SOCIAL PROTECTION IN BANGLADESH BUILDING EFFECTIVE SOCIAL SAFETY NETS AND LADDERS OUT OF POVERTY edited by Hossain Zillur Rahman David Hulme Mathilde Maitrot Luigi Peter Ragno UM BEI United Nations Development Programme Empowered lives. Resilient nations. (j ) The University Press Limited
Contents List of Tables, Figures and Boxes Contributors Preface Foreword: Realising the Promise of Social Protection Reforms Notes from Editors xiii xvii xxiii xxv xxvii Parti Introduction Chapter 1 Consolidating Nets and Promoting Ladders in Bangladesh: From Social Safety Net Programmes to a National Social Protection System 3 David Hulme, Mathilde Maitrot, Luigi Peter Ragno and Hossain Zillur Rahman 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The evolutiori of social protection in Bangladesh 6 1.3 The present Situation 10 1.4 From social safety net programmes to a social protection system 15 1.5. Concluding remarks 17 Chapter 2 Social Protection s Role within a Modern Development Agenda: The Socio-Economic Impacts 21 Michael Samson 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 International evidence on social protection's social and economic impacts 22 2.3 Social and economic impacts of social protection in Bangladesh 33 2.4 A social protection framework for dynamic deepening of developmental impact 40 2.5 Conclusions, including a cautionary note 44
vjjj Chapter 3 Social Protection in Bangladesh Social Protection, Poverty Exit and Household's Behaviour: A Multidisciplinary Perspective 47 Luigi Peter Ragno 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Poverty entry and social protection 50 3.3 Poverty exit and social protection 51 3.4 Households risk taking behaviour and poverty exit 55 3.5 Policy formulation and household behaviour 60 3.6 Conclusion 61 Part II Leaming from International Experience Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Social Protection s Role in Reducing Poverty and Promoting Inclusive Growth in Risk Prone Environments 69 David Hulme and Mathilde Maitrot 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Building national support 71 4.3 Cash transfers and poverty reduction 77 4.4 Northern responses and opportun!ties 78 4.5 Policy implications: Five principles 80 Global Perspectives on Graduation and Promotion 85 Syed Hashemi and Aude Montesquiou 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 The graduation model: One approach to reaching the extreme poor gg 5.3 Context matters 97 5.4 Conclusion 99 Fiscal and Financing Dimensions of Social Protection Systems 201 Armando Barrientos 6.1 Introduction 102 6.2 Approaches to the financing of social protection: Institutions and Revenue mobilisation 102 6.3 Estimating the financial resources needed: Positive and Normative approaches 104
Contents ix 6.4 The financing mix: What are the financing options facing developing countries wishing to extend social assistance? 106 6.5 Conclusion 112 Chapter 7 Child Sensitive Social Protection: A Gase for Enhancing Effectiveness and Efficiency in Development Programming 115 Usha Mishra 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 The case for child sensitive social protection: The convergence of the rights and the efficiency arguments 120 7.3 From social protection to CSSP 125 7.4 The role of the donors and development partners 132 7.5 Conclusion 135 Chapter 8 Oportunidades - Mexico s Experience 139 Arturo Cornejo Moreno-Valle and Sara Delgado Colin 8.1 Introduction 139 8.2 Social policy in Mexico before Oportunidades 140 8.3 Oportunidades, a human development programme 141 8.4 The programme s evolution 147 8.5 Evaluations results 148 8.6 Innovation«150 8.7 Challenges and learning from experience 151 Chapter 9 China s Experience on Social Protection of Migrants to Urban Areas 153 Wang Liejun 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 Overview of China's internal migration and migrant workers 153 9.3 Development strategies and China's rural-urban migration policies in historical perspective 156 9.4 Major social protection polices for rural-urban migrants since 2000 158 9.5 Role of UN agencies in China's social protection process 161 9.6 Challenges and future agenda 162 9.7 Possible implications for other countries 164
X Social Protection in Bangladesh Chapter 10 Use of Technology in Delivering Social Protection: The Case of M-PESA 169 Mathilde Maitrot and Chistopher Foster 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Implementing social protection programmes 169 10.3 Using technology for effective delivery systems 170 10.4 M-PESA government-run social transfer schemes 175 10.5 Mobile money for social transfers 179 10.6 Conclusion: M-PESA, adaptable to the social protection agenda? 187 Chapter 11 International Experience of Delivering Social Protection: Are There Lessens for Bangladesh? 191 David Hulme and Mathilde Maitrot 11.1 Introduction 191 11.2 The need for coherent, overarching social protection strategies and effective institutional struetures 193 11.3 Implementing integrated management information systems (MIS) 195 11.4 Identification and registration of beneficiaries 197 11.5 Delivering social transfers 198 11.6 Monitoring and evaluation 200 11.7 Policy lessons: Can Bangladesh learn from international experience? 201 11.8 Conclusion 203 Part III Reforming Social Protection in Bangladesh: Design,Delivery and Programming Opportunities Chapter 12 Extreme Poor Adivasis and the Problem of Accessing Social Safety Nets 209 Sk. Zakir Hossain and Philipp Kappestein 12.1 Introduction 209 12.2 Methodology 211 12.3 Scale of exclusion from safety nets: Eligibility vs. actual receipt 214 12.4 Selection: The politics of Adivasi exclusion from safety nets 219
Contents xi 12.5 Cultural labelling and prejudice 223 12.6 Conclusion 226 12.7 Recommendations 227 Chapter 13 Comprehensive Social Protection for the Urban Poor: Integrating Health and Social Protection Programmes 231 Matthew Walsham 13.1 Introduction 231 13.2 Social health protection 232 13.3 Urban health and poverty in Bangladesh 235 13.4 Existing policies and programmes 237 13.5 Case study - Narayanganj Pourashava 241 13.6 Conclusion 247 Chapter 14 Child Poverty in Bangladesh and the Social Protection Response: A Brief Overview and Ways Forward 251 Disa Sjöblom 14.1 Introduction 251 14.2 Child poverty in Bangladesh 252 14.3 Social protection in Bangladesh 254 14.4 Reforms and recommendations 267 Chapter 15 UNICEF Support to Bangladesh Government in Modeling Child Sensitive Social Protection 271 Rose Anne Papavero 15.1 Background 271 15.2 Strengthening the child protection system through modeling 272 15.3 Alternatives have been identified and promoted in particular livelihoods/liveli-hoods promotion of alternatives 275 15.4 Interlink between harmful social norms change and child protection system strengthening: Transformative social protection 280 15.5 Human Interest Story 1: Cash transfers bring new hope to children made vulnerable by cyclone Sidr - September 2010 283 15.6 Human Interest Story 2: Cash transfers offer new hope to urbanpoop-march 2011 285
xii Social Protection in Bangladesh 15.7 Human Interest Story 3: A new chapter in his life waits for Sakib at the Drop in Centre [D1C] - April 2011 286 Chapter 16 The Fiscal Dimensions of Social Protection Reforms in Bangladesh 289 Bazlul Plaque Khondker and Biplab Kumar Datta 16.1 Introduction 289 16.2 Overview of social protection in Bangladesh 291 16.3 Fiscal space and allocation requirement 297 16.4 Scaling up and fiscal space 299 16.5 Policy recommendations 307 Chapter 17 The Treatment Effect of Social Safety Nets Programmes in Bangladesh: A Regression Discontinuity Design Approach 311 Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman 17.1 Introduction 311 17.2 Social safety net programmes 314 17.3 Regression discontinuity design 316 17.4 Background and the data 320 17.5 Estimated results 324 17.6 Discussion 328 17.7 Conclusion 331 Part IV Conclusion Chapter 18 Social Protection in Bangladesh: The Road Ahead 339 Index Hossain Zillur Rahman, David Hulme, Mathilde Maitrot and Luigi Peter Ragno 18.1 Upscaling social protection: An einerging national priority 339 18.2 Where does Bangladesh stand on social protection? 340 18.3 Building blocks for a national social protection strategy 342 18.4 The road ahead: Business-as-usual or beyond the injustice of poverty? 349 355