Preface 5 Note to users 7 Outline table of contents 8 Table of contents 9 Table of abbreviations 17 1 INTRODCUTION 1.1 EU law and Community law European Union law (and Community law) 1 1 21 1.2 EU law and public international law EU law as a special type of international law 1 2 22 A combination of traditional and original features 1 3 23 Signatory States basic obligations under international treaties 1 4 24 Implementation 1 5 25 Enforcement 1 6 26 Uniformity and diversity 1 7 27 1.3 The legal system of the EU A multi-layered legal system 1 8 28 Legislation and case law 1 9 29 1.4 The substance of EU law Aims of the European Union 1 10 30 Fundamental values 1 11 31 Solidarity between the Member States and the EU 1 12 32 1.5 Practical issues Language versions of EU law 1 13 33 Finding information about the EU and EU law on the internet 1 14 34 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 2.1 The European Communities The historical background 2 1 38 International cooperation and plans for European integration 2 2 39 Attempts to create European Communities in different fields 2 3 40 Three European Communities 2 4 41 Groundwork for the subsequent European Union 2 5 42 Different approaches to European integration 2 6 43 2.2 The European Union From the Communities to the Union 2 7 44 What s in a name? From the EEC to the EC 2 8 45 The metaphor of a temple with three pillars 2 9 46 Structure of the original EU Treaty 2 10 47 The Amsterdam revision 2 11 48 The temple after the Amsterdam revision 2 12 49 Structure of the EU Treaty after the Amsterdam revision 2 13 50 Amsterdam renumbering 2 14 51 The Constitutional Treaty 2 15 52 2.3 Specifically: the Lisbon revision The Lisbon revision 2 16 53 Content of the Lisbon Treaty 2 17 54 The Treaties before and after the Lisbon revision 2 18 55 Structure of the EU Treaty following the Lisbon revision 2 19 56 9
Structure of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU following the Lisbon revision 2 20 57 The European Union before and after the Lisbon revision 2 21 58 The EU following the Lisbon revision 2 22 59 Three fundamental texts of equal value 2 23 60 Lisbon renumbering 2 24 61 2.4 Membership, Treaty revisions, overview Membership 2 25 62 Important Treaty revisions 2 26 63 Treaty revision procedures 2 27 64 International cooperation and European integration: an overview 2 28 65 3 THE INSTITUTIONS The Union s institutional framework 3 1 68 The seats of the institutions (and agencies) 3 2 69 Important institutional changes following the Lisbon revision of the Treaties 3 3 70 The European Council following the Lisbon Treaty 3 4 71 Community institutions of a political nature 3 5 72 Structure of the European Parliament 3 6 73 Structure of the Council of Ministers ( The Council ) 3 7 74 Structure of the European Commission 3 8 75 The office of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy 3 9 76 The Court of Justice of the European Union 3 10 77 Making law versus interpreting law 3 11 78 The European Central Bank 3 12 79 The Court of Auditors 3 13 80 4 COMPETENCES OF THE EU Conferral of powers on the EU 4 1 82 Division of competences between the European Union and its Member States 4 2 83 Limits to the exercise of EU competences 4 3 84 Legal basis provisions 4 4 85 Content of legal basis provisions 4 5 86 Comparison between Arts. 114 and 115 TFEU 4 6 87 Implied powers of the EU 4 7 88 Finding powers of the EU 4 8 89 5 THE ADOPTION OF SECONDARY MEASURES Secondary measures (or legal acts) of the Union 5 1 91 Procedures: a historical perspective 5 2 92 Legislative and non-legislative procedures 5 3 93 Ordinary and specialised legislative procedures 5 4 94 The ordinary legislative procedure (codecision, Art. 294 TFEU) 5 5 95 Qualified majority voting: the pre-lisbon formula 5 6 96 Qualified majority voting: the Lisbon formula 5 7 97 The consultation procedure 5 8 98 Non-legislative procedures 5 9 99 Social law: Involvement of the social partners (Arts. 154 and 155 TFEU) 5 10 100 Legislative and non-legislative acts of the Union 5 11 101 Challenging the legal basis of a measure 5 12 102 6 THE NATURE OF EU LAW 6.1 Primacy of EU law Primacy or supremacy of EU law 6 1 104 Acceptance of primacy by the Member States 6 2 105 6.2 Direct effect of EU law Direct effect as a doctrine based on case law 6 3 106 Vertical and horizontal direct effect 6 4 107 Conditions for direct effect 6 5 108 10
6.3 Special aspects relating to directives Horizontal direct effect 6 6 109 Adverse effect of directives on individuals: triangular situations 6 7 110 Adverse effect of directives on individuals: incidental effect 6 8 111 Effect of directives during their implementation period 6 9 112 6.4 Indirect effect and Member State liability Absence of direct effect: indirect effect and Member State liability 6 10 113 7 INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTANTIVE EU LAW 7.1 Introduction to substantive law Substantive EU law: primary law and secondary law 7 1 116 EU actions and policies according to the TFEU 7 2 117 The nucleus of substantive EU law 7 3 118 Economic integration in the EU 7 4 119 Economic and Monetary Union: an overview 7 5 120 The area of freedom, security and justice: an overview 7 6 121 Relations with the wider world: an overview 7 7 122 Outside the TFEU - the Common Foreign and Security Policy: an overview 7 8 123 7.2 Overarching substantive law Overarching substantive law 7 9 124 General principles of EU law 7 10 125 Structure of the Charter of Fundamental Rights 7 11 126 Proportionality 7 12 127 7.3 Specifically: equality and non-discrimination Equality/equal treatment and non-discrimination 7 13 128 Direct and indirect discrimination 7 14 129 Art. 18 TFEU: the general prohibition of discrimination on grounds of nationality 7 15 130 The concept of discrimination on grounds of nationality 7 16 131 Can discrimination under Art. 18(1) TFEU ever be justified? 7 17 132 7.4 Specifically: EU citizenship EU citizenship: an overview 7 18 133 The importance of Art. 21(1) TFEU 7 19 134 Directive 2004/38/EC: Movement and residence for EU citizens 7 20 135 Directive 2004/38/EC: Family rights 7 21 136 Directive 2004/38/EC: derogations 7 22 137 8 THE INTERNAL MARKET 8.1 General issues The internal market: an overview 8 1 143 Free movement: only cross-border cases 8 2 144 Addressees of free movement rules 8 3 145 Legal analysis of free movement cases 8 4 146 8.2 Free movement of goods 8.2.1 General issues What is a good? 8 5 147 Free movement of goods: an overview 8 6 148 Free movement of goods within the EU 8 7 149 8.2.2 Fiscal restrictions Decision tree: fiscal restrictions (Arts. 30 and 110 TFEU) 8 8 150 Fiscal restrictions: an overview 8 9 151 Customs duties 8 10 152 Internal taxation of goods 8 11 153 Prohibition of both discrimination and protection 8 12 154 Direct and indirect discrimination under Art. 110 TFEU 8 13 155 Relationship between Arts. 30 and 110 TFEU 8 14 156 Goods from third countries and the customs union 8 15 157 8.2.3 Quantitative restrictions Quantitative restriction: distinctly and indistinctly applicable measures 8 16 158 Decision tree: quantitative restrictions on imports (Arts. 34 and 36 TFEU) 8 17 159 Quantitative restrictions on imports 8 18 160 11
MEEQRs under Art. 34 TFEU: Dassonville 8 19 161 MEEQRs under Art. 34 TFEU: Cassis de Dijon and the rule of reason 8 20 162 MEEQRs under Art. 34 TFEU: Keck 8 21 163 MEEQRs under Art. 34 TFEU: Towing Trailers 8 22 164 Result: MEEQRs covered by Art. 34 TFEU 8 23 165 Derogations under Art. 36 TFEU 8 24 166 Overall: excuses for the Member States under Arts. 34 and 36 TFEU 8 25 167 Decision tree: quantitative restrictions on exports (Arts. 35 and 36 TFEU) 8 26 168 Quantitative restrictions on exports 8 27 169 MEEQRs under Art. 35 TFEU 8 28 170 Free movement of goods from third countries 8 29 171 Agricultural goods 8 30 172 8.3 Free movement of persons and services 8.3.1 General issues Persons and services: common features 8 31 173 Persons and services: holders of rights and obligations 8 32 174 Persons and services: free movement rights 8 33 175 Persons and services: direct and indirect discrimination 8 34 176 Persons and services: restrictions 8 35 177 Persons and services: textual derogations 8 36 178 Persons and services: proportionality 8 37 179 8.3.2 Free movement of persons Free movement of persons: an overview 8 38 180 Decision tree: free movement for workers (Arts. 45 TFEU et seq.) 8 39 181 Workers: relevant law 8 40 182 Workers: scope 8 41 183 Workers: rights 8 42 184 Decision tree: freedom of establishment (Arts. 49 TFEU et seq.) 8 43 185 Establishment: relevant law 8 44 186 Establishment: scope 8 45 187 Establishment: rights 8 46 188 Establishment: the need for facilitating legislation 8 47 189 8.3.3 Free movement of services Decision tree: free movement of services (Arts. 56 TFEU et seq.) 8 48 190 Services: relevant law 8 49 191 Services: scope 8 50 192 Services: rights 8 51 193 Transport services 8 52 194 Services and establishment: the so-called Services Directive 8 53 195 Relationship between the provisions on workers, establishment and services 8 54 196 8.3.4 Professional qualifications and prudential supervision Diplomas: an overview 8 55 197 Diploma requirements as obstacles to free movement 8 56 198 Facilitating legislation on diplomas 8 57 199 Prudential supervision: an overview 8 58 200 Prudential supervision rules as obstacles to free movement 8 59 201 8.4 Free movement of capital Decision tree: free movement of capital (Arts. 63 EC et seq.) 8 60 202 Capital: relevant law 8 61 203 Capital: scope 8 62 204 Capital: rights 8 63 205 Capital: derogations 8 64 206 Capital: textual derogation grounds and safeguard clauses 8 65 207 Relationship between the provisions on capital and the other freedoms 8 66 208 8.5 Payments An overarching issue: payments 8 67 209 12
9 COMPETITION LAW 9.1 Introduction and overview Free competition and distortion of competition in EU law 9 1 214 EU competition law: an overview 9 2 215 9.2 Rules relating to undertakings What is an undertaking? 9 3 216 Conduct of undertakings: the relevant market 9 4 217 Comparison of Arts. 101 and 102 TFEU 9 5 218 9.3 Art. 101 TFEU: collusive conduct Decision tree: collusive conduct of undertakings (Art. 101 TFEU) 9 6 219 Art. 101 TFEU: an overview 9 7 220 Undertakings conduct under Art. 101(1) TFEU 9 8 221 Effect on trade between the Member States 9 9 222 Appreciability of the effect on trade 9 10 223 Object or effect in relation to competition 9 11 224 The de minimis rule regarding effect on competition 9 12 225 Hardcore restrictions 9 13 226 Result: two distinct issues of appreciability 9 14 227 Examples mentioned in Art. 101(1) TFEU 9 15 228 Exemptions from Art. 101(1) TFEU 9 16 229 Block exemptions: the example of vertical restraints 9 17 230 Individual exemption under Art. 101(3) TFEU 9 18 231 9.4 Art. 102 TFEU: Abuse of dominance/a dominant position Decision tree: abuse of a dominant position (Art. 102 TFEU) 9 19 232 Art. 102 TFEU: an overview 9 20 233 The relevant market 9 21 234 Dominance: decisive power in the relevant market 9 22 235 The abuse of a dominant position 9 23 236 9.5 Enforcement of Arts. 101 and 102 TFEU Enforcement of Arts. 101 and 102 TFEU 9 24 237 Application of Arts. 101 and 102 TFEU: allocation of competences 9 25 238 Initiatives for action by the Commission 9 26 239 Powers of investigation 9 27 240 Commission proceedings 9 28 241 Financial sanctions for infringement of Arts. 101 and 102 TFEU 9 29 242 9.6 Merger control Decision tree: merger control 9 30 243 Scope of the Merger Regulation 9 31 244 Merger control procedure 9 32 245 Examination of the notification 9 33 246 Appraisal of mergers 9 34 247 9.7 Undertakings with a special position under national law Art. 106 TFEU: undertakings with a special position under national law 9 35 248 Services of general economic interest 9 36 249 9.8 Mixed situations Mixed situations: Art. 4(3) TEU, Protocol No 27 and Arts. 101 or 102 TFEU 9 37 250 9.9 State aid Decision tree: state aid (Art. 107 TFEU) 9 38 251 Art. 107 TFEU: an overview 9 39 252 The term state aid 9 40 253 Effect on trade and on competition 9 41 254 Derogations 9 42 255 Services of general economic interest and state aid 9 43 256 System of prior notification and examination of aid 9 44 257 State aid control procedure 9 45 258 10 SOCIAL LAW 10.1 Overview The social policy title: an overview 10 1 261 EU social law: an overview 10 2 262 13
10.2 Development of social law The social perspective of the EEC 10 3 263 The development of secondary social law of the EEC 10 4 264 The introduction of specific legal basis provisions 10 5 265 Result: secondary law based on different legal bases 10 6 266 10.3 Non-discrimination in social law Decision tree: discrimination cases 10 7 267 Scope of non-discrimination legislation 10 8 268 Multiple discrimination 10 9 269 Forms of discrimination 10 10 270 Indirect discrimination: an overview 10 11 271 Distinguishing direct and indirect discrimination 10 12 272 Same and different treatment 10 13 273 General principles of equality, equal treatment and non-discrimination 10 14 274 10.4 Social security law Social security law: an overview 10 15 275 Coordination of national social security systems 10 16 276 Non-discrimination in EU social security law 10 17 277 11 LEGAL INTEGRATION Negative and positive integration 11 1 279 The Cassis de Dijon principle and the need for harmonisation 11 2 280 Negative and positive integration: examples 11 3 281 Integration techniques in the EU 11 4 282 Harmonisation: an overview 11 5 283 Scope of harmonising law 11 6 284 Degree of harmonisation 11 7 285 Free trade where there is room for action for the Member States 11 8 286 12 ENFORCEMENT 12.1 General issues National and EU Courts: cooperation and division of tasks 12 1 290 Procedures and arguments: an overview 12 2 291 In the absence of specific EU law: equivalence and effectiveness 12 3 292 Jurisdiction of the different levels of the ECJ 12 4 293 12.2 Direct procedures 12.2.1 Action for annulment Action for annulment: an overview 12 5 294 Admissibility: applicants 12 6 295 Admissibility: reviewable acts 12 7 296 Admissibility: direct and individual concern 12 8 297 Admissibility: time-limits 12 9 298 Annulment grounds 12 10 299 Effect of the annulment judgment 12 11 300 12.2.2 Action for failure to act Action for failure to act: an overview 12 12 301 Admissibility: applicants 12 13 302 12.2.3 Enforcement procedure Enforcement procedure: an overview 12 14 303 First round: pre-litigation phase 12 15 304 First round: judicial phase 12 16 305 Second round 12 17 306 12.3 Indirect procedure: Preliminary ruling Preliminary ruling: an overview 12 18 307 Admissibility: two types of questions 12 19 308 Admissibility: national courts and tribunals 12 20 309 Admissibility: rights and duties of national courts 12 21 310 Admissibility: right of the ECJ to refuse 12 22 311 Simplified, accelerated and urgent preliminary rulings 12 23 312 The ruling 12 24 313 14
12.4 The argument of illegality Plea of illegality 12 25 314 12.5 Liability 12.5.1 EU liability Liability of the EU 12 26 315 Non-contractual liability of the EU: an overview 12 27 316 Conditions 12 28 317 Illegality of the Union act 12 29 318 A special case: the action for unjust enrichment 12 30 319 12.5.2 Member State liability Non-contractual liability of the Member States: an overview 12 31 320 Conditions 12 32 321 12.6 The protection of individuals rights Specifically: the protection of individuals rights 12 33 322 Remedies and sanctions 12 34 323 Tables 324 Table of Treaties, Charter of Fundamental Rights, Protocols and Declarations Table of secondary EU law 325 Table of decisions 329 Table of soft law 330 Table of other documents 331 Table of case law 331 Index 354 15
Essential EU Law in Charts and Essential EU Law in Text Bibliography (1) Combination of both books (2) and (3), shrinkwrapped in one package: ISBN 978-963-258-088-3 (2) Christa Tobler and Jacques Beglinger, Essential EU Law in Charts, 2nd Lisbon edition, Budapest: HVG-ORAC Publishing House Ltd 2010, ISBN 978-963-258-086-9 (3) Christa Tobler and Jacques Beglinger, Essential EU Law in Text, Budapest: HVG-ORAC Publishing House Ltd 2010, ISBN 978-963- 258-087-6 O R D E R F O R M I wish to order..... package(s) of both books ESSENTIAL EU LAW IN S and ESSENTIAL EU LAW IN TEXT. ISBN 978-963-258-088-3 I wish to order..... copy/copies of the book ESSENTIAL EU LAW IN S. ISBN 978-963-258-086-9 I wish to order..... copy/copies of the book ESSENTIAL EU LAW IN TEXT. ISBN 978-963-258-087-6 NAME:....................................................................................................... ORGANISATION / COMPANY NAME:.............................................................................. POSTAL / INVOICING ADDRESS:................................................................................. DELIVERY ADDRESS:........................................................................................... CITY:................................ COUNTRY:......................... ZIP / POSTAL CODE:.................. E-MAIL ADDRESS:....................................... TELEPHONE NUMBER:.................................. DATE / PLACE:................................ SIGNATURE:.................................................... Payment method: By transfer or payment on account according to the invoice. For each book ordered within the EU add 10 Euros shipping and handling (outside the EU, a surcharge may be added). If you order multiple copies, inquire for reduced rates, in particular on shipping and handling. Please send your completed order to one of the following addresses: - Postal address: HVG-ORAC Lap- és Kónyvkiadó Kft. (HVG-ORAC Publishing House Ltd.) Radnóti M. u. 2., 1137 BUDAPEST HUNGARY - Fax number: +36-1-349-7600 - E-mail address: kiss.anett@hvgorac.hu www.eur-charts.eu EUR-Charts_OrderForm_2010-v01.doc