Surveillance Devices Act 2007 As at 3 April 2013 Long Title An Act to regulate the installation, use, maintenance and retrieval of surveillance devices; to repeal the Listening Devices Act 1984; and for other purposes. Part 1 Preliminary 1 Name of Act This Act is the Surveillance Devices Act 2007. 2 Commencement This Act commences on a day or days to be appointed by proclamation. 3 Relationship to other laws and matters (1) Except where there is express provision to the contrary, this Act is not intended to affect any other law of the State that prohibits or regulates the use of surveillance devices. For example, the Workplace Surveillance Act 2005 contains certain requirements in relation to camera surveillance. The applicable requirements of both that Act and this Act will need to be complied with if camera surveillance is carried out. (2) This Act is not intended to limit a discretion a court has: (a) to admit or exclude evidence in any proceeding, or (b) to stay criminal proceedings in the interests of justice. (3) For the avoidance of doubt, it is intended that a warrant may be issued, or an emergency authorisation given, in this jurisdiction under this Act for the installation, use, maintenance or retrieval of a surveillance device in this jurisdiction or a participating jurisdiction, or both. 4 Definitions (1) In this Act:"applicant" for a warrant means the law enforcement officer who applies, or on whose behalf an application is made, for the warrant."australian Crime Commission" means the Australian Crime Commission established by the Australian Crime Commission Act 2002 of the Commonwealth."building" includes any structure."business day" means a day other than a Saturday, Sunday, public holiday or bank holiday in New South Wales."chief officer" means the following: (a) in relation to the NSW Police Force--the Commissioner of Police, (b) in relation to the Australian Crime Commission--the Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Crime Commission, (c) in relation to the New South Wales Crime Commission--the Commissioner for the New South Wales Crime Commission, (d) in relation to the Independent Commission Against Corruption--the Commissioner for the Independent Commission Against Corruption, (e) in relation to the Police Integrity Commission--the Commissioner for the Police Integrity Commission, (f) any other person prescribed by the regulations as the chief officer in relation to a law enforcement agency. "computer" means any electronic device for storing, processing or transferring information."corresponding emergency authorisation" means an authorisation in the nature of an emergency authorisation given under the provisions of a corresponding law,
being an authorisation in relation to a relevant offence within the meaning of the corresponding law."corresponding law" means a law of another jurisdiction that: (a) provides for the authorisation of the use of surveillance devices, and (b) is declared by the regulations to be a corresponding law. "corresponding warrant" means a warrant in the nature of a surveillance device warrant or retrieval warrant issued under the provisions of a corresponding law, being a warrant in relation to a relevant offence within the meaning of that corresponding law."data surveillance device" means any device or program capable of being used to record or monitor the input of information into or output of information from a computer, but does not include an optical surveillance device."device" includes instrument, apparatus and equipment."disciplinary proceeding" means a proceeding of a disciplinary nature under a law of any jurisdiction or of the Commonwealth."eligible Judge" is defined in section 5."eligible Magistrate" is defined in section 5."emergency authorisation" means an emergency authorisation given under Division 4 of Part 3."enhancement equipment", in relation to a surveillance device, means equipment capable of enhancing a signal, image or other information obtained by use of the surveillance device."exercise" a function includes perform a duty."function" includes a power, authority or duty."install" includes attach."jurisdiction" means a State or Territory of the Commonwealth."law enforcement agency" means the following agencies: (a) the NSW Police Force, (b) the New South Wales Crime Commission, (c) the Independent Commission Against Corruption, (d) the Police Integrity Commission, (e) any other agency prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this definition. "law enforcement officer" means the following: (a) in relation to the NSW Police Force--a member of the NSW Police Force, (b) in relation to the New South Wales Crime Commission--an officer of the Commission within the meaning of the Crime Commission Act 2012, (c) in relation to the Independent Commission Against Corruption--an officer of the Commission within the meaning of the Independent Commission Against Corruption Act 1988, (d) in relation to the Police Integrity Commission--an officer of the Commission within the meaning of the Police Integrity Commission Act 1996, (e) in relation to an agency prescribed for the purposes of paragraph (e) of the definition of "law enforcement agency" --any person prescribed by the regulations as a law enforcement officer in respect of that agency for the purposes of this definition, and includes a person who is seconded to a law enforcement agency, including (but not limited to) a member of the police force or police service or a police officer (however described) of another jurisdiction."listening device" means any device capable of being used to overhear, record, monitor or listen to a conversation or words spoken to or by any person in conversation, but does not include a hearing aid or similar device used by a person with impaired hearing to overcome the impairment and permit that person to hear only sounds ordinarily audible to the human ear."maintain", in relation to a surveillance device, includes: (a) adjust, relocate, repair or service the device, and (b) replace a faulty device. "optical surveillance device" means any device capable of being used to record visually or observe an activity, but does not include spectacles, contact lenses or a similar device used by a person with impaired sight to overcome that impairment."participating
jurisdiction" means a jurisdiction in which a corresponding law is in force."party": (a) to an activity--means a person who takes part in the activity, and (b) to a private conversation--means a person by or to whom words are spoken in the due course of the conversation or a person who, with the consent, express or implied, of any of the persons by or to whom words are spoken in the course of the conversation, records, monitors or listens to those words. "premises" includes the following: (a) land, (b) a building, (c) a part of a building, (d) any place, whether built on or not, whether in or outside this jurisdiction."principal party", in relation to a private conversation, means a person by or to whom words are spoken in the course of the conversation."private conversation" means any words spoken by one person to another person or to other persons in circumstances that may reasonably be taken to indicate that any of those persons desires the words to be listened to only: (a) by themselves, or (b) by themselves and by some other person who has the consent, express or implied, of all of those persons to do so, but does not include a conversation made in any circumstances in which the parties to it ought reasonably to expect that it might be overheard by someone else."protected information" has the meaning given to it by section 39."public officer" means a person employed by, or holding an office established by or under a law of, this jurisdiction or a person employed by a public authority of this jurisdiction, and includes a law enforcement officer."record" includes the following: (a) an audio, visual or audio visual record, (b) a record in digital form, (c) a documentary record prepared from a record referred to in paragraph (a) or (b). "relevant offence" means: (a) an offence against a law of this jurisdiction or of the Commonwealth or another State or Territory that may be prosecuted on indictment, or (b) an offence against the law of this jurisdiction that is prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this definition. "relevant proceeding" means the following: (a) the prosecution of a relevant offence, (b) a proceeding for the confiscation, forfeiture or restraint of property or for the imposition of a pecuniary penalty in connection with a relevant offence, (c) a proceeding for the protection of a child or intellectually impaired person, (d) a proceeding concerning the validity of a warrant, emergency authorisation, corresponding warrant or corresponding emergency authorisation, (e) a disciplinary proceeding against a public officer, (f) a coronial inquest or inquiry if, in the opinion of the coroner, the event that is the subject of the inquest or inquiry may have resulted from the commission of a relevant offence, (g) a proceeding under section 13 of the Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act 1987 of the Commonwealth in relation to a criminal matter that concerns an offence against the laws of the foreign country that made the request resulting in the proceeding, being an offence that may be prosecuted on indictment, (h) a proceeding for the taking of evidence under section 43 of the Extradition Act 1988 of the Commonwealth, in so far as the proceeding relates to a relevant offence,
(i) a proceeding for the extradition of a person from another jurisdiction to this jurisdiction, in so far as the proceeding relates to a relevant offence, (j) a proceeding under Division 1 of Part 4 of the International War Crimes Tribunals Act 1995 of the Commonwealth, (k) a proceeding of the International Criminal Court, (l) a compulsory examination or public inquiry before the Independent Commission Against Corruption or an inquiry before the Inspector of the Independent Commission Against Corruption, (m) a public or private hearing before the Police Integrity Commission or an inquiry before the Inspector of the Police Integrity Commission, (n) a hearing before the New South Wales Crime Commission, (o) an examination before the Australian Crime Commission, (p) any proceeding in respect of a declaration under Part 2, or a control order under Division 1 or 2 of Part 3, of the Crimes (Criminal Organisations Control) Act 2012. "remote application" for a warrant means an application referred to in section 18 or 26."report" of a conversation or activity includes a report of the substance, meaning or purport of the conversation or activity."retrieval warrant" means a warrant issued under Division 3 of Part 3."senior officer" means the following: (a) in relation to the NSW Police Force: (i) the Commissioner of Police, or (ii) any Deputy Commissioner of Police, or (iii) any Assistant Commissioner of Police, or (iv) any Superintendent of Police, (b) in relation to the New South Wales Crime Commission--the Commissioner for the New South Wales Crime Commission, (c) in relation to the Independent Commission Against Corruption--the Commissioner for the Independent Commission Against Corruption, (d) in relation to the Police Integrity Commission--the Commissioner for the Police Integrity Commission, (e) in relation to any other agency prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of the definition of "law enforcement agency" --any officer prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this definition for that agency. "serious narcotics offence" means an offence under Division 2 of Part 2 of the Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 but does not include an offence that is declared by the regulations not to be a serious narcotics offence for the purposes of this Act."surveillance device" means: (a) a data surveillance device, a listening device, an optical surveillance device or a tracking device, or (b) a device that is a combination of any 2 or more of the devices referred to in paragraph (a), or (c) a device of a kind prescribed by the regulations. "surveillance device warrant" means a warrant issued under Division 2 of Part 3 or under section 35 (3)."this jurisdiction" means New South Wales."tracking device" means any electronic device capable of being used to determine or monitor the geographical location of a person or an object."unsworn application" for a warrant means an application referred to in section 17 (4) or 25 (4)."use" of a surveillance device includes use of the device to record a conversation or other activity."vehicle" includes the following: (a) an aircraft, (b) a vessel, (c) a part of a vehicle,
whether in or outside this jurisdiction."warrant" means surveillance device warrant or retrieval warrant. (2) For the purposes of this Act, an investigation into an offence against the law of this jurisdiction is taken to be conducted in this jurisdiction (whether or not it is also conducted in another jurisdiction) if a law enforcement officer of this jurisdiction participates in the investigation. Subsection (2) is intended to cover the situation where an officer of this jurisdiction is conducting or participating in an investigation wholly in another jurisdiction for the purposes of an offence against a law of this jurisdiction (eg a NSW officer is investigating a conspiracy to import drugs into NSW from Victoria, and all the evidence of the offence is in Victoria). (3) A thing is not precluded from being a listening device within the meaning of this Act merely because it is also capable of: (a) recording or transmitting visual images (for example a video camera), or (b) recording or transmitting its own position. (4) A reference in this Act to: (a) a report of a private conversation includes a reference to a report of the substance, meaning or purport of the conversation, and (b) a record of a private conversation includes a reference to a statement prepared from such a record. (5) A reference in this Act to the retrieval of a surveillance device includes, in relation to a data surveillance device, a reference to the removal or erasure of the device. (6) Notes included in this Act do not form part of this Act. 5 Eligible Judges and Magistrates (1) In this Act:"eligible Judge" means a Judge in relation to whom a consent under subsection (2) and a declaration under subsection (3) are in force."eligible Magistrate" means a Magistrate in relation to whom a consent under subsection (2) and a declaration under subsection (3) are in force."judge" means a person who is a Judge of the Supreme Court. (2) A Judge or Magistrate may, by instrument in writing, consent to being the subject of a declaration by the Attorney General under subsection (3). (3) The Attorney General may, by instrument in writing, declare Judges or Magistrates in relation to whom consents are in force under subsection (2) to be eligible Judges and eligible Magistrates, respectively, for the purposes of this Act. (4) An eligible Judge has, in relation to the exercise of a function conferred on an eligible Judge by this Act, the same protection and immunity as a Judge of the Supreme Court has in relation to proceedings in the Supreme Court. (5) An eligible Magistrate has, in relation to the exercise of a function conferred on an eligible Magistrate by this Act, the same protection and immunity as a Magistrate has in relation to proceedings in the Local Court. (6) A Judge or Magistrate who has given consent under this section may, by instrument in writing, revoke the consent. (7) A declaration of an eligible Judge under subsection (3) cannot be revoked by the Attorney General. However, the declaration of a Judge as an eligible Judge is revoked if: (a) the eligible Judge revokes his or her consent in accordance with subsection (6) or ceases to be a Judge, or (b) the Chief Justice notifies the Attorney General that the Judge should not continue to be an eligible Judge. (8) A declaration of an eligible Magistrate under subsection (3) cannot be revoked by the Attorney General. However, the declaration of a Magistrate as an eligible Magistrate is revoked if: (a) the eligible Magistrate revokes his or her consent in accordance with subsection (6) or ceases to be a Magistrate, or (b) the Chief Magistrate notifies the Attorney General that the Magistrate should
not continue to be an eligible Magistrate. (9) To avoid doubt, the selection of the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate to exercise any particular function conferred on eligible Judges or eligible Magistrates is not to be made by the Attorney General or other Minister of the Crown, and the exercise of that particular function is not subject to the control and direction of the Attorney General or other Minister of the Crown. 6 Act to bind Crown This Act binds the Crown in right of New South Wales and, in so far as the legislative power of the Parliament of New South Wales permits, the Crown in all its other capacities. Part 2 Regulation of installation, use and maintenance of surveillance devices Offences in this Part must be dealt with on indictment (see section 5 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1986). However, those listed in Part 10 of Table 2 of Schedule 1 to that Act may be dealt with summarily. 7 Prohibition on installation, use and maintenance of listening devices (1) A person must not knowingly install, use or cause to be used or maintain a listening device: (a) to overhear, record, monitor or listen to a private conversation to which the person is not a party, or (b) to record a private conversation to which the person is a party. Maximum penalty: 500 penalty units (in the case of a corporation) or 100 penalty units or 5 years imprisonment, or both (in any other case). (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the following: (a) the installation, use or maintenance of a listening device in accordance with a warrant, emergency authorisation, corresponding warrant or corresponding emergency authorisation, (b) the installation, use or maintenance of a listening device in accordance with the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979, or any other law, of the Commonwealth, (c) the unintentional hearing of a private conversation by means of a listening device, (d) the use of a listening device to record a refusal to consent to the recording of an interview by a member of the NSW Police Force in connection with the commission of an offence by a person suspected of having committed the offence, (e) the use of a listening device and any enhancement equipment in relation to the device solely for the purposes of the location and retrieval of the device or equipment, (f) the use of a listening device, being a device integrated into a Taser issued to a member of the NSW Police Force, to record the operation of the Taser and the circumstances surrounding its operation. (3) Subsection (1) (b) does not apply to the use of a listening device by a party to a private conversation if: (a) all of the principal parties to the conversation consent, expressly or impliedly, to the listening device being so used, or (b) a principal party to the conversation consents to the listening device being so used and the recording of the conversation: (i) is reasonably necessary for the protection of the lawful interests of that principal party, or (ii) is not made for the purpose of communicating or publishing the conversation, or a report of the conversation, to persons who are not
parties to the conversation. (4) Subsection (1) does not apply to the use of a listening device to record, monitor or listen to a private conversation if: (a) a party to the private conversation is a participant in an authorised operation and, in the case of a participant who is a law enforcement officer, is using an assumed name or assumed identity, and (b) the person using the listening device is that participant or another participant in that authorised operation. (5) In this section:"authorised operation" and "participant" in an authorised operation have the same meanings as in the Law Enforcement (Controlled Operations) Act 1997. The definition of "participant" in an authorised operation includes a "civilian participant" within the meaning of the Law Enforcement (Controlled Operations) Act 1997. 8 Installation, use and maintenance of optical surveillance devices without consent (1) A person must not knowingly install, use or maintain an optical surveillance device on or within premises or a vehicle or on any other object, to record visually or observe the carrying on of an activity if the installation, use or maintenance of the device involves: (a) entry onto or into the premises or vehicle without the express or implied consent of the owner or occupier of the premises or vehicle, or (b) interference with the vehicle or other object without the express or implied consent of the person having lawful possession or lawful control of the vehicle or object. Maximum penalty: 500 penalty units (in the case of a corporation) or 100 penalty units or 5 years imprisonment, or both (in any other case). (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the following: (a) the installation, use or maintenance of an optical surveillance device in accordance with a warrant, emergency authorisation, corresponding warrant or corresponding emergency authorisation, (b) the installation, use or maintenance of an optical surveillance device in accordance with a law of the Commonwealth, (c) the use of an optical surveillance device and any enhancement equipment in relation to the device solely for the purpose of the location and retrieval of the device or equipment, (d) the installation, use or maintenance of an optical surveillance device by a law enforcement officer in the execution of a search warrant or crime scene warrant (including the use of an optical surveillance device to record any activity in connection with the execution of the warrant), See also section 255 of the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998. (e) the use of an optical surveillance device, being a device integrated into a Taser issued to a member of the NSW Police Force, to record the operation of the Taser and the circumstances surrounding its operation. (3) In this section:"crime scene warrant" has the same meaning as it has in the Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002."search warrant" means a search warrant issued under: (a) any of the following provisions of the Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002: (i) Division 2 (Police powers relating to warrants) of Part 5, (ii) Part 6 (Search, entry and seizure powers relating to domestic violence offences), (iii) Division 1 (Drug premises) of Part 11, or (b) section 40 of the Independent Commission Against Corruption Act 1988, or (c) section 17 of the Crime Commission Act 2012, or (d) Division 2 or 3 of Part 4 of the Criminal Assets Recovery Act 1990,
(e) section 45 of the Police Integrity Commission Act 1996. 9 Prohibition on installation, use and maintenance of tracking devices (1) A person must not knowingly install, use or maintain a tracking device to determine the geographical location of: (a) a person--without the express or implied consent of that person, or (b) an object--without the express or implied consent of a person in lawful possession or having lawful control of that object. Maximum penalty: 500 penalty units (in the case of a corporation) or 100 penalty units or 5 years imprisonment, or both (in any other case). (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the following: (a) the installation, use or maintenance of a tracking device in accordance with a warrant, emergency authorisation, corresponding warrant or corresponding emergency authorisation, (b) the installation, use or maintenance of a tracking device in accordance with a law of the Commonwealth, (c) the installation, use or maintenance of a tracking device for a lawful purpose. 10 Prohibition on installation, use and maintenance of data surveillance devices (1) A person must not knowingly install, use or maintain a data surveillance device on or in premises to record or monitor the input of information into, or the output of information from, a computer on the premises if the installation, use or maintenance of the device involves: (a) entry onto or into the premises without the express or implied consent of the owner or occupier of the premises, or (b) interference with the computer or a computer network on the premises without the express or implied consent of the person having lawful possession or lawful control of the computer or computer network. Maximum penalty: 500 penalty units (in the case of a corporation) or 100 penalty units or 5 years imprisonment, or both (in any other case). (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the following: (a) the installation, use or maintenance of a data surveillance device in accordance with a warrant, emergency authorisation, corresponding warrant or corresponding emergency authorisation, (b) the installation, use or maintenance of a data surveillance device in accordance with a law of the Commonwealth. 11 Prohibition on communication or publication of private conversations or recordings of activities (1) A person must not publish, or communicate to any person, a private conversation or a record of the carrying on of an activity, or a report of a private conversation or carrying on of an activity, that has come to the person's knowledge as a direct or indirect result of the use of a listening device, an optical surveillance device or a tracking device in contravention of a provision of this Part. Maximum penalty: 500 penalty units (in the case of a corporation) or 100 penalty units or 5 years imprisonment, or both (in any other case). (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the following: (a) if the communication or publication is made: (i) to a party to the private conversation or activity, or (ii) with the consent, express or implied, of all the principal parties to the private conversation or activity, or (iii) for the purpose of investigating or prosecuting an offence against this section, or (iv) in the course of proceedings for an offence against this Act or the regulations, (b) if the communication or publication is no more than is reasonably necessary in connection with an imminent threat of:
(i) serious violence to persons or of substantial damage to property, or (ii) commission of a serious narcotics offence. (3) A person who obtains knowledge of a private conversation or activity in a manner that does not involve a contravention of a provision of this Part is not prevented from communicating or publishing the knowledge so obtained even if the same knowledge was also obtained in a manner that contravened this Part. 12 Possession of record of private conversation or activity (1) A person must not possess a record of a private conversation or the carrying on of an activity knowing that it has been obtained, directly or indirectly, by the use of a listening device, optical surveillance device or tracking device in contravention of this Part. Maximum penalty: 500 penalty units (in the case of a corporation) or 100 penalty units or 5 years imprisonment, or both (in any other case). (2) Subsection (1) does not apply where the record is in the possession of the person: (a) in connection with proceedings for an offence against this Act or the regulations, or (b) with the consent, express or implied, of all of the principal parties to the private conversation or persons who took part in the activity, or (c) as a consequence of a communication or publication of that record to that person in circumstances that do not constitute a contravention of this Part. 13 Manufacture, supply and possession of listening and other devices for unlawful use (1) A person must not: (a) manufacture, or (b) supply or offer to supply, or (c) possess, a data surveillance device, listening device, optical surveillance device or tracking device with the intention of using it, or it being used, in contravention of this Part. Maximum penalty: 500 penalty units (in the case of a corporation) or 100 penalty units or 5 years imprisonment, or both (in any other case). (2) In subsection (1), "supply" includes sell and distribute. 14 Communication and publication of information from the use of a data surveillance device (1) A person must not publish, or communicate to any person, any information regarding the input of information into, or the output of information from, a computer obtained as a direct or indirect result of the use of a data surveillance device in contravention of this Part. Maximum penalty: 500 penalty units (in the case of a corporation) or 100 penalty units or 5 years imprisonment, or both (in any other case). (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the following: (a) to a communication or publication made: (i) to the person having lawful possession or control of the computer, or (ii) with the consent, express or implied, of the person having lawful possession or lawful control of the computer, or (iii) for the purpose of investigating or prosecuting an offence against this section, or (iv) in the course of proceedings for an offence against this Act or the regulations, (b) if the communication or publication is no more than is reasonably necessary in connection with an imminent threat of: (i) serious violence to persons or substantial damage to property, or (ii) the commission of a serious narcotics offence. (3) A person who obtains information in a manner that does not involve a contravention of this Part is not prevented from publishing or communicating the information so obtained even if the same information was also obtained in a manner that contravened this Part.
Part 3 Warrants Division 1 Preliminary 15 Types of warrant (1) The following types of warrant may be issued under this Part: (a) a surveillance device warrant, (b) a retrieval warrant. (2) A warrant may be issued in respect of one or more kinds of surveillance devices and more than one surveillance device of the same kind. 16 Who may issue warrants? (1) An eligible Judge may issue any warrant under this Part. (2) An eligible Magistrate may issue: (a) a surveillance device warrant that authorises the use of a tracking device only, or (b) a retrieval warrant in respect of a tracking device under a warrant referred to in paragraph (a) if an eligible Magistrate issued the original warrant. Division 2 Surveillance device warrants 17 Application for a surveillance device warrant (1) A law enforcement officer (or another person on his or her behalf) may apply for the issue of a surveillance device warrant if the law enforcement officer on reasonable grounds suspects or believes that: (a) a relevant offence has been, is being, is about to be or is likely to be committed, and (b) an investigation into that offence is being, will be or is likely to be conducted in this jurisdiction or in this jurisdiction and in one or more participating jurisdictions, and (c) the use of a surveillance device is necessary for the purpose of an investigation into that offence to enable evidence to be obtained of the commission of that offence or the identity or location of the offender. (2) The application may be made to: (a) an eligible Judge in any case, or (b) an eligible Magistrate in the case of an application for a surveillance device warrant authorising the use of a tracking device only. (3) An application: (a) must specify: (i) the name of the applicant, and (ii) the nature and duration of the warrant sought, including the kind of surveillance device sought to be authorised, and (b) subject to this section, must be supported by an affidavit setting out the grounds on which the warrant is sought. (4) If a law enforcement officer believes that: (a) the immediate use of a surveillance device is necessary for a purpose referred to in subsection (1) (c), and (b) it is impracticable for an affidavit to be sworn before an application for a warrant is made, an application for a warrant may be made before an affidavit is prepared or sworn. (5) If subsection (4) applies, the applicant must: (a) provide as much information as the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate considers is reasonably practicable in the circumstances, and (b) not later than 72 hours following the making of the application, send a duly sworn affidavit to the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate, whether or not a warrant has been issued.
(6) An application for a warrant is not to be heard in open court. 18 Remote application (1) If a law enforcement officer believes that it is impracticable for an application for a surveillance device warrant to be made in person or that the immediate use of a surveillance device is necessary, the application may be made under section 17 by telephone, fax, e-mail or any other means of communication. (2) If transmission by fax is available and an affidavit has been prepared, the person applying must transmit a copy of the affidavit, whether sworn or unsworn, to the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate who is to determine the application. 19 Determining the application (1) An eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate may issue a surveillance device warrant if satisfied: (a) that there are reasonable grounds for the suspicion or belief founding the application for the warrant, and (b) in the case of an unsworn application--that it would have been impracticable for the application to have been prepared or sworn before the application was made, and (c) in the case of a remote application--that it would have been impracticable for the application to have been made in person or that the application could not be made in person because the surveillance device needed to be used immediately. (2) In determining whether a surveillance device warrant should be issued, the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate must have regard to: (a) the nature and gravity of the alleged offence in respect of which the warrant is sought, and (b) the extent to which the privacy of any person is likely to be affected, and (c) the existence of any alternative means of obtaining the evidence or information sought to be obtained and the extent to which those means may assist or prejudice the investigation, and (d) the extent to which the information sought to be obtained would assist the investigation, and (e) the evidentiary value of any information sought to be obtained, and (f) any previous warrant sought or issued under this Part or a corresponding law (if known) in connection with the same offence. 20 What must a surveillance device warrant contain? (1) A surveillance device warrant must: (a) state that the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate is satisfied of the matters referred to in section 19 (1) and has had regard to the matters referred to in section 19 (2), and (b) specify: (i) the name of the applicant, and (ii) the alleged offence in respect of which the warrant is issued, and (iii) the date the warrant is issued, and (iv) the kind of surveillance device authorised to be used, and (v) if the warrant authorises the use of a surveillance device on or in premises or a vehicle--the premises or vehicle on or in which the use of the surveillance device is authorised, and (vi) if the warrant authorises the use of a surveillance device in or on an object or class of object--the object or class of object in or on which the use of the surveillance device is authorised, and (vii) if the warrant authorises the use of a surveillance device on or about the body of a person--the name of the person, and (viii) if the warrant authorises the use of a surveillance device in respect of
the conversations, activities or geographical location of a person--the name of the person (if known), and (ix) the period during which the warrant is in force, being a period not exceeding 90 days, and (x) the name of the law enforcement officer primarily responsible for executing the warrant, and (xi) any conditions subject to which premises or vehicle may be entered, or a surveillance device used, under the warrant. (2) In the case of a warrant referred to in subsection (1) (b) (vii), if the identity of the person is unknown, the warrant must state that fact. (3) A warrant must be signed by the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate issuing it and include his or her name. (4) If an eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate issues a warrant on a remote application: (a) the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate must inform the applicant of: (i) the terms of the warrant, and (ii) the date on which and the time at which the warrant was issued, and cause those details to be entered in a register kept by the Judge or Magistrate for that purpose, and (b) the Judge or Magistrate must provide the applicant with a copy of the warrant as soon as possible. 21 What a surveillance device warrant authorises (1) A surveillance device warrant may authorise, as specified in the warrant, any one or more of the following: (a) the use of a surveillance device on or in specified premises or a vehicle, (b) the use of a surveillance device in or on a specified object or class of object, (c) the use of a surveillance device in respect of the conversations, activities or geographical location of a specified person or a person whose identity is unknown, (d) the use of a surveillance device on or about the body of a specified person. (2) A surveillance device warrant authorises: (a) for a warrant of a kind referred to in subsection (1) (a): (i) the installation, use and maintenance of a surveillance device of the kind specified in the warrant on or in the specified premises or vehicle, and (ii) the entry, by force if necessary, onto or into the premises or vehicle, or other specified premises adjoining or providing access to the premises or the vehicle, for any of the purposes referred to in subparagraph (i) or subsection (3), and (b) for a warrant of a kind referred to in subsection (1) (b): (i) the installation, use and maintenance of a surveillance device of the kind specified in the warrant in or on the specified object or an object of the specified class, and (ii) the entry, by force if necessary, onto or into any premises or vehicle where the object, or an object of the specified class, is reasonably believed to be or is likely to be, or other premises adjoining or providing access to those premises or the vehicle, for any of the purposes referred to in subparagraph (i) or subsection (3), and (c) for a warrant of a kind referred to in subsection (1) (c): (i) the installation, use and maintenance of a surveillance device of the kind specified in the warrant, on or in premises or a vehicle where the person is reasonably believed to be or likely to be in the future, and (ii) the entry, by force if necessary, onto or into the premises or vehicle
referred to in subparagraph (i), or other premises adjoining or providing access to those premises or the vehicle, for any of the purposes referred to in subparagraph (i) or subsection (3), and (d) for a warrant of a kind referred to in subsection (1) (d)--the use of the surveillance device of the kind specified in the warrant on or about the body of the person specified in the warrant. (3) Each warrant also authorises: (a) the retrieval of the surveillance device, and (b) the installation, use, maintenance and retrieval of any enhancement equipment in relation to the surveillance device, and (c) the use of an assumed identity for the purpose of the installation, use, maintenance or retrieval of the surveillance device or enhancement equipment, and (d) the disconnection of, or otherwise making inoperative, any security system for the purpose of the installation, maintenance or retrieval of the surveillance device or enhancement equipment, and (e) the temporary removal of an object or vehicle from premises for the purpose of the installation, maintenance or retrieval of the surveillance device or enhancement equipment and the return of the object or vehicle to the premises, and (f) the breaking open of anything for the purpose of the installation, maintenance or retrieval of the surveillance device or enhancement equipment, and (g) the connection of the device or enhancement equipment to an electricity supply system and the use of electricity from that system to operate the surveillance device or enhancement equipment, and (h) the connection of the device or equipment to a telecommunications system or network and the use of that system or network in connection with the operation of the surveillance device or enhancement equipment, and (i) the provision of assistance or technical expertise to the law enforcement officer named in the warrant in the installation, use, maintenance or retrieval of the surveillance device or enhancement equipment under the warrant. (4) If a surveillance device remains on or in premises or a vehicle after the expiry of the surveillance device warrant authorising its installation, use and maintenance, the warrant is taken also to authorise, for the period of 10 days after that expiry, any action to be taken in respect of the retrieval of the device that would be authorised if the surveillance device warrant were a retrieval warrant. Section 29 specifies the action that is authorised to be taken by a retrieval warrant. If a surveillance device remains on or in premises or vehicle for more than 10 days after its expiry, a retrieval warrant must be obtained under Division 3 to authorise retrieval of the device and any enhancement equipment in relation to it. (5) A surveillance device warrant may authorise the doing of anything reasonably necessary to conceal the fact that anything has been done in relation to the installation, use, maintenance or retrieval of a surveillance device or enhancement equipment under the warrant. (6) A law enforcement officer may use a surveillance device under a warrant only if he or she is acting in the performance of his or her duty. (7) This section applies to a warrant subject to any conditions specified in the warrant. (8) Nothing in this section authorises the doing of anything for which a warrant would be required under the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 of the Commonwealth. 22 Extension and variation of surveillance device warrant (1) A law enforcement officer to whom a surveillance device warrant has been issued (or another person on his or her behalf) may apply, at any time before expiry of the warrant:
(a) for an extension of the warrant for a period not exceeding 90 days from the day on which it would otherwise expire, or (b) for a variation of any of the other terms of the warrant. (2) The application is to be made to: (a) an eligible Judge, if the warrant was issued by an eligible Judge, or (b) an eligible Magistrate, if the warrant was issued by an eligible Magistrate. (3) Sections 17 and 18 apply, with any necessary changes, to an application under this section as if it were an application for a warrant. (4) The eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate may grant an application, subject to any conditions he or she thinks fit, if satisfied that the matters referred to in section 19 (1) still exist, having regard to the matters in section 19 (2). (5) An eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate who grants an application must endorse the new expiry date or the other varied term on the original warrant. (6) An application in respect of a warrant may be made under this section more than once. 23 Revocation of surveillance device warrant (1) A surveillance device warrant may be revoked at any time before the expiration of the period of validity specified in it by: (a) an eligible Judge, if an eligible Judge issued the warrant, or (b) an eligible Magistrate, if an eligible Magistrate issued the warrant. (2) An eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate may revoke a surveillance device warrant on application by or on behalf of a law enforcement officer. (3) The eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate who revokes a warrant on the application of a law enforcement officer is taken to have notified the chief officer of the law enforcement agency of which the law enforcement officer to whom the warrant was issued is a member when the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate revokes the warrant. 24 Discontinuance of use of surveillance device under warrant (1) This section applies if a surveillance device warrant is issued to a law enforcement officer. (2) If the chief officer of the law enforcement agency of which the law enforcement officer concerned is a member is satisfied that the use of a surveillance device under the warrant is no longer necessary for the purpose of enabling evidence to be obtained of the commission of the relevant offence or the identity or location of the offender, the chief officer must: (a) take the steps necessary to ensure that use of the surveillance device authorised by the warrant is discontinued as soon as practicable, and (b) cause an application to be made for the revocation of the warrant under section 23. (3) If the chief officer is notified that the warrant has been revoked under section 23, he or she must take the steps necessary to ensure that use of the surveillance device authorised by the warrant is discontinued immediately. (4) If the law enforcement officer to whom the warrant is issued, or who is primarily responsible for executing the warrant, believes that the use of a surveillance device under the warrant is no longer necessary for the purpose of enabling evidence to be obtained of the commission of the relevant offence or the identity or location of the offender, he or she must inform the chief officer of the law enforcement agency immediately. Division 3 Retrieval warrants 25 Application for a retrieval warrant (1) A law enforcement officer (or another person on his or her behalf) may apply for the issue of a retrieval warrant in respect of a surveillance device that was lawfully installed on premises, or in or on a vehicle or other object, under a surveillance device warrant and which the law enforcement officer on reasonable grounds suspects or believes is still on
those premises or in or on that vehicle or object, or on other premises or in or on another vehicle or other object. (2) The application may be made to: (a) an eligible Judge in any case, or (b) an eligible Magistrate in the case of an application for a retrieval warrant authorising the retrieval of a tracking device only. (3) Subject to this section, an application must be supported by an affidavit setting out the grounds on which the warrant is sought. (4) If a law enforcement officer believes that: (a) the immediate retrieval of a surveillance device is necessary, and (b) it is impracticable for an affidavit to be prepared or sworn before an application for a warrant is made, an application for a warrant may be made before an affidavit is prepared or sworn. (5) If subsection (4) applies, the applicant must: (a) provide as much information as the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate considers is reasonably practicable in the circumstances, and (b) not later than 72 hours following the making of the application, send a duly sworn affidavit to the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate who determined the application, whether or not a warrant has been issued. (6) An application for a retrieval warrant is not to be heard in open court. 26 Remote application (1) If a law enforcement officer believes that it is impracticable for an application for a retrieval warrant to be made in person, the application may be made under section 25 by telephone, fax, e-mail or any other means of communication. (2) If transmission by fax is available and an affidavit has been prepared, the person applying must transmit a copy of the affidavit, whether sworn or unsworn, to the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate who is to determine the application. 27 Determining the application (1) An eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate may issue a retrieval warrant if the Judge or Magistrate is satisfied: (a) that there are reasonable grounds for the suspicion or belief founding the application for the warrant, and (b) in the case of an unsworn application--that it would be impracticable for an affidavit to have been sworn before the application was made, and (c) in the case of a remote application--that it would have been impracticable for the application to have been made in person. (2) In determining whether a retrieval warrant should be issued, the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate must have regard to: (a) the extent to which the privacy of any person is likely to be affected, and (b) the public interest in retrieving the device sought to be retrieved. 28 What must a retrieval warrant contain? (1) A retrieval warrant must: (a) state that the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate is satisfied of the matters referred to in section 27 (1) and has had regard to the matters referred to in section 27 (2), and (b) specify: (i) the name of the applicant, and (ii) the date the warrant is issued, and (iii) the kind of surveillance device authorised to be retrieved, and (iv) the premises or vehicle or other object from which the surveillance device is to be retrieved, and (v) the period (not exceeding 90 days) during which the warrant is in
force, and (vi) the name of the law enforcement officer to whom the warrant is issued, or who is primarily responsible for executing the warrant, and (vii) the conditions subject to which premises or a vehicle may be entered under the warrant. (2) A warrant must be signed by the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate issuing it and include his or her name. (3) If the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate issues a warrant on a remote application: (a) the Judge or Magistrate must inform the applicant of: (i) the terms of the warrant, and (ii) the date on which and the time at which the warrant was issued, and cause those details to be entered in a register kept by the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate for that purpose, and (b) the eligible Judge or eligible Magistrate must provide the applicant with a copy of the warrant as soon as practicable. 29 What a retrieval warrant authorises (1) A retrieval warrant (subject to any conditions specified in it) authorises: (a) the retrieval of the surveillance device specified in the warrant and any enhancement equipment in relation to the device, and (b) the entry, by force if necessary, onto or into the premises or vehicle where the surveillance device is reasonably believed to be, or other premises adjoining or providing access to those premises or the vehicle, for the purpose of retrieving the device and equipment, and (c) the use of an assumed identity for the purpose of retrieval of the device and equipment, and (d) the disconnection of, or otherwise making inoperative, any security system for the purpose of retrieving the device or equipment, and (e) the temporary removal of an object or vehicle from premises for the purpose of retrieving the device or equipment and the return of the object or vehicle to the premises, and (f) the breaking open of any thing for the purpose of the retrieval of the device and equipment, and (g) if the device or equipment is installed on or in an object, the temporary removal of the object from any place where it is situated for the purpose of the retrieval of the device and equipment and the return of the object to that place, and (h) the provision of assistance or technical expertise to the law enforcement officer named in the warrant in the retrieval of the device or equipment. (2) The warrant also authorises the use of the surveillance device and any enhancement equipment in relation to the device solely for the purposes of the location and retrieval of the device or equipment. (3) Any information obtained from the use of a surveillance device and any enhancement equipment for the purposes of the location and retrieval of the device or equipment under subsection (2) must not be used, communicated or published for any other purpose and is inadmissible as evidence in any legal proceedings. (4) A retrieval warrant may authorise the doing of anything reasonably necessary to conceal the fact that anything has been done in relation to the retrieval of a surveillance device or enhancement equipment under the warrant. 30 Revocation of retrieval warrant (1) A retrieval warrant may be revoked at any time before the expiration of the period of validity specified in it by: (a) an eligible Judge, if an eligible Judge issued the warrant, or