Unit 1 - Foundations, Federalism, Civil Liberties, and Civil Rights Chapters 1-5 Divine Right of Kings v. Social Contract Contract - consent to give some liberty up for gov t protections. DRoK - Ordination by God over king to rule as sees fit. Direct Democracy v. Republics - Direct (All vote!) v Representation -Majoritarianism - maj controls. -Elitism - control by small group. -Conservatism - Limited gov t role. Favor laws protecting social issues. -Liberalism - Broader gov t role. Favor laws creating their perceived social norms Declaration of Independence - What did this do? Est. legitimacy abroad and unite 13 at home. Articles of Confederation - Struggles of? no power to tax, no Ex or Jud branches Constitutional Principles -Separation of FEDERAL Powers Each branch own distinct powers. No power too great. Stop tyranny. -Checks and Balances Leg on Ex- Veto override, $ control Leg on Jud- Senate confirms Judges, Propose Am. Ex on Leg- Veto, Ex Orders/Agreements Ex on Jud- Nomination of Judges Jud on Leg- Judicial Review (JR) Jud on Ex- JR Elitism of Founders? -Senate elected by St. Leg until 17th -Electoral College - electors elect President 1
-Limited Government - Think Bill of Rights.Things government cannot infringe upon -Federalism - Division of Fed and State Powers Federal System benefits/issues? -less national uniformity +allows testing ground at state level for future fed policies Vertical Checks and Balances Fed on St - delegated powers and supremacy clause St on Fed - reserved powers and Am passage needing states Constitutional Clauses -Elastic - necessary and proper - creates implied powers - HUGE -Supremacy - Fed trumps st law if conflict -Full Faith and Credit - protects st rights of citizen moving. Federalist #51 - stop tyranny. C & B biggest key! Bill of Rights - Apply to States? Not right away. Incorporation by courts of rights case by case Amendment Process - 2/3 Vote of Congress + 3/4 Vote of States for most Amendments Block Grants v. Categorical Grants general stricter restrictions for $$ End Day 1 Review Devolution 2
Power from fed back to states 14th Amendment - Am used for incorporation of BOR to states Miranda v. Arizona- Right to..remain silent bc statements can be used against u! Gideon v. Wainright- Felony charge against a defendant.state must provide an attorney for these defendants. Marbury v. Madison- created Judicial Review Plessy v. Ferguson- Separate can be Equal. Brown v. Board of Education - Separate is NOT Equal. Equal Protection Test - Scrutiny - Strict - Race Intermediate - Gender - Reasonable - Most all others Exclusionary Rule- illegal search = can t use in court! de facto v. de jure de facto - seg by social norm de jure - seg by law Affirmative Action- policies making race a factor in selection Unit 2 - Public Opinion, Interest Groups, Parties, Voting, Elections, & Campaigns Chapter 6-10 3
Life Cycle v. Generational Effect LC - voting beliefs based on age based on event GE - voting beliefs Lobbyists - lobbying arm of interest groups Citizens United v. FEC - unlimited direct ad $, if not directly tied to campaign. Polls Randomness is King Always some error Push Poll - Bias! Ratings Systems - grades on those in Congress by groups Climate Control - techniques used for favorable beliefs on interests or companies Ideologies -Democrats - -Republicans - -Liberals - See page 1 Women Jewish Church going Christians Latinos -Conservatives - See page 1 -Libertarians - max freedoms - gov t out of most policy decisions. Role of 3rd Parties - seen as safety valve for those outside of 2 parties Voter ID Laws - controversial - will this drive out poor and minorities? Closed v. Open Primaries - closed only party members v. open members+ind. 4
Ballots -Office-Block - traditional by office -Party-Column - arranged by party Electoral College - 270 to win, baby! PACs - interest groups campaign arm Soft v. Hard $$ - soft = unlimited v. hard = limited by law BCRA - no unlimited $ from party to candidate Super PACs - use unlimited soft $$, as long as not aligned to candidate or party End Day 2 Review Unit 3 - Government Institutions & Policy Chapters 11-17 Voter Turnout -Mid Term v. Presidential Yr Less More Logrolling - vote for mine, I vote for yours Senate = 100 House = 435 Succession - P, VP, Speaker Reapportionment - redetermining # of reps in House using census Gerrymandering - redistricting for advantage. By party ok. encouraged! Executive Agreements - Like a treaty, but not - Revocable, by new president. Treaty - Binding on nation w/ 2/3 vote of Senate 5
Signing Statements - Pres - I m not enforcing this part of the law - tweaks laws Administrative Agencies - carry out laws and create regs if allowed Line Organizations - Dept directly accoutable to Pres Independent Executive Agencies - CIA. Not Dept, but still direct to Pres. amicus briefs - briefs by interest groups to SCOTUS for a case. writs of certiorari - SCOTUS wants record to hear case. Rule of 4 met. Less 1% senatorial courtesy - fed dist. ct. judgeships in states by consent of senators of that state Judicial Activism - active role in using JR Judicial Restraint - restraint in JR only where clear violations What best shapes our civil liberties? The Bill of Rights in the Constitution prospective voting - voting based upon future expectancy rational choice voting - voting based upon my best interests Earmarks - special appropriation projects Conference Committees - iron out House and Senate bill differences to complete one compromised version of a bill Standing Committees - permanent House and Senate Committees - Ways and Means, Budget Committee, Agriculture Committee, etc. 6
The House is more formal because it is a larger body that needs and requires more rules and organization. -Democrat percolate up - government programs benefitting and protecting poor and lower classes in job market -Republican trickle down - strong econ growth creates jobs for all classes, all people lower rates for all taxpayers and deregulation of business creates above 7