resides in the people, so governments should respect the will of people

LOUIS XV of France ENLIGHT TMENT ABSOLUTI SM CARLOS III of Spain ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM The monarch had absolute power Reforms to achieve progress and the well-being of his subjects ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM Everything for the people but without the people CATHERINE II of Russia JOSEPH II of Austria FREDERICH II of Prussia JOSE I of Portugal

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS During the 17th century the most influential economic doctrine was based on the idea of mercantilism

MERCANTILISM The country s wealth is measured by the amount of precious metals it possesses Supplied raw materials Occupying new territories: Colonies Forbidding the export of row materials COLONIAL AGREEMENT Bought manufactured products Encouraging external trade The state intervene In the economy Monopolies: Privileged companies Promoting national products Imposing taxes on foreign imports ENGLAND DUTCH REPUBLIC FRANCE

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS In the 18th century new economic policies were proposed: PHYSIOCRACY and ECONOMIC LIBERALISM

WEALTH PHYSIOCRACY François Quesnay The wealth of a nation came from the land (agriculture and mining). LAND FOOD MATERIALS ARTISANS:MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS MERCHANTS SELL THEM

ECONOMIC LIBERALISM Adam Smith. The Wealth of Nations The origin of wealth is individual effort to obtain maximum profit. A country prospers by allowing individuals to seek their own profit without regulation. The wealth obtained by individuals will benefit society. The state should not interfere. Supply ad demand will regulate production and prices.

SPAIN IN THE 18TH CENTURY (THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE BOURBON DYNASTY) THE END OF THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA Carlos II died without any direct heirs WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION Philip of Anjou, the grandson of Louis XIV of France, was designated as his succesor Other European countries supported the Archduke Charles of Austria, fearing the union between Spain and France and the end of the balance of power

THE WAR OF SUCCESSION (1700-1713) EUROPEAN WAR: SPAIN AND FRANCE Against GERMANY, GREAT BRITAIN, PORTUGAL, UNITED PROVINCES AND SAVOY CIVIL WAR CASTILE supported Philip and THE CROWN OF ARAGON supported Archduke Charles The end of the war was decided after the deaths of the German Emperor and his eldest son. Archduke Charles became the new emperor and his supporters feared a new imbalance of power.

THE PEACE TREATY OF UTRECH (1713) CONSEQUENCES PHILIP V KING OF SPAIN (he renounced his rights to the French throne) SPANISH TERRITORIES IN THE LOW COUNTRIES AND ITALY WENT TO AUSTRIA SICILY TO SAVOY MENORCA, GIBRALTAR AND VARIOUS CONCESSIONS IN THE COMMERCE WITH AMERICA, TO GREAT BRITAIN

THE BOURBONS DINASTY A new dynasty reigned in Spain from the 18th century Important reforms that followed the ideas of Enlightenment were introduced, especially in the time of Carlos III

THE IDEAS OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN SPAIN FATHER FEIJOO JOVELLANOS CAMPOMANES FLORIDABLANCA CONDE DE ARANDA The impact of their ideas in Spain was very small because: The middle class had not grown much. Most of the clergy and the nobility opposed them. The common people were either indifferent or hostile to them