Terrorist Financing and Resourcing
Initiatives in Strategic Studies: Issues and Policies James J. Wirtz General Editor Jeffrey A. Larsen T.V. Paul Brad Roberts James M. Smith Series Editors INITIATIVES IN STRATEGIC STUDIES provides a bridge between the use of force or diplomacy and the achievement of political objectives. This series focuses on the topical and timeless issues relating to strategy, including the nexus of political, diplomatic, psychological, economic, cultural, historic, and military affairs. It provides a link between the scholarly and policy communities by serving as the recognized forum for conceptually sophisticated analyses of timely and important strategic issues. Nuclear Transformation: The New U.S. Nuclear Doctrine Edited by James J. Wirtz and Jeffrey A. Larsen Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East: Directions and Policy Options in the New Century Edited by James A. Russell The Last Battle of the Cold War: The Deployment and Negotiated Elimination of Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces in Europe Maynard W. Glitman Critical Issues Facing the Middle East: Security, Politics and Economics Edited by James A. Russell Militarization and War Julian Schofield Global Politics of Defense Reform Edited by Thomas Bruneau and Harold Trinkunas Perspectives on Sino-American Strategic Nuclear Issues Edited by Christopher P. Twomey Strategic Culture and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Culturally Based Insights into Comparative National Security Policymaking Edited by Jeannie L. Johnson, Kerry M. Kartchner, and Jeffrey A. Larsen Terrorist Financing and Resourcing Jodi Vittori
Terrorist Financing and Resourcing Jodi Vittori
TERRORIST FINANCING AND RESOURCING Copyright Jodi Vittori, 2011. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-11188-2 All rights reserved. First published in 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-29410-7 ISBN 978-0-230-11771-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230117716 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vittori, Jodi. Terrorist financing and resourcing / by Jodi Vittori. p. cm. (Initiatives in strategic studies: issues) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978 0 230 11188 2 1. Terrorism Finance. I. Title. HV6431.V5814 2010 363.325 dc22 2010035160 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: February 2011 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Transferred to Digital Printing in 2015
With Love to Pasquale and Marcus
Contents List of Illustrations and Table Acknowledgments ix xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Terrorism Cannot Live on Idealism Alone 13 3 Terrorist Groups Resourcing Menu 25 4 The Evolution of Terrorism Resourcing 51 5 The Multinationals of Terrorism 63 6 State Sponsored Groups 85 7 Medium Autonomy Groups Franchises and Bundled Support 99 8 Lone Wolf Groups 121 9 All the Rest Shell States, State Sponsoring Groups, and Transnational Corporation Groups 135 10 Conclusions 157 Notes 169 Index 223
Illustrations and Table Illustrations 1.1 Capability versus Autonomy 9 1.2 Capability versus Autonomy for Individual Terrorist Groups 10 Table 3.1 Variations in Terrorism Resourcing 27
Acknowledgments I am deeply indebted to my colleagues throughout academia, the Department of Defense, and the Intelligence Community for their time, insights, and numerous discussions. At the United States Air Force Academy, David Sacko, Frances Pilch, Douglas Murray, Brenda Vallance, Kristin Bremer, and all my colleagues in the Department of Political Science have been immensely helpful in their support in time, patience, and funding in completing this project. Likewise, the mentorship of Jonathan Adelman and Joseph Szyliowicz at the University of Denver were invaluable from the earliest outlines through the finished book. Jim Smith at the Air Force s Institute for National Security Studies provided not only the initial impetus to rigorously study terrorism financing, but also continuous and generous support along the way. The Combating Terrorism Center s Reid Sawyer s impressive knowledge of terrorism and analytical insights were crucial to this project, without which this book could not have been researched nor written. I am also grateful to those who made the publication of the book possible, including Jim Wirtz and Jeff Larson for their support as part of the series Initiatives in Strategic Studies. Finally, I could not have undertaken writing this book without my family s unceasing love and encouragement. Most important has been the support of my husband (and chief editor) and my son, as well as my parents and brother. Nevertheless, the responsibility of this book and the opinions therein are solely my own. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the U.S. Department of Defense nor the U.S. government.