Liberia Country Overview Politics Liberia is a presidential republic with a bicameral National Assembly comprised of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judicial system is a mix of common and customary law. 1 The current administration has been in power since 2006, and won its most recent reelection bid in 2011. 2 President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is near to completing her second and final term in office. The elections in late 2017 will see a new president in power for the first time in over a decade. 3 The UN Security Council extended the mandate of its mission to Liberia until 2018, and has called for the elections to be free, fair, peaceful and transparent, and [to] include the full participation of women. 4 Economy Liberia is classified by the World Bank as a low-income country. The Liberian economy has struggled in recent years, and over the period of 2014-2016 economic growth completely stagnated, with a growth rate of 0 percent. The stagnation has been attributed to the Ebola crisis and falling commodity prices. 5 Public expenditures were cut significantly in response. 6 The Liberian economy is projected to grow 2 percent in 2017, and 5 percent over the medium term, with growth tied to the mining sector, infrastructural improvements, and increased agricultural productivity. 7 Social/Human Development Poverty rates are high in Liberia, with the majority of the population living on less than a dollar a day. A 14-year conflict that ended in 2003 left the country with a deficit around development indicators, particularly health care, education and child and maternal mortality. However, child mortality rates have declined by over five percent each year in recent years. Access to health care is still low and infrastructure in general is weak. 8 41 percent of the population is food insecure. 9 Over 5,000 Liberians were killed by an Ebola outbreak that began in 2014. 10 1
The vast majority of Liberian citizens are young people, and more than 60 percent of the country s population is under 25. 11 Almost half (49.7 percent) of the Liberian population lives in urban areas, and a quarter of the country s entire population resides in the capital of Monrovia alone. 12 U.S. Department of State TIP Report Summary (2017) U.S. Department of State TIP Ranking: Tier 2 Watch List According to the Trafficking in Persons Report, trafficking and trafficking risk was noted in potentially exported supply chains including alluvial diamond mining and rubber. Read the full TIP report at: https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271227.htm Migrant and Other Vulnerable Populations The top five countries sending migrants to Liberia include Cote d Ivoire, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, and Nigeria. 13 2
The top destination countries for migrants from Liberia include Côte d Ivoire, the United States, and Guinea. 14 3
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Exports and Trade The top exports from Liberia include ships, gold, cocoa, rubber and mineral fuels. 15 The top importing countries from Liberia include Poland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and the United States. 16 5
Liberia s top exports to the United States are rubber and diamonds; Liberia was the United States' 148 th largest supplier in 2015. 17 6
Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors Analysis Legal/Policy Risk Factors Level of Legal Protection for Civil Liberties and Workers Rights Freedom of Association Workers in Liberia are legally permitted to freely join or form independent labor unions, except for those employed in the public sector or by state-owned companies. Unions are able to operate without the interference of the government or employers, and they are permitted to draw up their own constitutions and collectively bargain without restriction. Workers are permitted to strike as long as they inform the Ministry of Labor of their intent to do so before the action takes place. Workers who participate in strike are not protected by law against retaliation by their employers. The law governing workers right to free association does not go far enough in ensuring that workers rights are guaranteed, as penalties are often inadequate in deterring violations. These labor laws also only apply to the formal sector of the Liberian economy, and over 80 percent of workers in the country work outside of that sector without any legal protection. 18 Working Conditions The Decent Work Act of 2015 is the primary guidance on working conditions, including conditions of work, health and safety, compensation and industrial relations. The Act set up a Minimum Wage Board to review and adjust minimum wage rates. 19 No minimum wage is set for agricultural workers. 20 Discrimination Liberia outlaws all forms of forced/compulsory labor, but these laws are not effectively enforced in practice, due to limited resources. 21 Forced Labor The law prohibits forced labor, but the U.S. Department of State reports that resources, inspections, remediation and penalties are inadequate. 22 7
Child Labor The minimum age for employment is 15; children ages 13-15 are only permitted to engage in light work. That work must not conflict with school hours and must not be harmful to the child s physical health. The Child Labor Commission is responsible for enforcing child labor laws in Liberia, but has not effectively done so. Child labor is reportedly prevalent in almost every sector of the Liberian economy. In urban areas, children worked as street vendors, and in rural areas children were employed in the agricultural, mining, and rock crushing industries. 23 Civil Society Organizations Non-governmental organizations concerned with human rights are able to operate freely in Liberia, and governmental officials are reported to be generally cooperative and responsive to concerns raised by such groups. There are reports that investigations pertaining to atrocities committed during the Liberian civil war can be slow-moving and meet resistance from those within the government. 24 Ratification of ILO Conventions Related to Human Trafficking or Rights of Workers and Migrants 25 8
Political Risk Factors Political Instability or Conflict Liberia scored a 95.5 in the 2016 Fragile States Index (FSI), placing it firmly in the alert category. The FSI scale goes from 0 (indicating a sustainable political system), to 120 (indicating a political system on high alert ). 26 Liberia ranked 27 out of 178 on the index. There is some apprehension in the runup to the 2017 elections that the country was becoming increasingly politicized, and the U.S. Department of State notes that there is potential for sporadic and isolated political violence, given the country s history of politically motivated violence. 27 Level of Crime and Violence The U.S. Department of State rates the crime threat in Liberia as high. 28 Liberia had a homicide rate of 3.2 homicides per 100,000 people in 2012, a rate lower than the average for other African countries. 29 State Persecution Homosexuality is illegal in Liberia, and persecution of LGBTQ individuals remains a rampant problem. LGBTQ individuals face discrimination in housing, employment, healthcare, and education. 30 Level of Corruption The Transparency International Corruption Perception Index scores Liberia as a 37 out of 100, where a 0 signals Highly Corrupt and 100 signals Very Clean. Liberia ranks 90 out of 176 on that index. 31 The World Economic Forum rates corruption as the third most problematic factor for doing business in Liberia, 32 and corruption remains a problem in the judicial system, state security forces, and in the awarding of contracts within the extractives industry. 33 Socio-Economic Risk Factors Level of National Economic Development Liberia s Human Development Index (HDI) value for 2015 was 0.427, positioning the country at 177 out of 188 and in the low human development category. 34 When adjusted for inequality, Liberia s HDI value drops to 0.284 - a loss of 33.4 percent. 35 9
Level and Extent of Poverty In 2016, Liberia had a high and systemic level of poverty, with 70.1 percent of the population deemed to be living in multidimensional poverty according to the United Nations. 36 The entrenched nature of poverty in Liberia has been attributed to the civil war and the outbreak of Ebola. 37 Degree of Gender Inequality Legally, married women can inherit land and property, but in practice, customary law is followed and women are often prevented from inheriting. Women cannot appear before traditional courts unless escorted by their husbands. 38 While women have access to credit and financial institutions by law, in practice they may be prevented from accessing financial services due to a lack of literacy or collateral. 39 Women held 11 percent of seats in the national parliament. 40 Landlessness or Dispossession Land disputes in Liberia have been noted as a key threat to stability. 41 Both customary and statutory land systems are followed in Liberia, although customary tenure systems are typically prevalent. 42 When refugees returned to Liberia following the cessation of conflict in 2003, land conflicts erupted due to disputed land tenure. 43 The Liberian Land Commission an autonomous government body formed in 2009 has worked to set up a land registration system. 44 Thousands of hectares of land were purchased for palm oil development during the Ebola crisis, drawing criticism from local communities and civil society. 45 Environmental factors The main environmental issues in Liberia are tropical rain forest deforestation, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and the pollution of coastal waters from oil residue and raw sewage. 46 10
Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Key Commodity Supply Chains Gold Gold Overview Switzerland imports nearly all of Liberia s exported gold. 47 Artisanal mining is widespread. Liberia s first large-scale production mine (New Liberty) began full commercial operations in March of 2016. There are over 100,000 artisanal miners currently working in Liberia, and an estimated 95 percent of the mining workforce is operating without a government license. 48 Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Gold Many of the richest gold deposits exist in remote areas that make government oversight and monitoring difficult. 49 Land rights around developing commercial mines have been contentious. 50 Rubber Rubber Overview Liberia is home to the world s largest rubber plantation, the Firestone Rubber Plantation, which spans 200 square miles. There are an estimated 30,000 people employed in the commercial rubber industry, while an additional 60,000 people cultivate the product on smallholder farming operations. 51 The rubber industry in Liberia is currently rebuilding after the end of the 14-year civil war and the collapse of rubber commodity prices on the international market in the early to mid-2010s. 52 Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Rubber The U.S. Department of State has reported that workers from within the country are trafficked on to rubber plantations. 53 Rubber tappers responsible for extracting liquid rubber from trees receive low wages and must meet high quotas which require assistance from family members, including children. 54 Verité conducted research on two large, foreign-owned rubber plantations in Liberia (LAC and Cocopa) in 2010 and found several potential indicators of human trafficking. The majority of workers on the rubber plantations are employed as tappers who manually extract rubber from trees and transport it to field stations. Tappers are paid by production and have a quota of how many trees they must tap per day. Those who do not reach the quota are subject to financial penalties. Additionally, wages may vary from month to month as paycheck deductions are made for services such as compulsory, subsidized bags of rice, school fees and voluntary savings programs. Researchers found that although the LAC 11
plantation gave out loans to its employees, indebtedness was not a factor in keeping workers on the plantation. On both the plantations, child labor was observed. Because of the quota system, many families employ their children in order to reach the daily quota. Additionally, because of the poor quality of education and high school fees, many parents prefer to have their children working on the plantation rather than attending school. Researchers found that plantation workers, including children, face significant health risks. In 2011, a collective bargaining agreement provided for lower quotas and higher wages, 55 although a report from Fair Rubber Association found poor health and safety standards and a lack of monitoring. 56 Palm Oil Palm Oil Overview Palm oil represents a small percentage of Liberia s economy, but the sector is growing and is reported to be a key element of Liberia s poverty reduction strategy. 57 Four international palm companies have been awarded concessions on area totaling over one million acres. 58 Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Palm Oil Over half of Liberia s population lives in forested zones and is reliant on forest and forest products for livelihoods. 40 percent of the remaining Upper Guinean forest is in Liberia but international investments in palm oil plantation development may threaten forests. Land deals thus far have faced criticism from civil society, particularly concessions granted during the Ebola outbreak. 59 This report was funded by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. 12
Endnotes 1 World Bank. Liberia Overview. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia/overview 2 Central Intelligence Agency. World Factbook: Liberia. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/li.html 3 World Bank. Liberia Overview. http://wpoppsdaww.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia/overview 4 World Bank. Liberia Overview. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia/overview 5 World Bank. Liberia Overview. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia/overview 6 World Bank. Liberia Overview. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia/overview 7 World Bank. Liberia Overview. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia/overview 8 UNICEF. Overview: Liberia in Context. https://www.unicef.org/liberia/overview.html 9 World Food Programme. Liberia Country Programme (2013 2017). https://www.wfp.org/operations/200395-liberia-countryprogramme-2013%e2%80%932017 10 Mukpo, Ashoka. Liberia after Ebola: 'The human suffering changed me'. AlJazeera. July 9, 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/liberia-ebola-human-suffering-changed-170618094629264.html 11 Central Intelligence Agency. World Factbook: Liberia. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/li.html 12 Central Intelligence Agency. World Factbook: Liberia. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/li.html 13 United Nations (UN). Department of Economic and Social Affairs. International Migrant Stock 2015: By Destination and Origin. 2015. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/ 14 United Nations (UN). Department of Economic and Social Affairs. International Migrant Stock 2015: By Destination and Origin. 2015. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/ 15 International Trade Centre. Trade Map. www.trademap.org. 16 International Trade Centre. Trade Map. www.trademap.org. 17 Office of the United States Trade Representative. Liberia. https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/west-africa/liberia# 18 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Liberia. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265482.pdf 19 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs. Investment Climate Statements for 2016: Liberia. https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2016/af/254213.htm 20 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Liberia. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265482.pdf 21 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Liberia. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265482.pdf 22 U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016, Central African Republic. 2016. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=265236 23 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Liberia. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265482.pdf 24 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Liberia. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265482.pdf 25 International Labour Organization (ILO). Up-to-date Conventions and Protocols not ratified by Liberia. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11210:0::no:11210:p11210_country_id:102742 26 Fund for Peace. Fragile States Index 2016. http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/ 13
27 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs. Investment Climate Report. Liberia. 2016. https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2016investmentclimatestatements/index.htm#wrapper 28 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security (OSAC). Liberia 2016 Crime and Safety Report. https://www.osac.gov/pages/contentreportdetails.aspx?cid=19759 29 UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Global Study on Homicide. https://www.unodc.org/gsh/ 30 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Liberia. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265482.pdf 31 Transparency International. Corruption Perceptions Index. 2016. www.transparency.org. 32 World Economic Forum. The Global Competitiveness Report 2015 2016. 2016. http://reports.weforum.org/globalcompetitiveness-report-2015-2016/ 33 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Liberia. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265482.pdf 34 United Nations Development Programme (UNDPP). Human Development Reports: Liberia. 2016. http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/lbr 35 United Nations Development Programme (UNDPP). Human Development Reports: Liberia. 2016. http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/lbr 36 United Nations Development Programme (UNDPP). Human Development Reports: Liberia. 2016. http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/lbr 37 " Central Intelligence Agency. World Factbook: Liberia. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/li.html 38 OECD. Social Institutions and Gender Index. Liberia. http://www.genderindex.org/country/liberia 39 OECD. Social Institutions and Gender Index. Liberia. http://www.genderindex.org/country/liberia 40 OECD. Social Institutions and Gender Index. Liberia. http://www.genderindex.org/country/liberia 41 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs. Investment Climate Report. Liberia. 2016. https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2016investmentclimatestatements/index.htm#wrapper 42 OECD. Social Institutions and Gender Index. Liberia. http://www.genderindex.org/country/liberia 43 Lazuta, Jennifer. Land Disputes Threaten Liberia's Post-War Peace. VOA. January 16, 2013. https://www.voanews.com/a/land-disputes-threaten-liberias-post-war-peace/1584829.html 44 Irin News. The changing face of land disputes in Liberia. May 20, 2013. http://www.irinnews.org/report/98070/changingface-land-disputes-liberia 45 Watt, Holly. Palm oil firm under fire over land deals sealed during Ebola crisis in Liberia. The Guardian. July 23, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jul/23/palm-oil-golden-veroleum-liberia-land-deals-ebola-crisis 46 Central Intelligence Agency. World Factbook: Liberia. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/li.html 47 Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). Where does Liberia export Gold to? 2015. http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/lbr/show/7108/2015/ 48 Flahwor, Jenkins. Formalizing Liberia s Artisanal Mining Sector, A Step in the Right Direction. Goxi. August 30, 2016. http://goxi.org/profiles/blogs/formalizing-liberia-s-artisanal-mining-sector-a-step-in-the-right 49 Export.gov. Liberia Mining & Minerals. July 12, 2017. https://www.export.gov/article?id=liberia-mining 50 Export.gov. Liberia Mining & Minerals. July 12, 2017. https://www.export.gov/article?id=liberia-mining 51 Export.gov. Liberia Agricultural Sectors. July 12, 2017. https://www.export.gov/article?id=liberia-agricultural-sectors 52 Financial Times. Bridgestone nurses heavy losses in Liberia as rubber price falls. https://www.ft.com/content/9b2b54a2- dbbb-11e5-a72f-1e7744c66818 53 U.S. Department of State. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Trafficking in Persons Report. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/258876.pdf 54 International Labor Rights Forum (ILRF). Labor Rights Abuses Continue on Firestone Liberia Rubber Plantation. July 28, 2009. http://www.laborrights.org/stop-child-labor/stop-firestone/news/12065 55 International Labor Rights Forum (ILRF). Labor Rights Advocates Congratulate Bridgestone/Firestone Workers in Liberia on Award from U.S. Dept. of Labor. February 16, 2011. http://old.laborrights.org/stop-child-forced-labor/stopfirestone/news/12461 14
56 Fair Rubber Association. Low Prices Drive Natural Rubber Producers into Poverty: An overview of sustainability issues and solutions in the rubber sector. Aidenvironment. October 20, 2016. http://www.aidenvironment.org/news/low-prices-drivenatural-rubber-producers-into-poverty/ 57 MacDougall, Clair. Liberia: the growth of a new palm oil frontier. The Guardian. October 20, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/oct/20/liberia-africa-palm-oil-frontier-communities-land-gvlplantations-sinoe-county 58 Bertazzo, Sophie. In palm oil, Liberia sees economic boom but forests may lose. Humanature: Conservation International Blog. October 28, 2016. http://blog.conservation.org/2016/10/in-palm-oil-liberia-sees-economic-boom-but-forests-may-lose/ 59 Watt, Holly. Palm oil firm under fire over land deals sealed during Ebola crisis in Liberia. The Guardian. July 23, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jul/23/palm-oil-golden-veroleum-liberia-land-deals-ebola-crisis 15