xviii FURTHER READING S T U D I E S O N B O L I V A R A N D I N D E P E N D E N C E Brown, Matthew, Adventuring Through Spanish Colonies: Sifnon BoUvar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2006) Conway, Christopher Brian, The Cult of BoUvar in Latin Aincricati Literature (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2003) Davies, Catherine, Claire Brewster and Hillary Owen, South Anicricati Independence: Gender, Politics, Text (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2006) Earle, Rebecca, Spain and the Independence of Colombia (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2000) Lynch, John, Latin American Revolutions 1808-1826 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994) Murray, Pamela, For Glory and BoUvar: The Remarkable Life of Manuela Saenz (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008)
f CHRONOLOGY 1783 24 July: 1799-1802 Simon Jose Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad Bolivar y Palacios bom in Caracas. Bolivar visits and lives in New Spain (Mexico), Spain and France. 1802 26 May: Bolivar marries Maria Teresa Rodriguez del Toro in Madrid. 1803 22 January: 1803-1807 Maria Teresa Rodriguez del Toro dies in Caracas. Bolivar travels to Spain, France, Italy and the USA. 1810 19 April: Caracas rebels against colonial mle and deposes Captain-General. New junta governs, autonomously, in the name of deposed King Femando VII. Bolivar travels to London as part of Venezuelan mission seeking recognition of its independence (returns to Venezuela in December). r k
X X C H R O N O L O G Y 1811 5 July: Elected Venezuelan Congress declares independence. Beginning of First Republic. 1812 26 March: 6 July: 31 July: 15 December: Earthquake in Caracas. Bolivar abandons Puerto Cabello. Bolivar complicit in arrest of Francisco de Miranda. End of First Republic. Bolivar seeks asylum in New Granada. Bolivar issues Cartagena Manifesto. Bolivar's Admirable Campaign, beginning of Second Republic. End of Second Republic, defeated by Spanish Reconquest under Monteverde and Boves. 6 September: 2 June: 1817-18 Reconquest of New Granada. Bolivar goes into exile in Jamaica. Bolivar publishes "The Jamaica Letter". Bolivar moves to Haiti to prepare an attack on Venezuela. Leads Los Cayos Expedition from Haiti to Venezuela. Bolivar publishes decree against slavery in Carupano. Bolivar consolidates power in Orinoco basin with govemment in Angostura. 1819 15 February: 25 July: 7 August: 10 August: 25 November: 17 December: Inauguration of the Congress of Angostura. Battle of Pantano de Vargas. Battle of Boyaca. Bolivar enters Bogota. Six-month armistice signed with Spanish Army C o m m a n d e r G e n e r a l P a b l o M o r i l l o. Congress of Angostura votes to establish Republic of Colombia.
CHRONOLOGY xxi 1 8 2 1 C o l o m b i a n C o n s t i t u e n t C o n g r e s s m e e t s a t Cucuta. Bolivar elected President and Francisco de Paula S a n t a n d e r a s Vi c e - P r e s i d e n t. 24 June: Battle of Carabobo. 1822 24 May: Battle of Pichincha. 26-27 July: ^'Guayaquil Interview" bet\veen Bolivar and San Martin. 1823 1 September: Bolivar arrives in Peru and assumes leadership of wars of independence. 1824 6 August: 7 D e c e m b e r : 9 D e c e m b e r : Battle ofjunin. Bolivar invites Spanish American nations to Congress of Panama. Battle of Ayacucho. Upper Peru falls to Sucre's armies. Bolivar invited to write constitution for Republic of Bolivia. 1826 25 May: Bolivar presents his draft Constitution to the new Republic of Bolivia. April September: La Cosiata rebellion in Venezuela. 3 September: Bolivar leaves Peru for Colombia. 1828 Ocaha Convention. 25 September: Assassination attempt on Bolivar in Bogota. Late September: Execution of conspirators, including Jose Padilla. 1829 September: Rumours of monarchy project (with plans to crown Bolivar, or an imported European prince) spread across Colombia. Bolivar's loyal general Jose Maria C6rdova rebels against him. k
xxii CHRONOLOGY 17 October: Cordova defeated at Battle of El Santuario, Antioquia. 1830 1 M a y : B o l i v a r r e s i g n s P r e s i d e n c y. 8 May: Bolivar leaves Bogota intending to go into exile, 17 December: Bolivar dies in Santa Marta. 1830-31 Disintegration of Gran Colombia into the separate republics of Venezuela, Ecuador and New Granada (known as Colombia since 1863).
1 GLOSSARY Alcalde: District magistrate or mayor. Casta: Various people of mixed racial heritage in colonial Latin America, generally applied (as las castas) to all non-white peoples. Caudillo: Leader whose rule is based on personal power rather than on constitutional form. Congress of Angostura: Legislative Assembly which met to govern the Republic of Colombia 1819-21. Congress of Cucuta: Constituent Assembly which met in Cucuta (close to the New Granada-Venezuela border) to govern the Republic of Colombia in 1821 (when the capital was formally moved to Bogota) and which discussed and approved the 1821 Constitution of Cucuta for a ten-year period. Convention of Ocana; Constituent Assembly which met in Ocaha (in northern New Granada) in 1828 to revise the Cucuta Constitution, which it failed to do because of disagreements between the followers of Bolivar and Santander. Cordillera: Mountain range, as in "Cordillera de los Andes". Cosiata, La: Political rebellion in Venezuela, April-September 1826, in which centralized authorit>^ (and Bolivar's right to rule) was questioned and debated. Creole: Criollo, generally a person of Spanish descent born in the Americas; Spanish American. Cundinamarca: The region/province of Santa Fe de Bogota in New Granada, with which it was sometimes equivalent at the time of independence.