Abel, Charles 209 administration/bureaucracy 221 Admiralty Islands 17 agricultural development 113 15 agriculture 6 aid 122, 140, 221 AIDS virus 213 Anga 127, 231 Anglo-French Condominium 26, 29 anthropology xviii, 244 5 applied anthropology 7 8, 143 applied science/technology 8 archaeology xix artifacts 251 arts 252, 253 Asaro River 60, 93, 250 Asia Pacific Action Group 227 Asian immigrants 24 asthma 213 Ataba, Apollinaise 216 Australia 15, 122, 235 Barnett Commission of Enquiry 152, 225 7 Bena Bena 93 Bewani Mountains 147 big men 58, 64, 65, 79, 91 101, 116 17, 119 bilateral aid 221 biodiversity 7 see also conservation birth control 214 Bismarck Archipelago 25, 27, 210, 204 bisnis, see business Black Islands 14 blackbirding 20, 22, 23 4, 26, 165 Blackwater Lakes 250 Blanche Bay 79, 81, 203 Bligh, William 18 Bogaia 206 Bougainville 129, 134 9, 178, 216, 225, 232, 233, 237 Bougainville Interim Government (BIG) 137 Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) 137 Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de 18 bow and arrow rebellion 29 see also Espiritu Santo bribery 223 see also corruption Britain (UK) 23, 235 British New Guinea 24 Brown, George 198, 200 8, 210, 215 Buka 217 Bulolo Valley 127 bureaucracy, see administration business 94 9, 246 businessmen 95 101, 114, 115, 119, 121 see also entrepreneurs businesswomen 104 caldoche 237 cannibalism 14, 23, 25, 203, 204, 207 Cape Hoskins 88 capital 69, 98, 99 capitalism 91, 93, 110, 149, 160, 175, 183, 241, 245, 246, 251, 255 cargo cults 181 96, 215, 217 Carteret, Philip 24 cash crops 84 6, 93, 94, 107, 111, 115 cash in exchange 106, 156 9, 246 cataclysm 186 cattle projects 159 Central Highlands 151 Chalmers, James 14 Chimbu 176 Christian movements 217 Christianity 185, 188, 198 218, 243, 253 Christianity and politicians 215 16 Christianity, local interpretations 204 5 civil insurrection 136 7 class 105, 110, 115, 117 123, 159, 172, 173, 175, 210, 214, 255 see also social stratification Clifford Report 225 cocoa 111 259
260 coffee 93, 94, 107, 111, 159, 175 Collingwood Bay 222 colon 237 colonial annexation 22 27 colonialism 10, 14 15, 177, 194, 234 compensation 134, 136, 156 9 conflict 136 7, 203 see also violence conservation 141, 153 5 contracts 156, 165 Cook, James 18 cooperatives 159 copper 129, 157 copra 111 corruption 221, 223 8 County Durham 200 Crater Mountain 222 cultural destruction 199 cultural issues 73, 75, 144 7 cultural variation/diversity xvii, xix, 217, 253, 254 culture clash 204 culture contact xviii custom 240 52 custom and politics 245 custom, definition of 244 custom, preservation/ revival of 186, 192 customary tradition/beliefs 193 d Abreu 15 D Entrecasteaux Archipelago 22 d Entrecasteaux, Joseph Antoine Bruin 18 19 Dampier, William 18 dances (singsing) 251 death penalty 233 demand changes 65 66 democracy 222 3 demography 214 dependency theory 10, 115 16, 139, 144, 194 see also marxism development 3, 6, 10 11 development anthropology 11, 141, 143 development decisions 137 41 development disciplines xviii development incentives 67, 68 9 diffusion 4 discovery 15 17 diseases 213 dispute settlement 249 dividends 100 domestic sphere 101 2, 103 see also household economies dukduk 79, 85, 203 Duke of York Island 200, 202, 210 Dutch colony 23 early cartography 17 19 early exploration 15 19 Eastern Highlands 58, 59, 93 108, 111, 119 economic development 228 9 ecumenism 217 Edie Creek 127 education 6, 102, 107 8, 134, 139, 140, 144, 153, 156, 160, 175, 178, 208 13, 214, 217, 232 education, crisis in 211 13 egalitarianism (equality) 98, 102, 105, 106, 115, 117, 119, 158 9, 173, 174, 193 4, 219, 230, 233 elections 228 33 élites 110, 116, 119, 122 3, 159, 172, 221 emerging nations 215 employment 171 empowerment 144 5 Enga Province 129 entrepreneurs 91 101, 105 8, 119 see also businessmen environmental destruction 225 7 envy 189 Epstein, A. L. 79, 89 Espiritu Santo 28, 235 ethnicity xix, 33 4 see also race ethnocentricism 33 4, 83 European contact 4 evolution 3, 14, 67 exchange, see sociopolitical exchange expatriates 93 4, 107 exploitation 110, 126 exploration 15 19, 35, 126 extension work 101, 160 external change 4 Fiji 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 77, 126, 163, 166, 200, 206, 207, 215, 217, 222, 236 Filer, Colin 152, 158 first contact 18 19, 35 57, 58 Fisk, E. K. 66, 67 Fly River 153 forest resources 148 forest, attitudes to 143 forestry 225 7 see also logging fragmented landholdings 84 France 195, 235, 236 7 Free Papua Movement, see Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM)
261 Front de Libération Nationale Kanak et Socialiste 236 gas 129 Gazelle Peninsula 79 89, 91 Geertz, Clifford 93 gender 101 ghosts 38, 45, 46, 205 gift giving, see sociopolitical exchange globalisation 34, 245, 249, 252, 256 Goaribari 14 Gobe 129 Goilala 171 gold mining 126 9, 157 gold prospecting 25, 58 good governance 221 Goroka 58, 93, 103, 108, 111, 252 grease payments 228 Green Islands 190 Greenpeace 222 Guise, John 28 Gulf Province 127 Hanuabada 168, 170 haus tambaran 251, 252 head-hunting 5 6, 25 health 213 15 Hides gas field 129 Hides, Jack 34 57 hierarchies 110, 115 Highlands of Papua New Guinea 25, 34, 219 Highlands Show 252 Hiri Moale Festival 252 history xviii, 13 31 Hohola 172, 201 home ties 166 9, 173 4 Honiara 247 household economics 102, 149, 156 7 see also domestic sphere hunting 147, 150, 155, 156 7 identity xviii, 241 4, 250, 252 identity, loss of 233 4 illiteracy rates 210 immigration 235 6 imperialism 33 independence 28, 195 6, 235 independence movements 222 indigenous knowledge 144 7, 160 indirect change 58 individualism 98 9, 100 1, 157, 159, 241 3, 255 Indonesia 140, 219, 223, 224, 237 industrialisation 177 infrastructure developments 133 inheritance 118 initiation 167, 251, 256 innovators 95 see also entrepreneurs institutional barriers 221 institutional strengthening 221 internal change 3 4 international development funds 125 see also aid International Institute for Environment and Development 153 international market place 125 international price 111 interpretation xix intimidation 231 2 investment 95, 99 100 Irian Jaya 31, 77, 129, 135, 140, 215, 219, 222, 235, 236 Jansz, Willem 17 Javanese 236 Jayapura 236 John Frum movement 181 8, 195 Kanaks (New Caledonia) 29, 216, 222, 236 7 kastom (custom) 240 52 kava 185, 186, 187 Keesing, Roger 243, 244 Keraperamun 181, 186 kin groups 84, 98, 241 Kwaio 243 9 labour laws 165, 166 labour migration 163 7 labour recruitment 20, 165 Lae 178 Lake Kutubu 129 Lakekamu 127 land alienation 76 9, 80, 86 land as collateral 83 land destruction 135 land development 83 6 land disputes 86, 88 land rights 76 89 land tenure 7, 80 1, 83 4, 117 18, 148 land tenure conversion 117 18, 122 land tenure, changing 86 8 land title 83 landowners 148 9, 156, 158 law 5 6, 233 8, 249 Law Reform Commission 234 Lihir 129, 131
262 lingua franca 215 Lini, Walter 216 literacy 210 11 loans 83 local catechists 206 8 local markets 101, 104 logging 147, 152 6, 225 7 London Missionary Society 209 Long, Norman 91 Lote 200 MacGregor, William 24 macro-level development 10 11, 125 Madang 79, 176, 193 Magellan, Ferdinand 17 Maine, H. S. 89, 241 Malaita 242, 245, 247 malaria 213 malnutrition 86 manufactured goods/imports 5, 61, 65, 183 Manus Island 17, 217, 254 marxism 110, 117, 175, 194, 195, 255 see also dependency theory mass hysteria 189 Massim 25, 205 Mataungan Association 80 matrilineal descent 79, 80, 81 medicine 6 Melanesian Alliance 230 Melanesian Council of Churches 217, 227 Melanesian theology 216 17 Melanesian way 253 4 Meli, Michael Yake 256 Members of Parliament 228 31 Mendaña, Àlvaro de 17 Meneses, Jorge de 15 micro-level development 10 11, 125 migrant labour 5, 20, 65, 126, 163 7 migration 163 7 Mill, John Stuart 131 millenarianism 181, 198 see also cargo cults Milne Bay 209 mining 129 41, 235, 236 mining, benefits and costs 133 7 mining, local attitudes to 131, 133 7 Misima Island 127, 134 missionaries 22, 102, 183, 186, 192, 198 218, 249 missionaries, criticism of 203 missionary territories 200, 205 modernisation theory 7, 67, 73, 75 6, 83, 116, 120, 144, 221 modes of production 116 Momis, John 216 Moresby, John 24 Morobe 127, 178 Mount Hagen 253 Mount Kare 127 multilateral aid 221 multinational companies 10, 125, 131, 226 Murray, Hubert 25 Muslims 215 myth 1, 6, 13, 17, 143, 148, 183, 193 Narokobi, Bernard 234, 253 5 nation state, resistance to 248 nation states 110, 115, 120 3, 125, 219, 246 8 nation states, imposition of 234 5 see also colonialism National Research Institute 153 nationalism 194 6, 241 Native Ordinances 15 nativistic movements 192 neocolonialism 10, 89, 139 Neuguinea Kompagnie 25 New Britain 18, 25, 79 89, 176, 200, 202, 207, 210 New Caledonia 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 26, 28, 77, 129, 131, 135, 163, 222, 235, 236 7 New Georgia 191 New Guinea 18, 27 New Guinea Highlanders 34, 58 66, 205 New Hebrides 18, 22, 26, 27, 29, 216, 235 New Ireland 18, 25, 166, 200, 202, 204, 207, 225 6 New Zealand 200 1 nickel 129 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) 11, 222, 227 Northern District 212 nucleus estate 88 O Malley, Jim 34 57 oil 129, 157 Ok Tedi 129, 130, 131, 153 Okuk, Iambakey 228 opportunities 95 oral history 13, 35 57 Organsasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) 31, 222, 223, 236 Orientalism 33 4 overburden 135 Paliau movement 217 Palmer, G., Captain 20 Panguna mine 132, 133 Papua 14, 24 5, 27, 35, 206, 212 Papua New Guinea 28, 77, 115, 129, 134,
263 136, 137, 155, 157, 169, 171, 175, 177, 193, 209, 210, 213, 214, 216, 219, 222 34, 238, 250 Papua New Guinea Tourism Promotion Authority 250, 256 participatory development 11, 140, 144, 145 Pax Europa 5 pearl shells 37, 41 peasants 110 17 penal colony 22, 235 Pentecost Island 250 People s Progress party 228 perennial crops 84 6 Pérouse, Jean François de la 19 personhood 241, 251 Pidgin 215, 240, 241 Piggafetta, Antonio 17 pigs 64, 102 planning 158 60 plantations 24, 25, 94, 126 pneumonia 213 politics 215 16, 219 political campaigns 228, 230 2 political movements 195 political parties 230 political resistance 248 politicians 121 2, 229, 230 Polynesia 184 population growth 214 Porgera 129, 131 Port Moresby 104, 168, 171, 172, 174, 178, 201, 252 post-colonial 10 post-modernism xix, 244 poverty 9, 11, 189 primary industries 125, 130 primitive identity xvii, 250 2 production 69 profit 183, 186, 187, 194 profit sharing 100 provincial government 224 5 Pual River Basin 147, 152 punitive expeditions 203, 248 Queensland 20, 26, 234 Quiros, Pedro Fernandes de 17 Rabaul 79, 81, 88 race/racism xix, 14 15, 18, 24, 28, 33, 35, 136, 183, 194, 199, 206, 216, 234, 236, 255 rapid rural appraisal 145 rascalism 121, 178, 209, 217, 233 Rassemblement pour la Calédonie dans la République party 236 reciprocity 99 100 redistribution 171 2, 174 regional variations 175 resource ownership 149 Retes, Inigo Ortez de 17 revenge 176 7, 203, 233, 249 riots 178 Rossel Island 19 Rostow, W. 67 royalties 133 4 rural urban ties 166 9, 173 4 Saavedra, Alvaro de 17 Said, Edward 33 Salisbury, Richard 58, 59, 63 Sandaun Province 225 school drop-outs 209 10 school fees 209 school participation rates 210 Schouten, Willem 18 seashell wealth 37, 41, 64, 65, 79, 245, 247 secession 136 7 secularism 217 18 Seeto, Robert 226, 228 segregation 15 sensationalism xvii separatist churches 217 Sepik region 5 6, 217, 250, 251, 252 sexual division of labour 149 shanty towns 172, 179 Siane 58 66, 93, 100 Simbu 228 slave trade 20 see also blackbirding social change xviii, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 social development 221 social disruption/disorder 136, 166 7, 178, 183, 189 social organisation 149 51, 184, 201 social status 101 2, 174, 193 4 social stratification 210, 214 see also class social structure/ process 80 1, 241 sociopolitical exchange xvii, 34 5, 58, 59, 63, 64, 65, 79, 95, 99 100, 102, 106, 116, 117 18, 119, 123, 156 9, 167 8, 173, 174, 184, 192, 194, 224, 225, 229, 241, 246 Solomon Islands 17, 18, 22, 27, 29, 136, 222, 235, 242, 247 Somare, Michael 233, 256 sorcery 171, 173, 205, 233 Sorcery Act 233 South Asia 222 South-West Pacific 234 5, 250