Importance of labour migration data for policy-making- Updates Tite Habiyakare ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific July 2015 ILO Department of Statistics
Overview From international legal instruments Migration data needs for policy making Current trends on migration and labour migration Other policy concerns: Remittances from migration ILO current work on standards and other activities. ILO Department of Statistics 2
From international standards (1) International migration: UN International Recommendations on statistical measurement of international migration (1997): http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesm/seriesm_58rev 1E.pdf ; In Population censuses standards (2008): http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/standmeth/principles/s eries_m67rev2en.pdf ; ILO Convention: C97 - Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949 (No. 97), and its recommendations. ILO Department of Statistics 3
From international standards (2): International migrant (UN) UN International recommendations on statistical measurement of international migration (1997): International migrant: Any person who changes his or her country of usual residence. Usual residence*: Country in which a person lives, i.e., the country in which he or she has a place to live where he or she normally spends the daily period of rest. Temporary travel abroad for purposes of recreation, holiday, visits to friends and relatives, business, medical treatment or religious pilgrimage does not change a person s country. (*) usual residence determined on the basis of duration of stay ILO Department of Statistics 4
From international standards (2): Labour migration (UN) United Nations International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (ICMW) Adopted in 1990 by the UN General Assembly Provides legal definition that can serve as basis for statistical measurement Migrant worker: A migrant worker is a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national. ILO Department of Statistics 5
Relation between international migration & migrant workers Migrant workers International migrants ILO Department of Statistics 6
From international standards (4): Policy call for better measurement ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration (2006) Knowledge and information are critical to formulate, implement and evaluate labour migration policy and practice and therefore its collection and application should be given priority. Principle III Global Knowledge base UN High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development (2013) has called for more data on international migration to facilitate links to development labour migration data is key to this link. Effective labour migration policies are needed to: Respond to labour market needs in origin/destination countries (facilitate job/skills matching) Ensure the protection of migrant workers Tackle brain drain/de-skilling Increase social returns of investment in education Facilitate migrant workers integration in destination countries and reintegration Ensure that labour migration is harmonized with employment and national development plans (including social protection policies, etc.) Fight racism, xenophobia, stereotyping against migrant workers Evaluate the contribution of labour migration to development (UN HLD 2013). ILO Department of Statistics 7
Migration data needs (1): UN recommendations To develop effective labour migration programs and policies statistical information is needed on flows & stocks of international labour migrants over time and labour market characteristics: Number of labour migrants as a proportion of all migrants Demographic characteristics, inc. countries of origin and destination Occupations and skills working conditions (working hours, wages, resting period, contractual conditions etc.) Labour force participation (formal/informal economy) Social security coverage Labour market needs by sector/skills Migration status (documented / undocumented) Reasons for migration Length of stay(s) Remittances. ILO Department of Statistics 8
Migration data needs (2): ILO databases (ASEAN, ILO Guide, p.21) MODULE A: International Migrant Stocks 1. Resident population by sex, age, and by labour force participation total & youth (total & migrants) 2. Working age population by sex & by level of education (total & migrants) (ISCED-F, 2013) 3. Migrants by country of origin 4. Employed migrants by country of origin 5. Employed persons by industry (total & migrants) (ISIC, Rev.4) 6. Employed persons by occupation (total & migrants) (ISCO-08) 7. Employed persons by sex and by status in employment (total & migrants) (ICSE-93) 8. Employed persons by sex and by average monthly wages (total & migrants) MODULE B: International Migrant Flows 9. Inflows of migrants by sex and by country of origin 10. Inflows of migrants by sex and by level of education 11. Inflows of employed migrants by industry (ISIC, Rev.4) 12. Inflows of employed migrants by occupation (ISCO-08) MODULE C: Emigration 13. Nationals abroad by sex and by country of residence 14. Outflows of nationals by sex and by country of destination 15. Outflows of nationals for employment by sex and country of destination 16. Outflows of nationals for employment by sex and educational levels (ISCED-F, 2013) 17. Outflows of nationals for employment by industry (ISIC, Rev.4) 18. Outflows of nationals for employment by occupation (ISCO-08). ILO Department of Statistics 9
Migration data needs (3): Example of tabulation from LFS (KHM) CHAP. XX: LABOUR MIGRATION 1.Total migrants (internal migrants, international migrants) by age groups, sex, urbanrural areas, educational levels, and provinces; 2.Total migrants (internal migrants, international migrants) by reasons for moving in the country, sex, urban-rural areas, educational levels, and provinces; 3.Migrants (internal, international, emigrants) aged 15 years and above by labour force status, age, sex, urban-rural areas, educational levels, and provinces; 4.Persons aged 15 years and above who migrated due to work by labour force status, age, sex, urban-rural areas, educational levels, and provinces. 5.Labour force participation rate of migrants and non-migrants, and difference, by age groups, sex, and educational levels. 6.Employment to population ratio of migrants and non-migrants, and difference, by age groups, sex, and educational levels. 7.Employed persons, migrants and non-migrants, by age groups, sex, industry, and occupation. 8.Unemployment rate of migrants and non-migrants, and difference, by age groups, sex, and educational levels. ILO Department of Statistics 10
Trends in international migration (1) 232 million international migrants globally (UN-DESA, 2013) Increase of 57 million since 2000/ up 19% in the past 3 years. South-South migration is about equal to South-North migration ILO Department of Statistics 11
Trends in international migration (2) ILO Department of Statistics 12
Trends in international migration (3) 10 largest countries hosting international migrants (2013) The US hosting the largest number (45.8 million) Russian Federation (11 million) Germany (9.8 million) Saudi Arabia (9.1 million) United Arab Emirates (7.8 million) United Kingdom (7.8 million) France (7.4 million) Canada (7.3 million) Australia (6.5 million) Spain (6.5 million) ILO Department of Statistics 13
Migrant workers and economic impacts Estimated 105 million migrant workers (ILO, 2010) Figure is higher if dependants are included with result that over 90% of all international migrants are bound up with the world of work Economic impact Remittances in 2013 to developing countries estimated at USD 404 billion (World Bank, 2014) Remittances are at least 3 times as high as foreign aid to developing countries. International migration is a reflection of the lack of decent jobs in many developing and emerging economies. One of the main drivers of migration is the search for better economic opportunities abroad. ILO Department of Statistics 14
International migration statistics Lack of accurate, timely and detailed migration statistics While International migration has moved to the forefront of the global agenda (UN General Assembly, 2013) (UN Statistical Commission, 2014) ILO Department of Statistics 15
International migration statistics (UN Statistical Commission, 2014) ILO Department of Statistics 16
Remittances (1): International Standards IMF, Balance of Payment Statistics Household income from foreign economies arising mainly from the temporary or permanent movement of people to those economies Include cash and non-cash items that flow through formal or informal channels across borders Funds and non-cash items sent or given by individuals who have migrated to a new economy and become residents there Net compensation of border, seasonal, and short-term workers who are temporarily employed in an economy in which they are not resident ILO Department of Statistics 17
Remittances (2): Components Compensation of employees Income earned by workers in economies where they are not resident (or from non-resident employers). Comprises wages, salaries, and other benefits (in cash or in kind) earned by individuals in countries other than those in which they are residents for work performed for and paid for by residents of those countries. Includes seasonal, other short-term workers and border workers Personal transfers All current transfers between residents of one economy and residents of another, regardless of source of income, relationship between households, and purpose of transfer. ILO Department of Statistics 18
Remittances (3): Core items Individual (current/return migrants) Remittances sent in ref. period Recipients of remittances Household, other Countries Type (cash, in kind) Duration Frequency & amounts Channels for transfer Uses of remittances Household Remittances received in a reference period (12 months) Relationship of senders to HH Kind (cash, in kind) Frequency & amounts Channels for transfer Uses of remittances Transfers made to other countries ILO Department of Statistics 19
ILO current standards & activities (1) ILO International Labour Migration module Flexible tool which can be tailored to specific country needs with up to 200 questions. Pilot-tested in Armenia, Thailand, Ecuador, Egypt, Ukraine, Moldova ILO Labour Migration Database (http://laborsta.ilo.org) Developed in 1998, information from 94 countries. 12 basic tables containing estimates of demographic stocks/flows and labour migrant stocks/flows Int l Standards on Measuring Labour Migration. ILO Department of Statistics 20
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New draft model in household surveys I. Current usual members of household (living in HH for most of 12mo) II. Former usual members of household (who left to go abroad for 12+ mo in X-X) Section: Household roster & demographics Section: Labour force Employed Main /Second job... Place of work Abroad Border workers Seasonal workers Itinerant workers Age 15+ years Job search Availability Current migrant workers III. Current usual members of household (who returned from working abroad in X-X) Non-migrants Return migrant workers Section: Current/Last trip Section: Before trip Section: Remittance behaviour Section: Future plans to migrate Section: Roster & demographics ILO Department of Statistics 23
ILO current standards & activities (2) ILO Labour Migration Database ILOSTAT Database Special collections Migration Information from ASEAN 10 countries. Arab states (in preparation) 18 basic tables containing international migrant stock & flow, national abroad Global and regional estimates of migrant workers Estimation of economically active population among the total number of international migrants based on UN estimate of total stock of migrants at global/ regional level in 2000. updated in 2007 and 2010. Developed a methodology for a global estimate of migrant domestic workers in 2013 Global and regional estimates of migrant workers (in progress) ILO Department of Statistics 24
ILO current standards & activities (3) Methodological questionnaires on labour migration statistics (in progress) In order to identify best practices, A set of questionnaires on the availability of statistics on the migration of workers and the sources and methods used when compiling such statistics. Working group for international standards (in preparation) 19 th ICLS recommended to set up a working group sharing good practices, discussing and developing a work plan for defining international standards on labour migration statistics ILO Department of Statistics 25
Call from the 19 th ICLS: Resolution IV... ILO Department of Statistics 26