1. Ans.(d) The Mutiny was fought between Feb 18, 1946 and Feb 23 rd 1946 (For 5 days). The Second World War led to an increase in the number of soldiers in the RIN. In 1946, the size of the RIN was 10 times larger than it s size in 1939. The Mutiny spread from Bombay to Karachi, Vizag, and Calcutta etc. Neither the Congress nor the Muslim League supported the mutiny. Only Communist Party of India supported it 2. Ans.(b) Telangana Movement was an armed revolt of peasants organised by the Communist Party of India (CPI) against oppressive landlordism patronised by the Nizam of Hyderabad. The sufferings of peasants increased with the onset of the Second World War as they were subjected to increasing number of exploitative taxes and forced to perform Vetti (forced labour). Many of the peasants lost their lands to the village moneylenders. Men, women and children from different discontented villages were organized by CPI into armed guerrilla squads to fight the exploitative landlords and the armed battalions of the Nizam called Razakars (who were deployed for crushing the movement). Parallel governments were established. P C Joshi (General Secretary of CPI) provided inspiration 3. Ans.(b) Dickie Bird Plan (April 1947) is also known as Balkan Plan or Ismay Plan. It envisaged transfer of power to separate provinces. The provinces along with the Princely states would have the choice of joining India, Pakistan or remaining separate. The plan was abandoned due to the Nehru s reaction against it and also due to suggestion by Sardar Patel & V P Menon for transfer of power to two central governments, India & Pakistan, on the basis of grant of dominion status 4. Ans.(a) Women were initially assigned the non-combat roles. But, later due to the protest by women members, they were involved in actual war operations. Subhash Bose also believed in invoking the spiritual power of the mothers and sisters of India. The Imphal campaign of 1945 was a failure. According to this, they had plans to enter India through the North-East. INA had to retreat in the face of the advancing British army 5. Ans.(c) Among the most renowned female painters of the 20 th century. Born in Hungary, but came back to India. Her painting Young Girls got her recognised as the youngest artist (and the First Asian) to be elected as an Associate of Grand Salon in Paris. She later became part of the Calcutta school of Artists who were influenced by Rabindranath Tagore and Jamini Roy. Her works were declared to be National Treasures and housed in the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi 6. Ans.(c) INA trials started in November 1945. It was a British move to put the INA men on trial. It sparked off massive demonstrations all over the country. The RIN mutiny took place in Feb 1946 due to many reasons like racial abuse, unpalatable food etc in the RIN as well as the INA trials where the naval ratings expressed their sympathies with the INA soldiers who were to be tried 7. Ans.(b) He was the creator of the Indian Society of Oriental Art. He was the first major exponent of Swadeshi values in Indian art.. He founded the Bengal School of Art which led to the development of Modern Indian Painting. One of his famous painting is Bharat Matha 8. Ans.(a) Ijarah system/revenue-farming was introduced during the reign of the Mughal emperor Jahandar Shah. It was introduced by his powerful noble Zulfiqar Khan. It was opposite to the fixed land revenue as designed by Todar Mal. Under Ijarah system, the Government began to contract with the revenue farmers and middlemen to pay the government a fixed amount of money while they were free to collect whatever they could from the peasant. This led to increased oppression of the peasant 9. Ans.(d) Portuguese had established their influence on the Mughal rulers. Hence, when Hawkins visited the court of Jahangir to obtain a Farman to open factories in Surat, he was denied permission. But Thomas Roe (an Ambassador sent by the king of England to India) was able to become friendly with the Mughal emperor and reduce the Portuguese influence on the emperor and obtain the Farmaan to establish factories in Surat and other places. Dutch East India Company established in 1602 had more interest in the Spice trade. Hence, it concentrated on Indonesia and it s islands which were known for spices 10. Ans.(b) Subsidiary Alliance Policy was introduced by Lord Wellesley (Governor General from 1798-1805). If a native Indian state signed this policy, then it had to disband it s army and allow British forces to be stationed inside it s boundaries. Control over the state s defence and foreign policies would be in the hands of British East India Company. Also, the states were required to expel all the Europeans except the English from their state. This helped the British to reduce the French influence over the Indian states 11. Ans.(c) Ryotwari system was introduced in 1820s by Thomas Munro & Reed. It was introduced in parts of Madras and Bombay presidencies. It was introduced with the intention of preserving village communities. It was pointed that under permanent settlement, the East India Company was a financial loser as it had to share the revenues with the zamindars and could not claim a share of the growing income from the land. Also, the cultivator was left at the mercy of the zamindar who could oppress him at will. In this, the cultivator was recognised as the owner of the land subject to the
payment of land revenue. The settlement was not made permanent. It was revised periodically after 20 to 30 years. The idea was borrowed from the military fiscalism of Tipu Sultan s Mysore. It was based on the principles of centralised sovereignty, sanctity of private property, to be protected by British laws 12. Ans.(b) Mahalwari system was a revenue collection system introduced by Holt Mackenzie in the areas of Gangetic Valley, parts of Central India, NWFP, Agra, Awadh, Punjab etc. It was a modified version of Permanent settlement/zamindari system. Under this, the basic unit of revenue settlement was the village or mahal (estate). The revenue settlement was made village by village or estate by estate with landlords or heads of families who collectively claimed to be the landlords of the villages or estates 13. Ans.(b) Indian social reformer in the 19 th and 20 th century. Champion of emancipation of women, pioneer in education. Sanskrit scholar. Pandita title was due to her excellent command over Sanskrit. One of the 10 women delegates of the Congress session of 1889. Wrote the book The High Caste Hindu Women in which she depicted the miserable state of child widows. She embraced Christianity and founded the Mukti Mission to provide shelter to destitute women. She founded the Sharada Sadan for education of widows and other women. She founded the Arya Mahila Samaj to promote the cause of women s education and to free them from the oppression of child marriage 14. Ans.(b) Kalamkari means drawing with a pen. It is an Indian folk textile art that involves free hand drawing and painting or printing on cloth (mostly cotton). Colours are made from natural dyes and pen out of pointed bamboo. It has 2 different styles (Srikalahasti style and Masulipatnam style). Srikalahasti style flourished around temples with Hindu patronage (Example Vijaynagar rulers). Themes in this are taken from Ramayana, Mahabharata etc. Masulipatnam style was influenced by Persian art. It was patronised by the Mughals and the Golconda Sultanates. 15. Ans.(b) Britain had suffered reverses in the 2 nd world war. Japan was also closing in on India after invading Burma and Singapore. There was pressure on Britain from the Allies to seek the support of India for the war. Indian nationalists had agreed to support the Allied cause if substantial power was transferred immediately and complete independence given after the war. Hence, Cripps Mission was sent to India in March 1942 to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their war efforts. Nehru, Patel and Azad were the official negotiators for the Congress. The Cripps mission proposed Dominion status (The dominion would be free to decide it s relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other International bodies) Constituent Assembly at the end of the war to draft a new constitution (Constituent Assembly to consist of elected members from British India and nominated members from Princely States)(making of the constitution to be solely in Indian hands now and not mainly in Indian hands as contained in the August Offer) Transfer of powers to the Governor General s executive council as a cabinet with the Governor General as the constitutional head Defence of India to be in British hands for the interim period Any province not willing to join the union could have a separate constitution and form a separate union (blue-print for partition) etc. Congress rejected these proposals as it had demanded complete independence Demanded full control over defence Rejected the proposal of Governor General having his supremacy intact. Congress had demanded that Governor General be only the Constitutional head Rejected the proposal of nomination of members from Princely States into the Constituent Assembly Rejected the right of provinces to secede as it went against the principle of national unity Muslim League criticised the idea of a single Indian union. It did not like the machinery for the creation of a Constituent Assembly and the procedure to decide on the accession of Provinces to the Union. It thought that the proposals denied to the Muslims the right to self-determination and the creation of Pakistan Cripps had also been advised not go beyond the draft declaration. The British PM, Viceroy and the Commander-inchief consistently torpedoed Cripps efforts. Gandhi described it as a post-dated cheque drawn on a crashing bank. Hence, the talks failed. It was also considered as a time buying tactics. Congress moved towards the Quit India Movement (QIM) and the British imprisoned the entire Congress leadership for the duration of the war 16. Ans.(a) Britain had suffered reverses in the 2 nd world war. Japan was also closing in on India after invading Burma and Singapore. There was pressure on Britain from the Allies to seek the support of India for the war. Indian nationalists had agreed to support the Allied cause if substantial power was transferred immediately and complete independence given after the war. Hence, Cripps Mission was sent to India in March 1942 to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their war efforts. Nehru, Patel and Azad were the official negotiators for the Congress. The Cripps mission proposed Dominion status (The dominion would be free to decide its relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other International bodies) Constituent Assembly at the end of the war to draft a new constitution (Constituent Assembly to consist of elected members from British India and nominated members from Princely States)(making of the constitution to be solely in Indian hands now and not mainly in Indian hands as contained in the August Offer) Transfer of powers to
the Governor General s executive council as a cabinet with the Governor General as the constitutional head Defence of India to be in British hands for the interim period Any province not willing to join the union could have a separate constitution and form a separate union (blue-print for partition) etc. Congress rejected these proposals as it had demanded complete independence Demanded full control over defence Rejected the proposal of Governor General having his supremacy intact. Congress had demanded that Governor General be only the Constitutional head Rejected the proposal of nomination of members from Princely States into the Constituent Assembly Rejected the right of provinces to secede as it went against the principle of national unity Muslim League criticised the idea of a single Indian union. It did not like the machinery for the creation of a Constituent Assembly and the procedure to decide on the accession of Provinces to the Union. It thought that the proposals denied to the Muslims the right to self-determination and the creation of Pakistan Cripps had also been advised not go beyond the draft declaration. The British PM, Viceroy and the Commander-inchief consistently torpedoed Cripps efforts. Gandhi described it as a post-dated cheque drawn on a crashing bank. Hence, the talks failed. It was also considered as a time buying tactics. Congress moved towards the Quit India Movement (QIM) and the British imprisoned the entire Congress leadership for the duration of the war 17. Ans.() 18. Ans.(c) During the First World war, Indians had rendered remarkable service to the British government in India. Hence, the English promised some sort of responsible government to the Indians in 1917. Montagu (Secretary of State) issued a declaration in the British parliament. The theme of the declaration was increasing association of Indians in every branch of administration and gradual development of self-governing institutions and responsible government in India. Montagu prepared a detailed report on constitutional reforms in India. The report became the basis for the Government of India Act 1919. Diarchy was introduced in the provinces. According to this, the provincial subjects were divided into Reserved (Ex Finance etc)(which were administered by the Governor & his executive council without being responsible to the provincial legislative council) and Transferred (Ex Local government etc) (which were administered by the Governor with the help of ministers responsible to the provincial legislative council). The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) was established in 1921 under the provisions of this act. It is the oldest of the financial committees of the parliament. Bicameral legislature was introduced at the Centre. The Indian legislative council was replaced by a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper house (Council of States) and a Lower house (Legislative Assembly). Majority of members of both houses were chosen by direct election 19. Ans.(d) Under this, the British government for the first time talked about granting a responsible government in India. Montagu (Secretary of State) issued a declaration in the British parliament. The theme of the declaration was increasing association of Indians in every branch of administration and gradual development of self-governing institutions and responsible government in India. Thus, it marked the end of the policy of benevolent despotism and began the genesis of responsible government in India. It demarcated the Central & Provincial subjects. The Central & Provincial legislatures could pass laws on their respective subjects. It also separated the central & provincial budgets. Provincial legislatures were given the power to enact their budgets. Thus it prepared the ground for federalism as it identified the provinces as units of fiscal & general administration. Diarchy was introduced in the provinces. According to this, the provincial subjects were divided into Reserved (Ex Finance etc)(which were administered by the Governor & his executive council without being responsible to the provincial legislative council) and Transferred (Ex Local government etc) (which were administered by the Governor with the help of ministers responsible to the provincial legislative council). This shows the partial transfer of power to the electorate 20. Ans.(c) Warren Hastings was the first Governor General of Bengal. He had two basic problems before him. One was that of revenue collection and the other was with respect to legal system. Hence, he introduced his reforms on a trial and error basis. The Cornwallis code prepared by Lord Cornwallis and George Barlow was based on separation of powers. Vellore mutiny took place during the period of George Barlow in 1806. William Bentinck adopted a pragmatic foreign policy. His policy was that of Non-intervention & Non-aggression with Indian states 21. Ans (d) Lord Macaulay was appointed as the first law member of the Governor General-in-council as per the provisions of the Charter Act of 1833. He was also appointed as the president of the General Committee of Public Instruction. He was entrusted to settle the dispute between Orientalists & Anglicists. He is credited as the man who brought the English language and the British education to India. He wrote this minute in Feb 1835. It recommended that English be promoted as the lingua franca and the medium of education in India A single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India & Arabia We want to create a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, morals, and in intellect. This
class of enlightened intermediaries would then revive and modernize vernacular languages like Bengali, Urdu and Hindi to educate the masses. He predicted that as an Indian intelligentsia arose, it would work to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from western nomenclature and to render them as vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population. i.e. he advocated education for the few who would educate the masses. This theory is known as Downward Filtration theory or Trickle Down theory. He saw the teaching of English as a channel for transmission of European knowledge into the vernaculars and through them down to the wide mass of Indian population. But the vernacular must grow organically out of the new learning, rather than by government paying a few authors to produce books in those languages. He advocated to stop the printing of Arabic & Sanskrit books and to abolish the Madrasa and Sanskrit College at Calcutta and to retain the Sanskrit College at Banaras (Banaras was the seat of Brahminical learning) and the Mohammadan College at Delhi (Delhi was the seat of Arabic learning). The recommendations were accepted by William Bentinck (Governor General of India) in March 1835. English was made the court language in 1837. A government resolution of 1844 threw high posts open to Indians. These measures resulted in a rapid growth of English education. By 1838, when he went back to Britain, his committee had established 40 English-Medium schools which were open to all regardless of caste. The new schools led to the foundation of new universities. His other contribution is drafting of the Criminal Procedure Code, thus bringing a rational legal system Wood s Despatch gave the recommendation of Education for All 22) (d) Charles Wood was the president of the Board of Control. The Woods Despatch (1854) is called as the Magnacarta of English Education in India. It rejected the Downward Filtration theory recommended by Lord Macaulay. It s recommendations were Government of India to assume responsibility for the education of masses (Education for All). Hence, schools should be established, both public and private Education Departments should be established in all the provinces Universities should be established on the British-Model in the presidency towns of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras for higher education in India. Primary schools must adopt vernacular languages. High schools must adopt Anglo Vernacular languages. At the College level, it should be English as the medium of education Training of teachers should be undertaken. Teacher training schools should be established in every province. Qualified teachers should be given better pay scales Encouraged professional education like Engineering, Medical, Law etc. Supported women education The British government implemented the recommendations of Woods Despatch. Education departments were established in the provinces. The post of Director of Public Instruction (DPI) was created. Universities were established in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1857. Roorkee Engineering College was established. 23) (d) Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915. He spent the years 1915-16 travelling the whole of India understanding the problems of people. In 1917 and 1918, he led some localised struggles like the Champaran Satyagraha, Kheda Satyagraha, and Ahmedabad Mills Strike. It was in 1919 that the Rowlatt Act was passed. This affected the whole of India. This provided an opportunity for Gandhi to start an all India mass struggle. The Home Rule Movement of 1916 was for Self-rule. It was led by Tilak and Besant. It was successful in getting the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms getting sanctioned. But, it failed due to many reasons like Lack of clarity in the mind of Besant after her arrest Absence of Tilak from the political scene as he had to go to London to fight a case The younger section within the Congress were pacified by the release of Besant In spite of the failure, it provided politically aware men who were waiting for a new phase of struggle which was provided in the form of Rowlatt Satyagraha The Rowlatt Satyagraha was against two bills which aimed at severely curtailing the civil liberties of Indians in the name of curbing terrorist violence. The Rowlatt act was also known as Anarchical & Revolutionary Crimes Act or Black Act. It was passed in March 1919. It indefinitely extended the emergency measures (of the Defence of India Act, 1915) enacted during the First World War to control public unrest and root out conspiracy. The Act authorised the authorities to imprison a person suspected of terrorism for maximum of 2 years without trial. It was condemned by Congress, Muslim League etc. The Rowlatt Satyagraha was the first all-india mass struggle by Gandhi against the British government 24) (a) Held in Dec 1929. Jawaharlal Nehru was the president. This session marked a shift in the leadership from the Old to the New generation. Resolutions undertaken were
Congress goal to be Complete Independence or Purna Swaraj Authorised the All India Congress Committee (AICC) to launch a programme of Civil Disobedience including non-payment of taxes As a preliminary to start a Civil Disobedience Movement to achieve Complete Independence, It called upon all members of Legislatures to resign their seats Round Table Conference to be boycotted Jan 26 th of every year to be celebrated as Independence Day A resolution sponsored by Gandhi condemning the Revolutionary Terrorists bomb attack on the Viceroy s train was passed by a narrow majority On the midnight of Dec 31 st 1929, the newly adopted tricolour flag of freedom was hoisted by Nehru on the banks of river Ravi. He declared It s a crime against man and God to submit any longer. Swarajists walked out of the legislatures. In Feb 1930, the CWC met at Sabarmati Ashram and invested Gandhi with full powers to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement at a time and place of his choice. The Celebration of Independence Day on 26 th Jan 1930 evoked little enthusiasm because of the opposition by Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Justice Party, young Congressmen etc to the Civil Disobedience. It also resulted in clashes between the police and Congress volunteers. Hence, Gandhi had to evolve a strategy to break out of this impasse and give a broader meaning to the word independence as opposed to it s narrower meaning which had a divisive impact. Hence, on Jan 31 st 1930, he announced an 11 point ultimatum for Lord Irwin 25) (b) The outbreak of the First World War (1914) gave a new lease of life to the nationalist movement. It was used as an opportunity by the Ghadar Revolutionaries based in North America. Ghadarites attempted a violent overthrow of British rule. North America was home to Punjabi immigrants (mainly peasants and ex-soldiers) who went there in search of livelihood oppurtunities. But, the immigration laws were strict. They had to face racial discrimination. Agitations against entry of Indians were launched by native American labourers and they were supported by politicians who were looking for votes. The Canadian government passed the Continuous Passage Act to stop the immigrants, particularly from India. Ghadar Party was formed in 1913. It was a part of the Hindu-German Conspiracy formulated between 1914 to 1917 to initiate a pan-india rebellion against the British Raj during the First World War. It was a conspiracy between the Ghadar Party, the Berlin Committee in Germany ( started by Indian students & political activists), revolutionaries in India, German Foreign Office through it s consulate in San Francisco. Some of the important leaders were Lala Hardayal, Sohan Singh Bakna, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Mohammed Barkatullah, and Madam Bhikaji Cama etc. They published a weekly newspaper Ghadar & set up a headquarters called Yugantar Ashram at San Francisco. Their ideology was secular. They had members from all background. They invited Indian people and the Indian soldiers to start a armed revolt in India. They had planned 21 st Feb 1915 as the date of the armed revolt. But it failed 26) (b) In 1927, the people of Princely States formed the State People s Conference with a view to introducing self-governing institutions. This move by the people threatened the interests of the Princes who sought the help of British. Hence, Butler Committee (Indian States Committee) was appointed in Dec 1927 to look into the financial and economic relationships existing between British Crown and Princely States. It was a 3 member committee headed by Harcourt Butler. It reviewed the question of Paramountcy. It laid stress on the preservation of Princely States through the British Paramountcy. Nehru Committee criticised the appointment of Butler Committee and stated that the rights and obligations of Paramountcy should be transferred to the government of Commonwealth of India and conflicts between Commonwealth of India and Indian States were to be referred to the Supreme Court. It s recommendations were Paramountcy would not be transferred without the consent of the States to any democratically elected Indian government in British India responsible to an Indian legislature It reaffirmed the supremacy of paramountcy with unlimited power (even to suggest constitutional reforms in a particular state if there was widespread demand for such reforms). The committee reasserted that Paramountcy must remain paramount. The paramountcy to be exercised by the Viceroy and not by the Governor General-in-Council. This was to remove the relations of the Princes with a possible Congress dominated central government But paramountcy was left undefined Thus, pushed to a tight corner from both ends (British as well as nationalists), the Princes started taking interest in politics and showed interest in the concept of federation as was proposed in the Nehru Report of 1928
27) (b) The plan of partition of Bengal was made known in 1903. The partition was implemented in Oct 1905. The plan was prepared by Lord Curzon (Viceroy), Risley (Home Secretary to the Government of India) and Andrew Frazer (Lt.Governor of Bengal). According to Curzon, the partition was to bring administrative efficiency. But the real motive was to divide the Hindus and Muslims and to make Bengalis a minority in their own land as Bengal was the nerve centre of Indian nationalism. The partition was hence done on the basis of religion and language. It was also aimed at affecting the economy of West Bengal. Thus, Curzon announced the partition of Bengal into West Bengal + Bihar + Orissa With Hindu majority population and a minority Bengali speaking population East Bengal + Assam With a Muslim majority population The result of this was the beginning of Anti-partition/Swadeshi & Boycott/Vangabanga Movement (1905-1908). In the initial phase it was led by the moderates. Later, due to their failure in getting the demands fulfilled and getting partition annulled, the leadership was shifted into the hands of Extremists 28) (d) The Motilal Nehru Committee (May 1928) was appointed as a response to the Simon Commission and the challenge of Lord Birkenhead to Indians asking them to frame a Constitution on which Indian opinion was united. It had 8 members (Ali Imam, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Subhash. It was the first major attempt by Indians to draft a Constitutional framework for the country. It did not recommend for Princely States. It was a joint Hindu-Muslim constitutional scheme. It was finalised at an all parties conference at Lucknow in Aug 1928. It s recommendations were Dominion Status No separate electorates. Joint electorates with reservation for Muslims at the Centre and in provinces where they were in a minority (not in areas where they were in a majority like Punjab, Bengal etc) in proportion to the Muslim population Linguistic provinces can be formed It defined Citizenship and Fundamental Rights Universal Adult Suffrage, equal rights for women Dissociation of State from religion in any form India will be a federation with a responsible government at the Centre & in Provinces. Residuary powers with the Centre Hierarchy of courts with Supreme Court at the apex should be established 29) (b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy is known as the pioneer of socio-religious reform movements in India. He adopted a rational & scientific approach. He is known as the synthesis of the thought of East & the West. He studied the literature and the philosophies of the East and the West. For Ex, he studied Sanskrit, Hebrew, Arabic etc and Hinduism, Christainity, Islam, Jainism etc. He applied rationality to elements in all religions. He founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828. It s objectives were Purify Hinduism of the evil practices Monotheism (oneness of god) and Formless god. It denounced Polytheism, idol worship, caste system, sacrifices etc Rejected the infallibility of Vedas Tattwabodhini Sabha was founded by Devendranath Tagore in 1839. It was a splinter group of Brahmo Samaj. It s objective was to encourage religious enquiries and disseminate the essence of Upanishads. It published a journal Tattwabodhini Patrika to propagate it s social welfare programmes. It helped spread a rational outlook among the intellectuals of Bengal 30. (d) The Economic policies of the British in India was criticised by Dadabhai Naoroji, R C Dutt, G V Joshi, M G Ranade, Prithwish Chandra Ray, Subramania Iyer etc. Dadabhai Naoroji wrote a book Poverty & UNbritish rule in India in which he explained about the Drain of Wealth from India in many forms like Home charges etc. 31) (c) Ilbert was the law member in the Viceroy s Council. The Bill is also known as Criminal Procedure Amendment Bill of 1883. Proposed by Lord Rippon. This proposed to give Indian district magistrates and session judges the authority to try Europeans in criminal cases in the mofussil (small towns) as they already did in the presidency towns. It was opposed tooth and nail by the British Officials, Anglo-Indians etc. Rippon ultimately succumbed to the pressure and withdrew the bill. An amended bill was introduced which added a provision of trial by a mixed jury in such cases involving European offenders
32) (a) Home Rule Movement of 1916 demanded Home Rule or Swaraj or Self-government and not complete independence. This was to be achieved by Constitutional means. It was the less charged but more effective response of Indians to the British government during the First World War. It was led by Tilak & Besant. They formed their separate Home Rule Leagues. Tilak formed his Home Rule league in Apr 1916 and it extended to Maharastra (Without Bombay), Central Provinces, Karnataka etc. Besant formed her Home Rule League in Sep 1916 and it extended to the Rest of India. It was loosely arranged when compared to Tilak s leagues. The Indian Home Rule Society (London) was founded by Shyamji Krishna Verma in 1905. It was sought to promote the cause of self-rule in India. It was intended to be a rival organisation to the British Committee of the Indian National Congress that was loyal to the British 33) (b) Lucknow Pact (1916) was signed between the Congress and the Muslim League in the Lucknow Congress Session of 1916 presided by Ambika Charan Majumdar. This session saw the readmission of Extremists into the Congress and the Lucknow Pact. Both the Congress and the Muslim League sank their old differences and put up joint political demands before the government. The authors of this pact were Tilak and Jinnah. The demands were Representative government and dominion status for India Legislative Councils should be expanded with an elected majority and more powers should be given to them Half the members of Viceroy s Executive Council should be Indians Principle of separate electorate was accepted There was an agreement on the question of proportional representation of Muslims in the imperial and provincial legislatures. Muslim leaders accepted under-representation in Muslim-majority areas (only 40% of seats in Bengal) and over-representation in Muslim minority areas (provinces like Bombay, United Provinces) (where 30% reservation to be given to them) In 1917, Muslim league started the Home Rule agitation started by Besant 34) (c) Quit India Movement was launched on Aug 8 th, 1942 by Gandhi in Bombay as a response mainly to the Cripps Proposals. It was to be a mass civil disobedience under Gandhi s direction, if power was not immediately handed over to Indians. Gandhi gave the slogans Do or die. But, by Aug 9 th, most of the front-ranking male Congress leaders (including Gandhi) were put in prison. In a contingency like this, some prominent women leaders coordinated the movement in spite of the police repression. Sucheta Kriplani coordinated the non-violent resistance while Aruna Asaf Ali took the leadership of underground revolutionary activities. Rural women participated very actively in the movement. Communist Party dissociated itself from the movement. Muslim League did not support. New techniques can be seen in the movement like Parallel governments at Balia, Satara etc, Underground activities (Usha Mehta started the underground All India Radio) etc. It was a violent movement. It saw unprecedented mass fury. Hence called August Revolution. Linlithgow (Viceroy) described it as by far the most serious rebellion since 1857. It was a spontaneous movement as no preconceived plan could have produced such instantaneous and uniform results 35) (b) Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was formed in 1934 with Acharya Narendra Dev as president and Jayaprakash Narayan (who is known for Total Revolution) as the General Secretary. Nehru was not an active member. It was a left-wing group within the Congress. It was influenced by Fabianism as well as Marxism-Leninism. It included advocates of armed struggle (like JP Narayan) as well as those who insisted upon non-violent resistance (like Acharya Narendra Dev). It was meant to operate from within the Congress and try to change it s orientation towards a socialist programme. After independence, CSP parted ways with the Congress. The powerful left wing group developed in India in the 1920s and 1930s. This led to the radicalization of the national movement. The goal of political independence acquired social and economic content. The stream of national struggle for independence and the stream of struggle for social and economic emancipation of the suppressed began to come together. The two powerful parties of the left are Communist Party of India (CPI) and Congress Socialist Party (CSP). 36) (c) After Gandhi withdrew the Non-cooperation movement in Feb 1922, there was political vacuum. Swaraj Party filled this vacuum. It was formed in 1922 and worked as a part of the Congress. It s important leaders were C R Das, Motilal Nehru etc. It s programme was entering and obstructing the functioning of the Councils. Along with this, it also advocated the constructive programme of the
Congress (abolition of untouchability, promotion of Khadi etc). It s objective was speedy attainment of dominion status and full provincial autonomy. 37) (d) Provincial elections of 1937 took place under the provisions of Government of India Act, 1935. The Left wing within the Congress was against the idea of contesting the provincial election. According to them, Participating in the elections would dilute their stand and that would mean co-operating with the repressive government Assuming offices after election would mean having responsibility without power Assuming office would take away the revolutionary character of the movement 38) (c) Simon Commission was appointed in Nov 1927 to review the Government of India Act, 1919. It was to be appointed in 1929(10 years after the Act came into force). But it was appointed in 1927 due to different reasons Nationalist opinion opposed periodic enquiry and demanded a complete revision of constitutional system The political situation in Britain forced the Conservative party government (Stanley Baldwin) to appoint the Commission as early as Nov 1927. In the general elections in 1929, labour party was expected to win. Conservative party government in Britain feared defeat at the hands of Labour party in the forthcoming elections. It did not want to leave to leave the future of British India in the hands of the inexperienced & irresponsible labour party The Conservative government wanted to appoint the Commission at a time when the communal situation had deteriorated so that the Commission should form a low opinion about the capacity of Indians to govern themselves It had 7 members (All white members). As there was no Indian member, most of the Indians including Congress, Muslim League (under Jinnah), Hindu Mahasabha etc boycotted the Commission. Muslim League (under Mohammed Shafi) did not oppose the commission. It submitted it s report in May 1930. It s recommendations were Greater India consisting of British India and the Princely States as a federal association was to be established in the future but the clause of British Paramountcy (with Viceroy as the agent of paramount power)was to remain It did not recommend the establishment of either responsible government or diarchy at the centre. It declared that the establishment of responsible government at the centre was to wait indefinitely i.e it was to established somewhere in the future Separate electorates to be retained Proposed reservation of seats for depressed classes Suggested the replacement of diarchy with full responsible government in the provinces, with the provision of some emergency powers in the hands of the governors The report of the Simon Commission, the Round Table Conferences, the White Paper published in the 3 rd Round Table Conference etc contributed to the Government of India Act, 1935 39) (a) Mahatma Gandhi was inspired by Leo Tolstoy s (Russian writer) Kingdom of God is within you, John Ruskin s (British Writer) Unto this last. Gandhi says that the book Unto the last brought an instantaneous & practical transformation in his life. He was influenced by the ideas of Simple living, community living etc. The concept of Sarvodaya and Antyodaya were the products of this influence of Ruskin on Gandhi. The good of the individual is contained in the good of all 40) (c) After the disappointing August offer, the radicals & leftists (Congress Socialist Party, All India Kisan Sabhas etc) wanted to start a mass civil disobedience movement, but Mahatma Gandhi insisted on Individual Satyagraha as he didn t want to take advantage of the difficult situation of the British. During the end of 1940, the government took away the freedom of speech, press, associations etc. Hence, Gandhi launched his Individual Satyagraha. It s aim was To show that Indians were not weak To disprove the British claim of Indiasupporting the war effort whole heartedly Express the people s feeling that they saw no difference between Nazism and Colonialism Give another opportunity to the government to accept Congress demands peacefully The demand of the satyagrahis was to affirm the freedom of speech against war through an anti-war declaration Mahatma Gandhi nominated Acharya Vinobha Bhave in Oct 1940 as the first individual satyagrahi followed by Nehru. In Dec 1941, CWC (Congress Working Committee) suspended the movement
41) (c) Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Gandhi in March 1930 (with the Dandi March) after Lord Irwin failed to act on the 11 point ultimatum. Salt was selected as the central formula as it attracted the support of almost all the sections of Indian population. After the publishing of Nehru Report in 1928, the Muslim League had distanced themselves from the Congress. Hence, the participation of Muslims was very low. Gandhi was influenced by David Thoreau s essays on Civil Disobedience. The Dandi March was led Gandhi where he violated the British salt laws. Similarly, in Tamilnadu, C Rajagopalachari led a march from Tiruchinapalli to Vedaranyam coast and violated the salt laws. Civil disobedience involved breaking of British laws, non-payment of revenue in the ryotwari areas, nonpayment of chaukidari taxes (Levied for the remuneration of Village watchmen) in the zamindari areas and violation of forest laws in the Central provinces (going into reserve forests to collect wood and graze cattle). Gandhi ultimately withdrew the CDM in 1934 due to lack of support from the people 42) (b) Dr B R Ambedkar attended all the 3 Round Table Conferences held at London to decide on the Constitutional question of India 43) (d) After failure of Gandhi-Jinnah talks (1944) and Wavell plan (1945), Clement Attlee (British PM) sent the Cabinet Mission to India in Feb 1946 to Discuss the formation of Interim government and outline of future government Setting up of a Constituent Assembly It had 3 members. It was the last opportunity to avoid partition. It stood for a united India. It failed to get the Congress & Muslim League to agree on a federal system that would keep India together while allowing the provinces a greater degree of autonomy. Hence, it proposed it s own recommendations. They are A united dominion of India would be given Independence with opt-out clause Formation of a Constituent Assembly The Mission opined that formation of Pakistan was not viable and that minorities autonomy must be safeguarded within the framework of a united India Compulsary grouping for the provinces Muslim majority provinces would be grouped in two groups (Group B which would consist of Baluchistan, Sind, North West Frontier Provinces and Punjab and Group C which would consist of Bengal and Assam). Hindu majority provinces in South and Central India would be grouped into Group A Weak Central government with powers over Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communication. Rest of the powers and responsibilities would belong to the provinces and Princely States Princely States will no longer be under the Crown and they will be free to join the successor or continue their relations with Britain Interim government to be formed consisting of only Indians Constituent assembly to be formed on democratic principles. It is to be formed of the representatives from provinces & princely states Congress accepted some of the proposals while rejected others. While it accepted the proposals on constituent assembly, it rejected the proposals on weak centre & interim govt. Muslim league rejected the plan. The apprehensions of Muslim League were that congress could change the plan after getting majority in constituent assembly. Also, the demand of Pakistan was rejected in the plan, which irritated the ML & they thought that the plan is not a pro-muslim plan. But overall, both Congress and Muslim League agreed to the Cabinet Mission Plan. 44) (c) Kunwar Singh ( a dispossessed zamindar) led the 1857 rebellion from Arrah (in Bihar).. 45) b) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee s novel Anand Math mentins about Sanyasi Rebellion of 1763 to 1800. It was a Civil rebellion. Displaced peasants and demobilized soldiers of Bengal were led by religious monks and dispossessed zamindars 46) (d) A, B and C statements above differed in intensity from region to region, but the most common factor for all the tribal uprisings was the disruption of old agrarian order 47) (d) Early political associations in India (before Indian National Congress) (For ex, Landholder s society etc) were local/regional in character. They had limited subscription due to the high membership fee. Lord Lytton had reduced the maximum age of entry into civil service from 21years to 19 years. This was protested by the Indian Association of Surendranath Banerjee. This agitation is called the Indian Civil Service Agitation Due to the failure of early political associations, a need was felt for a pan-indian organisation. Efforts towards this started when Indian Association decided to create a National Fund in 1883 for agitation in
India & in England. Eventhough the collection of the fund was not as expected, led to a widespread debate in the press. This debate highlighted the importance of coordinated political action and annual meeting of representatives of different political associations. In Dec 1883, an International Exhibition was held at Calcutta. Indian Association used this opportunity to invite prominent public men & associations in different parts of the country to meet and discuss questions of general concern. It was called the National Conference. It provided the platform for INC. Also called the Precursor of INC and the Dress Rehearsal for it 48) (d) It was the argument of Lala Lajpat Rai. He published this argument in his Young India in 1916. In this, he used the Safety Valve Theory to attack the Moderates in the Congress. He said that Congress was a product of Duffrein s brain. He says The Congress was started more with the object of saving the British Empire from danger than with that of winning political liberty for India. The interests of the British empire were primary and those of India only secondary. 49) (d) Nagpur Congress Session was held in Dec 1920. The programme of non-cooperation was endorsed. CR Das (who earlier had differences with Gandhi on the idea of non-cooperation & attainment of Swaraj) moved the resolution. Changes were introduced in the Congress Organization. These were The goal of the Congress was changed from the attainment of self-government by constitutional and legal means to the attainment of Swaraj by peaceful and legitimate means Formation of a Congress Working Committee of 15 members that would look after the day-to-day affairs of the party Organization of Provincial Congress committees on a linguistic basis so that they can keep in touch with the people using local language Annual membership fee of Congress was reduced to 4 annas and was open to all men & women of 21 years and above Nagpur session thus committed the Congress to a programme of extra-constitutional mass action 50) (c) Delhi Pact /Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed in Feb 1931. It s provisions were The agreement arrived at the 1 st RTC shall further be deliberated in another RTC. Congress to participate in this to discuss the future constitution for India Congress to discontinue the CDM Boycott of British goods will also be withdrawn Government agreed to withdraw ordinances promulgated in relation to the CDM. Those political prisoners against whom there were no allegations of violence would be set free. Indemnities would be paid to those who had suffered in the movement Removal of Salt Tax. It allowed Indians to produce trade and sell salt legally and for their own private use But the Viceroy turned down some of the demands of Gandhi like Commutation of Bhagat Singh & his comrades death sentence to life sentence Public inquiry into police excesses 51) (a) 52) (d) 53) (c) 54) (d) 55) (a) 56) (b) 57) (a) 58) (c) 59) (d) 60) (a) 61) (b) 62) (a) 63) (d) 64) (c) 65) (a) 66) (b) 67) (a) 68) (b) 69) (c) 70) (c)
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