MAIN causes (build up to WWI. These existed years before 1914. 1.) Militarism - aggressively building up a nation s armed forces in preparation for war. - military gained more authority. 2.) Alliances - There was a complicated system of alliances throughout Europe. 3.) Imperialism - Great Scramble for colonies took place in the late 1800s. - This surge of imperialism sharpened rivalries within Europe. 4.)Nationalism - Great powers act in their own best interest - Ethnic minorities longing for their way of life in a repressed area often leads to violence.common BONDS THE SPARK: JUNE 28 th 1914- Serbian Nationalist ASSASINATE Austrian Arch Duke in Austrian controlled Bosnia.
On July 28, 1914 Austria Declares War on Serbia- Chain reaction with alliance system Russia mobilizes(to help Serbia) Germany mobilizes(to help Austria) Aug 1 st 1914 Germany declares war on Russia Aug 3 rd 1914 Germany declares war on France (2 front war oops) Schlieffen Plan- Germany will beat France 1 st then Russia- go through Belguim to get to France- GREAT BRITAIN delcares war on Germnay (ALLIANCES)
Central Powers: Germany and Austria- Hungary (later the Ottoman Empire & Bulgaria) Allies: Great Britian, Russia, France, Serbia (later Japan, Italy and the US) TRENCH WARFARE-stalemate due to Modern Technology: MACHINE GUNS, Poisen Gas, Tanks
President Wilson officially proclaimed the United States a neutral country On August 4, 1914. WHY..To protect US trade US tries to act as peacemaker US has HUGE FINANCIAL ties to GB 1915 PREPARDNESS MOVEMENT Training camps/ US tax to ready military US ANTI WAR GROUPS- Progressives, Suffragist and Social Reformers
New Weapon was the German Submarine=U- Boat US thought submarine warfare was barbaric Sinking of the Lusitania Sussex Pledge: Germans promised to warn ships before attacking Did not stop Germans from sinking ships Wilson frustrated because U.S. still a neutral country Gave large loans to Allies
Wilson re-elected in 1916 Germans violated the Sussex Pledge and resumed unrestricted submarine warfare Zimmerman Note/Telegram Russian Revolution US more comfortable with joining Allies since Russia s czar was ousted German sank American ships in March 1917 U.S. declared war on Germany in April 1917 Wilson said the world must be made safe for democracy.
US not ready for war, but sent early support to Europe to boost morale Troops Money Supplies Selective Service Act (Draft) Volunteers and National Guardsman known as American Expeditionary Force Women also served
Convoy system set up to protect American ships American troops kept separated from other Allied troops (defensive vs. offensive) African Americans separated from white and denied combat=some fought with France
Bolshevik Revolution: Nov 1917 Vladimir Lenin overthrew Russia s government Promised peace with Germany March 1918: Russia pulls out of WWI Germany now focus on a one-front war (Western front) AMERICAN KEY to defeating CENTRAL POWERS
During retreat, Germany wanted to dictate some surrender terms, Allies refused Armistice (cease fire) signed on November 11, 1918 VETERNS DAY Human lives lost estimated at 8 million Soldiers Civilians Several nations lost citizens
Liberty bonds New Agencies War Industries Board: oversaw war production Other agencies made sure that the war was financed and not jeopardized Regulations on Products/RATIONING Increased food production and reduce waste Hoover (Food Administration) opposed rationing and price controls, instead encouraged voluntary restraints Fuel Regulated- gasless days Federal Control of news..propaganda Huge fear of spying/ Immigration limits etc.100%american Espionage Act in1917 & Sedition Act in1918 HULT on PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT Big Business takes advantage/ profits skyrocket
Military theme and activities at home Decreased white male population Great Migration: Black Southerners to the North to work Women worked Other minorities worked 18 th amendment ratified (1919) Showed patriotism Grain for alcohol production could be sent overseas or used at home
Woodward Wilson s 14 points #1: End secrete alliances #2-5: Freedom of the seas, trade, limits on armaments, peaceful adjustment to colonial tax #6-13: Territorial settlements in Europe #14: League of Nations At first the Allies supported, but then the points started to unravel
January 1919 Wilson did not want to punish, only wanted stability Other Allies WANTED to punish Divide Germany s colonies France wanted total destruction Wilson forced to compromise on his 14 Points
Ensure security and peace for all members Moral organization only No military NO ENFORECEMENT POWER EITHER Article 10 Attack on one, attack on all Rejected by Congress Did not want to be pulled into a global war again
Versailles, France (east of Paris) Attended and dominated by the BIG FOUR Britain, France, Italy, and the US Outcome German responsibility for war Created new European boundaries see map on page 329 German reparations 33 billion Humiliated Germany later the terms of the Versailles Treaty is one of the main causes of WWII Signed June 28, 1919
Many did not support Treaty due to US involvement in the League of Nations Irreconcilables or reservationists Joining would weaken US independence Wilson traveled to win support: suffered a stroke Congress did not ratify the VersaillesTreaty several times Eventually the US ratified separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary in October 1921
April 1919: Americans sent home No jobs, hard time adjusting to civilian life Women lost their jobs due to returning soldiers End of optimism? Death and destruction of war was real What has war accomplished for Americans? African American continued to experience discrimination
6.2.2 6.2.3 6.3.2a 6.2.4