Unit 13 Modern Times: 1960 s to the Present Learning Targets (What I need to know): Name Date Period Bellwork I am able to describe the Cold War events during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. I am able to explain the causes and results of the Vietnam Conflict. I can describe Nixon s Presidency and the Watergate Scandal. I can explain the major events and accomplishments of the Modern Era Unit 14 - Grading Rubric: JFK and the Cold War (pg. 2) /22 Notes I (pg. 3-4) /5 Cuban Missile Crisis-HW (pg. 5) /5 Notes II (pg. 6) /5 Vietnam BrainPop (pg. 7-8) /23 Notes III (pg. 9-11) /10 Vietnam - HW (pg. 12-13) /5 Notes IV (pg. 14) /5 Notes V (pg. 15) /5 Watergate - HW (pg. 16-18) /10 Notes VI (pg. 19-20) /10 Score for Unit 14 /105 = % 1
John F. Kennedy and the Cold War After WWII ended in 1945, the world slowly ushered in the new age of the Cold War. In the US, several presidents attempted to stop the spread of communism while also trying to avoid a global war. Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower led us through the early years of the Cold War. However in 1960, American elected a young new president by the name of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. JFK would have a short, but dramatic impact on US history. Use the pages listed below to answer the following questions about JFK and the Cold War. 1. In what year was John F. Kennedy elected president? (876) 2. JFK became the first elected president to hold two different records. Describe these records. (876) 3. What event created tension in the US as Kennedy s presidency began in 1961? (Building Background, 894) 4. Describe how President Kennedy tried to stop the spread of communism around the world. (894) 5. What happened during the Bay of Pigs invasion? (894-895) 6. Describe how and why Nikita Khrushchev (leader of the USSR) built the Berlin Wall? (895-896) 7. What did President Kennedy discover in October 1962? (896) 8. How did President Kennedy react to this crisis? (896) 9. How did the Soviets react to Kennedy s actions? (896) 10. After the crisis ended, to what did Kennedy and Khrushchev agree? (896) 11. Although Kennedy and Khrushchev had taken some steps to prevent conflicts, the competition of the Cold War continued in other ways. Describe how the US and USSR continued their competition in the Space Race. (896-898) 2
I John F. Kennedy (1960-1963) A. In 1960, became the youngest man ever ELECTED president (Teddy Roosevelt was the youngest overall). B. Kennedy wife was Jacqueline Kennedy. They were young and well-liked. His administration became known as, after the legendary court of King Arthur. C. Kennedy asked Americans to work for freedom and justice throughout the nation and the world: And so, my fellow Americans, what your do for - what do for your. John and Jackie Kennedy D. Foreign Affairs: 1. Bay of Pigs Invasion: By 1960, had established a dictatorship in and formed an alliance with the. Many Americans worried about having a communist enemy so close to the US. In April 1961, 1500 American-trained invaded the island of Cuba. Castro attacked, and after 3 days of fighting 300 were killed and the rest captured. The invasion was a complete disaster and Kennedy accepted the blame. 2. Berlin Wall: After WWII, Berlin (the capital of ) had been divided into democratic Berlin and communist Berlin. In August 1961, the Soviets began building the to close off East Berlin from West Berlin and prevent people from crossing the border in to Democratic West Berlin. Families were literally separated. 3. The Cuban Missile Crisis: In 1962, photographs from American spy planes revealed that the Soviet Union was installing long-range in. On Oct. 22, Kennedy demanded that (leader of the USSR) remove the missiles and the US Navy surrounded the island to prevent the USSR from bringing in more. As Soviet ships approached the blockade, the world waited for the Soviet reaction. Would there be nuclear war? The lasted thirteen days before the soviets turned around and headed back home. This was the closest we ever came to nuclear war. Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to compromise: the USSR removed missile from Cuba, the US agreed not to invade and to remove missiles from Italy and Turkey. They set up a to reach each other at 3
a moment s notice and signed the Treaty to end aboveground testing of nuclear weapons. 4. Space Race with the Soviet Union In 1962, John became the first American to orbit Earth; JFK promised to put a man on the moon before the end of the decade. 5. Beginnings of involvement in E. Domestic Issues: 1. Supported Civil Rights Movement 2. He created the - a program that sent young American volunteers to developing countries to work on a wide variety of improvement projects. 3. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated while on a trip to. A man named was arrested hours later for the shooting. Two days later, Oswald was shot and killed by. John F. Kennedy Hey! What s the Big Idea? JFK inspired many new social programs but was assassinated before many of his ideas could be enacted. 4
Cuban Missile Crisis 1. Who are the two men depicted in this cartoon and what are their basic political beliefs? 2. In what activity are the men participating? 3. On what objects are the men sitting? 4. What is each man threatening to do with his left hand? 5. Why are these men perspiring/sweating? 6. How does this political cartoon symbolize the struggle associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis? 7. This political cartoon does not contain a title. Create and write a name for this cartoon in the space below. In addition, explain why you chose this title. 5
II Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) A. Lyndon Johnson takes over as president after Kennedy s assassination in November 1963. B. Foreign Affairs: 1. in Vietnam 2. The space race continued: On July 20, 1969, and became the first people to walk on the moon. ( One for, one for. ) C. Domestic Affairs: 1. Signed the Rights Act of 1964 and the Rights Act of 1965 into law. 2. Great Society: (medical coverage for low-income) and (medical coverage for the elderly); Department of Housing and Urban Development ( ) to help low-income families get better housing. 3. War on 4. The was created to investigate the assassination. They found that Oswald had acted alone, but many people believe that there s more to the story. Hey! What s the Big Idea? Although LBJ passed important Civil Rights Legislation and fought a War on Poverty at home, his presidency is often judged harshly due to his actions in the Vietnam Conflict. Lyndon B. Johnson 6
Chain of Events: Vietnam War DIRECTIONS: View the BrainPop episode on the Vietnam War once all the way through. Then view it again, pausing to fill in the chain of events below as you watch. When you are done, complete the Quiz on the following page. 1. In the 1800 s 2. During WWII 3. In 1946 4. The US sided with France because 5. In 1954 8. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 7. On August 2,1964 6. The US got involved again by 9. It was not the easy fight many thought it would be because 10. At home the war was unpopular because 11. In the 1968 election 12. US involvement did not end until 13. After the US left 7
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III The War in Vietnam (1965-1975) A. Before WWII, Vietnam was a French colony. During WWII, the Japanese took control of Vietnam. After WWII, the Japanese were removed from Vietnam and France wanted their colony back. Ho Chi Minh A Vietnamese named and his forces led a fight against the French to regain control of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh and his communist allies had a decisive victory at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 As a result, Vietnam was divided in two with a DMZ at the 17 parallel; North Vietnam was ; South Vietnam was The US helped South Vietnam by sending military supplies and advisers based on the theory that if one country fell to communism, surrounding countries would fall like dominos. B. In early 1960 s North Vietnamese forces and guerrillas named the Viet Cong attempted to oust the South Vietnamese government Guerilla: One who engages in irregular,. They usually do not wear uniforms and use hit and run sneak attacks. The Viet Cong looked like civilians and used trip wires, punji pits, and ambushes to attack their enemy The US continued to send money and troops to South Vietnam. People in the US, including college students and, protested against US involvement. C. Gulf of Tonkin Incident: August 1964, President Johnson claimed that. He asks Congress to allow him to respond. Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowing President to use all necessary measures against North Vietnam President Johnson sends to Vietnam in 1965 ( of war) D. US Soldiers and the Draft required soldiers as young as to fight in Vietnam US soldiers fought in difficult terrain against the North Vietnamese army and the Viet Cong From 1965 1968, the US used, a series of air strikes to destroy factories and the Trail (a supply route of paths and tunnels from N. Vietnam to S. Vietnam through the countries of Laos and Cambodia. 9
The US also dropped, a highly explosive jellied gasoline used to burn the thick jungle vegetation, and, a chemical poison used to kill vegetation and tree leaves. Later both of these were found to cause environmental and health problems for people in the area and US veterans. and missions new fighting strategy, in which US patrols searched for enemy camps and supplies hidden in the jungle, then destroyed them with massive fire power and air raids. E. More than 2 million soldiers served in Vietnam. The average age was, younger than previous wars. Most were drafted, from minority groups, and poor. students got draft releases or deferments. By mid-1967, 300 US soldiers were dying per week. F. Vietnam was the 1st Televised War: The media, especially played a huge role in shaping public opinion. For the first time people at home could see brutal images of war. G. Americans are seeing grisly TV images of war and Americans becomes divided over the war Many Americans tended to the war Many Americans tended to think this was a Anti-war protests erupt on many college campuses across the US. 4 Protesters killed when Ohio National Guardsmen Open fire on protesters at Kent State in Ohio ( Kent State Massacre -1970) Problem: Draft and Voting Age o Draft Age: o Voting Age: o In 1971, the amendment lowered the voting age to and won reelection in 1972. H. Most Americans supported the war until the in 1968. On January 30, during Tet, the Vietnamese New Year, the North Vietnamese and Vietcong soldiers launched a series of surprise attacks on a day that was normally a cease fire. This proved that we were not close to victory as US officials had claimed and caused many Americans to questions whether or not we were hearing the truth. I. In the presidential election of 1968, republican wins the presidency. Promised to bring in Vietnam After taking office, Nixon created a plan to pull US troops out of Vietnam and have the South Vietnamese take over the fighting: 10
J. Paris Peace Accords: January 27, 1973 The US agrees to withdraw all troops from Vietnam North Vietnamese and Viet Cong agree to return all American (POW) and to respect the 17th parallel K. Despite peace agreement, fighting broke out between N and S Vietnam in 1974 US refused to send troops back In 1975, Communist forces capture Saigon in April 1975 - L. Effects / Consequences of War: over war killed in Vietnam Americans Many upon returning home Vietnam becomes country Many veterans suffer from (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) 11
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The Anti-War Movement A small peace movement led by the Quakers and the Unitarian Church had existed in the United States for decades, but the 1960s brought an explosion of anti-war sentiment. The arms race of the 1950s began the growth of the movement and escalation of the Vietnam War forced it into the mainstream. The anti-war movement of the 1960s and early 1970s was really a combination of many diverse groups that agreed upon one thing: opposition to the Vietnam War. Many of these groups supported other causes as well. Some focused on an end to the arms race. Others were concerned about college curricula or civil rights, and some were simply young people seeking their place in the world. Some famous outspoken anti-war figures included Dr. Benjamin Spock, an expert on childcare, authors Jack London and Upton Sinclair, civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Eugene McCarthy who ran for president in 1968 based on his anti-war views. The movement first expanded on college campuses and gradually spread to the general public as America s involvement in the war mushroomed. While a majority of Americans favored the war in 1965, public opinion polls in 1967showed that support for the war had dropped to only 35%. Television coverage of the American bombing of North Vietnam and, later, the 68 Tet Offensive and My Lai Massacre helped turn Americans against the war, along with the deaths of tens of thousands of soldiers. By 1968 anti-war protests grew larger and more violent. Longhaired hippies marched in Washington and other major cities, carrying signs and clashing with police. Street violence disrupted the 1968 Democratic Presidential Convention in Chicago. Some clashes even resulted in protestors deaths. By 1971 the nation was so badly divided over the war President Nixon decided the best course of action was to remove America s forces from the conflict. Peace was negotiated with North Vietnam and US troops were all withdrawn by 1973. 1. According to the passage, the anti-war movement of the 60 s and 70 s was NOT A. Disruptive B. Diverse C. violent D. civil 2. A synonym for the word escalation in the first paragraph would be A. combative B. expansion C. invention D. action 3. Which of these factors had the LEAST impact on America s anti-war movement? A. US involvement in the war C. public opinion polls B. Television coverage D. the My Lai Massacre 4. Which pair of sentences expresses a cause-and-effect relationship? A. Quakers and Unitarians led a small peace movement. The 1960 s brought an explosion of anti-war sentiment. B. The movement first expanded on college campuses. It gradually spread to the general public. C. Public opinion polls showed a drop in support for the war. America s involvement in the war grew. D. In 1971, the nation was badly divided over the war. President Nixon removed American forces from Vietnam. 13
IV 1960 s Society and Culture 1. In 1962, published her book,, in which she concluded that, a widely used pesticide, was killing birds. In 1972, the US restricted the use of DDT. 2. The 60 s saw many student protests over rigid college rules, racial discrimination, and the war in Vietnam. 3. There seemed to be a between teens and twentysomething s and their parents. 4. The counterculture emerged emphasizing individual freedom, nonviolence, communal sharing. 5. Music saw the when the Beatles arrived. Later the Rolling Stones, the Who and the Moody Blues also arrived from Britain. 6. Soul or music was also popular. Some artists included Stevie Wonder, Aretha Franklin, Diana Ross and the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, and the Jackson Five. 7. Another popular style of music was. Musicians such as Bob Dylan addressed social and political issues of the time. 8. In the 1960 s became the most popular form of American music. Characterized by electrified amplified instruments, especially guitar, artists included Jimi Hendrix, the Rolling Stones, and the Doors (with Jim Morrison). 9. In August of 1969, 300,000 people gathered in upstate New York for the Music and Art Fair. 10. JFK, was assassinated in 1963. MLK was killed in 1968. A few months later, while preparing to run for president Robert Kennedy (JFK s brother) was assassinated. Hey! What s the Big Idea? The Cold War and the Vietnam conflict helped to shape life in the 1960 s. Lee Harvey Oswald being shot by Jack Ruby 14
V Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974) 1. Foreign Affairs: Ended the War. The US reached out to to reestablish diplomatic relations. (Nixon becomes the first US president to visit). In 1972, Nixon met with the Soviet leader for the or SALT talks and agreed to limit the numbers and types of nuclear missiles each country could have. This began a period of - improved relations between the US and USSR. Oil-producing nations in the Middle East formed (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. When Egypt attacked Israel in 1973, the US supported Israel. OPEC declared an on the sale of oil to the US. 2. Domestic Issues: Because of OPEC s embargo on the sale of oil to the US, Americans suffered a shortage and had to suffer through long lines and high prices to buy gas. Scandal: During Nixon s re-election campaign there was a break-in at Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate building (Nixon was a Republican). Two Washington Post reporters, and, talked to a secret informant called, and learned that the Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP) was responsible for the break-in, used dirty tricks to help get Nixon re-elected, and the President was involved in a cover-up. First president ever to from office (he was NEVER impeached) Hey! What s the Big Idea? Richard Nixon s policies helped ease Cold War tensions before the Watergate scandal brought down his presidency. 15
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Watergate Events of June, 17, 1972 Effects of the scandal Nixon s Initial Response to Accusations Nixon s resignation Evidence against Nixon Define and explain impeachment Controversy over the tapes 17
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VI Modern Presidents (1974-Present) 1. Gerald Ford (1974-1977): Nixon of any crimes (Nixon escapes punishment) America got deeper into a with other countries John D. Rockefeller 2. James (Jimmy) Carter (1977-1981): Panama Canal Treaty: gradually return control of the Canal Zone to Accords/Agreement: brought peace between Israel and Egypt. (Won a Nobel Peace Prize as a result) US of 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow protesting USSR involvement in Great interest in protecting, especially end (racial segregation) in South Africa. Supported against South Africa to encourage them to end apartheid. Continued inflation, oil shortage and energy crisis (1979) 3. Ronald Regan (1981-1989): Initially stopped negotiations with the Soviets and expanded the US military. But when came to power in the USSR, he called for change to move his country toward democracy and Regan met with him to negotiate. based on economics: cut taxes, people spend more money, businesses do better, more jobs would be created and the economy would improve. Modernized the military and increased defense spending, decreased funding to social programs. 4. George H.W. Bush (1989-1993): In 1989, pro-democracy Germans began tearing down the and Germany was officially reunited in 1990. In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War officially ended. War against ; freed Kuwait (Operation ) Americans with Disabilities Act: guarantees people with disabilities equal access to public accommodations, transportation, and employment opportunities. 19
5. William (Bill) Clinton (1993-2001): Began reduction of federal budget deficit Agreement (NAFTA) allows free trade between Canada, the US and Mexico Terrorism: Oklahoma City bombing Impeached by the House of Representatives, by the Senate 6. George W. Bush (2001-2009): Controversial 2000 election Bush wins over Al Gore. Problems with voting machines, ballots that weren t counted, etc. ordered a manual recount of votes in Florida to stop. Bush is declared winner. Created new cabinet office Department of after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the in NYC and the in Washington, D.C. by, led by. Declared a global War on Terrorism liberation and rebuilding of Launched War in Iraq - removed from power. Searched for. 7. Barack Obama (2009-Present): First President Continued involvement in War on Terror in. Oversaw the mission in which U.S. soldiers killed. Continued involvement in War in then removed American troops. Healthcare legislation attempted to provide healthcare to uninsured Americans with the Act ( Obama Care ) 20