The role of civil society and the news media in democratization STM3 Class 18 Structure 1. Housekeeping: BBQ 3 rd May, assignments 2. Roles of the news media: Public Sentinel: forthcoming World Bank report 3. New data and survey evidence Macro-level and micro-level 4. Results and conclusions State restrictions over broadcasting achieve their intended effect but different for Internet Policy strategies and interventions 1. Housekeeping BBQ end-of-semester class party Sunday 3rd May 2008 Yarmouth Port, MA. Logistics/transport Assignment #2: Questions arising? Deadline: Monday s Class (13 th April) Assignment #3: (29 th April) Group presentations (signup sheet) Evaluations: (i) Clarity and professionalism of presentation; (ii) Effective use of evidence for diagnosis and analysis; (iii) Persuasiveness of recommended options. 2. The role of the news media in democratization: Theoretical framework Public Sentinel The News Media and the Governance Agenda Edited Pippa Norris Washington DC: World Bank mid summer 2009 Menu of Policy Options Contents Part I: Introduction: Framing the debate Chapter 1: Evaluating media performance Pippa Norris and Sina Odugbemi Chapter 2: Diagnostic tools and performance indicators Andrew Puddenphatt Part II: The democratic roles of media systems Agenda setters: setting priorities Chapter 3: Media coverage of natural disasters and humanitarian crises Susan D. Moeller Chapter 4: Media agenda setting and donor aid Douglas A. van Belle Watch dogs: guarding governance Chapter : Corruption and the watchdog role of the news media Sheila Coronel Chapter 6: The media, government accountability, and citizen engagement Katrin Voltmer 1 Needs diagnostics use media performance indicators 2 Reform role of the state 3 Address market failures 4 Build institutional capacity of journalism Expand civil society organizations 6. Expand public access and media literacy Gate keepers: inclusive voices Chapter 7: Election campaigns, partisan balance, and the news media Holli A. Semetko Chapter 8: Limits on press freedom and regime support Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart Chapter 9: Media in peace building processes: Ethiopia and Iraq Monroe Price, Ibrahim al Marashi and and Nicole A. Stremlau Part III: Regional case studies of media roles Chapter : Central and Eastern Europe Marius Dragomir Chapter 11: Sub Saharan Africa Wisdom Tettey Chapter 12: Latin America Silvio Waisbord Chapter 13: Arab States Lawrence Pintak Chapter 14: Asia Angela Romano UNESCO and IREX indicators Expand civil liberties and remove legal curbs on media Turn state broadcasters into public service broadcasters Ensure plural and diverse media Strengthen media markets Support sustainable professional development e.g. press councils, journalism education E.g. media observatories, media watch groups, election media monitoring Rights to information Close access gaps Eg internet Part IV: Conclusions: Summing up the evidence, identifying effective policy options Chapter 1: Do the news media act as watch dogs, agenda setters and gate keepers? Sina Odugbemi and Pippa Norris Chapter 16: Policy recommendations Sina Odugbemi and Pippa Norris Select bibliography Endnotes Index Ensure independence of broadcasting regulatory bodies 1
Role of the media Ideal roles of the news media The National Democratic Public Sphere Issue-Based Flows The State (national, state, Constitutive Elements: and local): Civil liberties (especially freedoms of speech, press, assembly, & conscience) Free, plural, and independent media systems Access to public information Civil society All sites for everyday talk about public affairs Public Debate Issue-Based & Discussion Public Contestation PUBLIC OPINION 1. Watch-dogs Should check the powerful, guardian of public interest Promote transparency: anti-corruption, incompetence Yet may undermine government legitimacy? 2. Agenda-setters Should raise awareness about social problems Link citizens and representatives Yet may fail to highlight social interests? 3. Gate-keepers Should provide balanced coverage of all communities, parties, NGO interest groups Or may serve only the state or private interests? Debates about impact Illustrative case study: Censorship and suppression of the media in the Burma uprising Common practice in repressive states, variety of techniques used But what impact does state t censorship and propaganda have on public opinion? Reflects long-standing debates Suppress dissent and boost positive regime support, as intended? Or generate constructivist skepticism about media messages? Limited effects model. Or conditional effects where impact varies among users of the broadcast media, newspapers and the Internet? 2. Data and evidence World values survey 200-7 3. New data and evidence th wave of the World Values Survey Fieldwork 200-7 in 44 nation-states WVS now covers 90+ states in all continents Classify media s in these states as either restrictive (e.g., Viet Nam, Iraq, Russia) or pluralistic (e.g. the Netherlands, Sweden, Japan) Reporters sans frontiéres Worldwide Press Freedom Index Freedom House Freedom of the Press index In WVS 1 to 1 (86) 0 to 1 (2) World Values Survey 2
FH Index of Press Freedom Press freedom by global region Freedom House Press Freedom Index (0 points) in 191 nations 1. The structure of the news-delivery system: The laws and administrative decisions and their influence on the content of the news media. (0-1) 2. The degree of political influence Control over the content of the news systems. (0-1) 3. The economic influences on news content by the government or private entrepreneurs. Governmental control of newsprint, official advertising, or other financial relationships; or from pressure on media content from market competition in the private sector. (0-1) 4. Actual violations against the media Including murder, physical attack, harassment, and censorship. (0-). Source: Freedom House 1992-200 www.freedomhouse.org FH Press Freedo om Index, 200 90 8 80 70 62 8 60 1 0 44 40 39 40 30 20 0 Industrialized Latin America SE Asia & Pacific C & E. Europe Africa South Asia Source: Freedom House Index of Press Freedom, 200 www.freedomhouse.org East Asia Arab states 29 Trends in press freedom 1979-200 Press freedom, 200 Figure 1: Indicators of press freedom, 200 0 40 30 20 34 34 47 18 3 36 27 37 3 26 39 Freedom 200 >> High Zscore: Low << RSF Press 0.00000-2.00000 Trinidad & Tobago Netherlands Cyprus UK Bulgaria Sweden Spain Chile Japan Moldova Romania Argentina Zambia Burkina Faso Ghana Malaysia Indonesia India Rwanda Colombia Mexico Ethiopia Russia Iraq Viet Nam Media Environment Restrictive Pluralistic Fit line for Total R Sq Cubic =0.772-4.00000-2.00000-1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 Zscore: Low << FH Press Freedom 200 >> High 0 1979 1989 2000 200 Not free Partly Free Free Source: Freedom House Index of Press Freedom, 200 www.freedomhouse.org Note: The ratings of press freedom for 200 provided by Freedom House and Reporters sans Frontiéres for the 44 countries included in the th wave of the World Values Survey, 200-6. The 0-point scores were reversed and standardized around the mean (Zscores). Sources: Freedom House. Freedom of the Press 2006: Table of Global Press Freedom Ranking www.freedomhouse.org; Reporters sans Frontiéres Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index 200 (Sept 2004-Sept 200) www.rsf.org Press freedom by income Press Freedom by Source: Freedom House Index of Press Freedom, 200 www.freedomhouse.org Source: Freedom House Index of Press Freedom, 200 www.freedomhouse.org 3
Press Freedom by Free press & Table 1: The free press and Constitutional Participatory Contested Polity IV Vanhanen Przeworski et al/ Cheibub and Gandhi se se b (se) p b p b p 1.23.2 ***.436.066 ***.073.013 *** Press Freedom CONTROLS Log GDP/Capita.000.000 N/s.000.000 ***.000.000 N/s Ex-British colony -6.13 4.62 N/s -6.69 2.9 ** -.362.497 N/s Middle East -.68 6.88 N/s -1.48 4.91 N/s -1.68.969 * Ethnic fractionalization -22.2 8.41 *** -21.1.08 *** -1.08.893 N/s Population size.000.000 N/s.000.000 N/s.000.000 N/s Constant 3. 2.1-2.7 N. of countries 142 181 Adjusted R 2.673.8.68 Source: Freedom House Index of Press Freedom, 200 www.freedomhouse.org Note: Entries for Constitutional Democracy and Participatory Democracy 0-pointscales are unstandardized OLS regression coefficients (with their standard errors in parenthesis) for the crossnational analysis in 2002. The entries for Contested Democracy are logistic regression. For details of all the variables, see Technical Appendix A. Significant at * the 0. level, ** the 0.0 level, and *** the 0.01 level. Components of regime support Access to the news media Table 1: Factor analysis of regime support Figure 3: Access to the news media Confidence in Support for Support for regime democratic nationalism institutions principles Confidence in government.809 Confidence in parties.79 Confidence in the civil service.783 Confidence in the courts.777 Against having a strong leader.760 who does not bother with parliament and elections Against having the army rule.738 Favor having a democratic political.6 system Strong feeling of national pride.921 Confidence in the armed forces.471.04 % variance 32.7 17.1 11.1 Proportion of the population w ith no regular use of any new s media Rw anda Burkina Faso India Zambia 24 Mali 24 22 Ghana 18 Ethiopia 13 Brazil Colombia 9 Mexico 8 8 Taiw an 7 Moldova 6 Romania Serbia Argentina Indonesia Slovenia 4 Chile 4 Viet Nam 4 Italy 4 Great Britain 4 United States 3 France 3 Russia 3 Trinidad and Tobago 3 South Korea 3 Cyprus 3 Poland 2 Bulgaria 2 Andorra 2 Canada 2 Malaysia 1 East Germany 1 Netherlands 1 Japan 1 Australia 1 Finland 1 West Germany 1 Sw eden 0 0 1 20 2 30 3 Notes: The table represents the results of Principal Component factor analysis using varimax rotation with kaiser normalization, excluding all coefficients below.40. See the technical appendix for details of all variables. Source: World Values Survey 200-6 Note: Q. People use different to learn what is going on in their country and the world. For each of the following, please indicate whether you used it last week or did not use it last week to obtain information. The figure illustrates the proportion of respondents reporting no regular use of either a daily newspaper, news broadcasts on radio or TV, or the Internet/email as an information source. Source: World Values Survey, 200-6 Press freedom and confidence in government at macro level 4. Results and analysis Societal and individual level Figure 2: Press Freedom and Confidence in Government 1.00 Viet Nam Jordan Tanzania Bangladesh 0.80 Malaysia Uganda Romania Mali Ghana Iran South Africa Egypt Venezuela Morocco 0.60 Indonesia Finland Zimbabwe Philippines India Chile Cyprus Nigeria Turkey Burkina Faso Iraq Russia Pakistan United States 0.40 Spain Mexico Zambia Great Britain France Serbia Ethiopia Peru 0.20 West Germany Poland Macedonia R Sq Linear = 0.186 0.00 Low<< Confidence in Government >> High 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 0.00 Low << Press Freedom >> High Note: I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much confidence you have in them. The government in [your nation s capital]. Proportion in each country expressing a great deal or quite a lot of confidence in government. Sources: World Values Survey waves 4 and combined. Press Freedom measured by Freedom House www.freedomhouse.org. 4
Confidence in institutions Support for Table 2: Confidence in regime institutions Restricted media Pluralistic media Use TV/radio.992.122.08 ***.066.07.007 Use daily newspaper.217.07.032 **.011.036.002 Use Internet/email -.222.094 -.027 ** -.9.037 -.020 ** Income.243.016.176 ***.086.008.074 *** Education -.43.060 -.088 *** -.233.026 -.064 *** Age.142.02.09 *** -.038.011 -.023 *** Gender.001.069.000 -.083.032 -.016 *** Interest.740.039.19 ***.98.017.218 *** Constant 6.26 8.03 Adjusted R 2.083.03 N. respondents 8,696 24,632 dependent variable, confidence in regime institutions, was measured on a 16-pt scale. unstandardized beta coefficient (B), the Standard, the Standardized Beta, and the significance of the coefficient. Sig. P. *.0 **.01 *.001. All models were checked to be Source: World Values Survey 200-6 Table 3: Support for democratic principles Restricted media Pluralistic media Use TV/radio -.26.073 -.036 ***.32.041.01 *** Use daily newspaper -.114.04 -.028 **.7.026.028 *** Use Internet/email -.66.07 -.1 ***.332.027.087 *** Income.130.0.1 ***.042.00.00 *** Education.63.036.217 ***.23.019.090 *** Age.020.01.013.137.008.117 *** Gender -.08.042 -.014.016.023.004 Interest.272.024.117 ***.139.012.071 *** Constant 6.09 Adjusted R 2.2.02 N. respondents 8,696 dependent variable, support for democratic principles, was measured on a 12-pt scale. unstandardized beta coefficient (B), the Standard, the Standardized Beta, and the significance of the coefficient. Sig. P. *.0 **.01 *.001. All models were checked to be Source: World Values Survey 200-6 Support for nation Summary of results Table 4: Support for national community Restricted media Pluralistic media Use TV/radio.668.04.17 ***.122.029.027 *** Use daily -.013.028 -.00.017.018.006 newspaper Use Internet/email -.017.03 -.006 -.18.019 -.09 *** Income.039.006.078 ***.028.004.024 *** Education -.189.022 -. *** -.1.013 -.08 *** Age.046.009.02 ***.037.00.04 *** Gender.133.026.0 ***.063.016.024 *** Interest.142.01.2 ***.147.009.8 *** Constant.4.78 Adjusted R 2.02.028.028 N. respondents 8,696 24,632 dependent variable, support for national community, was measured on an 8-pt scale. unstandardized beta coefficient (B), the Standard, the Standardized Beta, and the significance of the coefficient. Sig. P. *.0 **.01 *.001. All models were checked to be Restricted Pluralist media media TV/Radio Newspapers Internet TV/Radio Newspapers Internet Confidence in regime institutions + + - N/s N/s - Support for democratic principles - - - + + + Support for national community + N/s N/s + N/s - Note: See Tables 2- for details. The symbols summarize the direction of any significant coefficients established in the previous regression models. The symbols highlighted in bold have the polarity that is consistent with the core hypotheses. Source: World Values Survey 200-6 Conclusions Menu of Policy Options 1. Confidence in government was significantly higher in societies with restrictive rather than pluralistic media s. 2. Regime support was significantly higher among the regular audience for television and radio news, whether measured by confidence in regime institutions, attitudes towards democratic principles, or nationalistic feelings. 3. Mixed effects for Internet users Interpretation: can we trust honest responses to surveys under repressive regimes? 1 Needs diagnostics use media performance indicators UNESCO and IREX indicators 2 Reform role of the state Expand civil liberties and remove legal curbs on media Turn state broadcasters into public service broadcasters Ensure independence of broadcasting regulatory bodies 3 Address market failures Ensure plural and diverse media Strengthen media markets 4 Build institutional capacity of journalism Support sustainable professional development e.g. press councils, journalism education Expand civil society organizations E.g. media observatories, media watch groups, election media monitoring 6. Expand public access and media literacy Rights to information Close access gaps Eg internet