PEASMF01_0132285339.QXD 9/9/06 3:22 PM Page 1 THIRD EDITION INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS PERSPECTIVES ON GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Kelly-Kate S. Pease Webster University St. Louis UPPER SADDLE RIVER, NEW JERSEY 07458
PEASMF01_0132285339.QXD 9/9/06 3:22 PM Page 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pease, Kelly-Kate S. International organizations : perspectives on governance in the twenty-first century / Kelly-Kate S. Pease. 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-13-228533-9 (alk. paper) 1. International agencies. 2. International organization. 3. Regionalism (International organization). I. Title. JZ4839.P43 2007 341.2 dc22 2006025645 Executive Editor: Dickson Musslewhite Senior acquisitions editor: Associate editor: Rob DeGeorge Editorial assistant: Jennifer Murphy Marketing manager: Emily Cleary Marketing assistant: Jennifer Lang Editorial/production supervision: Shiny Rajesh Prepress and manufacturing buyer: Mary Ann Gloriande Electronic page makeup: Integra-India Interior design: Integra-India Cover director: Jayne Conte Cover design: Cover art: This book was set in 10/12 New Baskerville and was printed and bound by. The cover was printed by. 2007, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Pearson Education LTD., London Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited, Sydney Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd Pearson Education North Asia Ltd, Hong Kong Pearson Education Canada, Ltd., Toronto Pearson Educación de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education Japan, Tokyo Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 10987654321 ISBN 0 13 228533 9
PEASMF01_0132285339.QXD 9/9/06 3:22 PM Page 3 CONTENTS PREFACE vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Prior Studies of International Organizations: An Overview 2 Organization of the Text 5 CHAPTER 2 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: NUTS AND BOLTS 20 Intergovernmental Organizations 20 UN Reform 28 The Organization of Islamic Conference 34 Nongovernmental Organizations 37 Multinational Corporations 40 Conclusion 42 CHAPTER 3 MAINSTREAM APPROACHES 43 Realism 43 Liberalism 57 CHAPTER 4 CRITICAL APPROACHES 74 Marxism 74 Feminism 89 iii
PEASMF01_0132285339.QXD 9/9/06 3:22 PM Page 4 iv CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 INTERNATIONAL SECURITY 103 The United Nations 104 Case Study 1: The Persian Gulf Crisis 111 The Security Council and Iraq after the Gulf War 123 Case Study 2: Srebrenica 1995 127 Security Council and Related Reforms 136 Conclusion 138 CHAPTER 6 REGIONAL SECURITY 139 Post World War II Security Alliances 140 NATO: History, Membership, and Structure 140 Case Study 3: NATO Expansion 147 NATO Today 155 The Arab League 156 Case Study 4: Palestinian Uprising 2000 158 The Israeli Palestinian Crisis after September 11 165 CHAPTER 7 TRADE 168 The History of International Trade 168 The World Trade Organization (WTO) 172 Multinational Corporations (MNCs) 175 Case Study 5: The U.S. Clean Air Act 177 Challenges for the WTO 182 Case Study 6: Genetically Modified Foods and Organisms 185 Conclusion 191 CHAPTER 8 DEVELOPMENT 192 What Is Development? 192 Debt 194 The World Bank Group 196 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) 199 The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 202 The UN Development Program (UNDP) 204
PEASMF01_0132285339.QXD 9/9/06 3:22 PM Page 5 CONTENTS v Case Study 7: The Mexican Peso Crisis 205 Contagion 215 Case Study 8: Indonesia 216 Millennium Development Goals 223 Conclusion 224 CHAPTER 9 THE ENVIRONMENT 225 The Tragedy of the Commons 225 Environmental Problems 228 The Stockholm Conference (1972) 230 The UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 230 Efforts to Protect Biodiversity 232 The Vienna Convention of the Protection of the Ozone and the Montreal Protocol (1985) 233 The Rio Conference 233 Case Study 9: Global Warming 236 Global Warming: A Postscript 245 Case Study 10: Whaling 246 Conclusion 252 CHAPTER 10 SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN ISSUES 253 Refugees 253 Major Human Rights Agreements 256 UN Agencies and Human Rights 259 Regional Human Rights Accords and Agencies 261 NGOs and Human Rights 262 Humanitarian Intervention 264 Case Study 11: Rwanda 267 Case Study 12: The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 275 Conclusion 284 CHAPTER 11 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN 2075 285 A Realist Cut 285 A Liberal Cut 290
PEASMF01_0132285339.QXD 9/9/06 3:22 PM Page 6 vi CONTENTS APPENDICES A Marxist Cut 293 A Feminist Cut 296 Conclusion 297 Appendix A: Charter of the United Nations 298 Appendix B: Universal Declaration of Human Rights 318 Appendix C: Purposes of the International Monetary Fund 322 BIBLIOGRAPHY 323 INDEX 335
PEASMF01_0132285339.QXD 9/9/06 3:22 PM Page 7 PREFACE IWROTE THIS BOOK out of passion and frustration. International organizations are fascinating objects of study. They are almost organic entities evolving, changing, adapting, even dying. However, many texts on international organizations tend to view the lives of international organizations through liberal lenses. Liberal lenses are not exactly rose-colored, but they are colored by the implicit assumption that international organizations are inherently good and that their good efforts are often thwarted by organizational weaknesses, world politics, or self-interested governments. Liberalism has contributed much to our understanding of global politics, but it has its blind spots. Examining international organizations solely from a liberal vantage does a disservice to the study of international organizations and to its development as a discipline. It unnecessarily narrows analysis; worse, it suggests that just one view of the world exists. This text brings other theoretical perspectives to bear on the study of international organizations. It integrates international organizations with international relations theory by showing how international organizations matter in the worlds of the realist, the Marxist, and the feminist, as well as the liberal. International organizations are in a period of transition. Since the publication of the second edition of this book, the United Nations (UN) has been wounded by the U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq without Security Council authorization. The reputation of the UN has been sullied by the Oil-for-Food scandal, and political discord has thwarted reform efforts to strengthen its role in human rights and humanitarian affairs. The World Trade Organization has yet to hold a successful round of trade negotiations, and France and the Netherlands have rejected the European Union constitution. Nongovernmental organizations have seen their coffers and operations swell as a result of post-conflict reconstruction, the Asian tsunami, and the earthquake in Pakistan. They have also experienced increased scrutiny and criticism of their actions. Multinational corporations continue to experience difficulties operating globally in an unstable post-september 11, 2001, world. Hence, the optimism that permeated analyses of international organizations in the 1990s has given way to more cautious explanations of their roles and contributions to contemporary world politics. The third edition of this book vii
PEASMF01_0132285339.QXD 9/9/06 3:22 PM Page 8 viii PREFACE accounts for the political and structural changes occurring in world politics and in related international organizations. In addition to the usual updating and correction of errors that accompany a new edition, this text focuses more attention on the politics of international organizations, especially that surrounding reform of the United Nations. Several people have contributed to the development of the third edition of this book. First, I thank the anonymous reviewers of the second edition who provided valuable insights and criticism. I would also like to thank Ms. Kristin Armstrong, a talented international relations major at Webster University, for her help in making the third edition more accessible to undergraduate students, and also thank the following reviewers for their helpful suggestions: William M. Batkay of Montclair State University; Darren Hawkins of Brigham Young University; and Houman A. Sadri of the University of Central Florida. I would also like to acknowledge Webster University, which provided some financial assistance for research through its Faculty Research Grant Program.