A Philosophy of European Union Law Jan M. Broekman PEETERS 1999
Contents Preface XI Part I Juridificating Geography Chapter 1 EUROPE, METAPHOR & NARRATION a. Enhancing Geography 1 Metaphor 3 To Think Europe 4 b. Scenes of an Empire 5 The Euro as Metaphor 6 EULegalTheory 7 Juridification 9 c The Construction of EU Law 10 The Scene 10 Principles, In General 12 Why EU Law Needs General Principles 15 Choice of Legal Basis 18 Lagrange's Opinion 19 Fundamental Rights 26 Certainty and Expectations 31 Chapter 2 GEOGRAPHY AND ITS LEGAL SPACE a. Euros, The Wind of Change Euros, Argestes 35 The Other Cape 37 Europe's Eidos 41 b. Mare Nostrum 49 Empire 49 Enlargement & Identity: 51 The Euro-Mediterranean Conference 51 Enlargement & Identity: 57 The EU and the Mercosur 57
VI CONTENTS c. EU Legal Space 60 The EU as a Legal Space 60 Identity, Geography, and Space 61 Positions 63 The Union - a Conceptual World Image 67 Part II Membership Chapter 3 MEMBERSHIP Introduction: A Member is a Member is a Member 75 a. The Distribution of Membership 76 Rights 78 Self 78 Institution 79 b. Identity and Membership 79 Constitution 80 Epistemology 80 Fiction 81 Emergence 82 c. Membership as an Issue of EU Law Philosophy 82 d. Membership in EU Legal Contexts 88 The Acquis Communautaire 89 The 'Unity of the Union as a Legal Expression 91 A European State 94 Europe 96 History 97 In- and Out the Union 98 e. Membership in the Treaties 100 The trompe I'oeil in Article O 100 Political Requirements 101 Chapter 4 MEMBERSHIP IN THE MlRROR OF CONTRACT Introduction 105 a. The Mirror of Contract 106 b. A Contracts Peace (I): Before Law c. A Contract's Peace (II): In State and Law
CONTENTS VII d. The Fraternal Continent 123 e. Geography and Membership 125 Members and Contract 126 Geography and Membership 128 Chapter 5 TREATIES AND MEMBERS a. The Seminal Scene 135 Geometry of Contract 136 Civilised. 138 Historically First Constitution 140 Original Constituent Power 144 b. Reasonable Expectations 152 c. Accession and Pre-Accession 164 Challenges of Enlargement 166 Contract and Accession 168 Pre-Accession 173 Agenda 2000 176 Theoretical Reflections 178 The Case of Turkeys Accession 182 Fairness of Access 190 Part III Democracy Chapter 6. DEMOCRACY'S TEXTUAL TOPOGRAPHY Introduction 193 a. The Treaties 196 TheECSC 196 The TEC 197 Two Observations 198 The Single European Act 198 The TEU and the Amsterdam Treaty 199 b. Agreements, Declarations and other Documents 200 1995: The Barcelona Declaration and the Interregional Framework Cooperation Agreement 201 Democracy in Context 205 c. Enlargement 206
VIII CONTENTS Representative Democracy 207 Democracy in Agenda 2000 209 d. The Transatlantic Agenda 214 e. Semantics of Democracy in the EU 217 Semantics 217 Legal Theory 218 Philosophy of Law 219 Political Theory 220 f. Legal Theory, Topography, and the Acquis 221 Chapter 7 MEMBER STATE AND GLOBAL DEMOCRACY Introduction 225 a. States Beyond the Sovereign State 228 World Order and Subsidiarity 228 Kantian Perpectives 235 Global Democracy 245 b. Competence 247 Competence and Legal Person 248 Citizens Rights 251 c. Demos and Representation 260 Brunner v. The European Union Treaty 260 Political Dimensions 264 Philosophical Dimensions 266 Representation 273 Chapter 8 CITIZENSHIP Introduction 279 a. Citizenship in the Treaties 281 The Treaties 281 A European Life-Form 284 Rights 286 b. Active Citizenship 288 Juridification 288 Active Citizenship 294 c. Language 310 Language in the Treaties 310
CONTENTS IX One's Own Language 316 Native Tongue, Nation State 318 d. Indeterminacies of Citizenship 323 Language, Citizenship, and Contract 325 Practices of Representation 332 Global Citizenship 340 Part IV Legal Space Chapter 9 MARKET Introduction 343 a. Establishing a Market 344 Market and Treaties 345 Language 350 b. Internal, Common, and Global Market 355 Market and Legal Rationality 355 Common and Internal Market 360 GlobalMarket 368 c. Global Market and Global Order 371 Globalisation 371 Federalism and Free Trade 374 Hallmarks of a GlobalMarket 378 The EU's New Atlantic Marketplace 382 d. Labour and Global Market Regimes 388 Individuals, Labour and the Global Market 388 TEU and Essentialistic Features of Labour 394 Labour as Legal Positioning 397 Chapter 10 LEGAL SPACE Introduction 401 a. Law's Spatial Expressiveness 401 Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of EU Law 402 The Pillar Structure of the Union 407 The Four Freedoms of the TEU 409 b. Positionings 412 Localisation 414
X CONTENTS Naming and Nomenclature 418 Identity 422 c. The Construction of a Juridical World Image 430 Juridification 430 A Legal World Image 435 d. Concluding Reflections 437 LITERATURE 445 ECJ CASES AND EU DOCUMENTS 459 NAME INDEX 465 SUBJECT INDEX 469