Anti Trafficking Action Aspects from History Interdisciplinarity Basics Combination of theory and practice oriented aproaches Problem oriented (not to get lost in the Bermuda Triangle of theoretical concepts 1
Connecting with other forms of forced labour What can history offer? Trafficking was targeted since the 19th century Historical anti trafficking action is comparable with contemporary forms of action Characeterized by governance structures: co operation between civil society actors, state, politics, media, business Framed by main stream discussions in society and politics 2
What can history offer? It is not the job to tell thrilling stories Offers empirical data to evaluate strategies: We can look on time periods of different shape to check the intentions and results of policies Empirical data Archival sources on transnational, national, regional and locallevel Up to national level: political & state bodies, esp. police, courts etc., NGOs, hospitals Int. Level: NGOs, conference proceedings, League ofnations (3 enquetes: trafficking in the Atlantic region & Asia; living conditions of prostitutes worldwide 3
Actors, Frames and Coalitions. Governing Trafficking in Women in Central Europe Based on a project proposal written by Birgit Sauer, Jürgen Nautz, Susanne Kimm Analyzing processes of decision making and policy implementation in the two periods of intense debates about trafficking (1870s 1930s and after 1989) Aim: explaining how international norms are implemented at national levels and which factors might contribute to country specific ways of norm diffusion and policy implementation. 1. detecting differences and similarities in the countries of the region in the implementation of transnational norms and conventions 2. Comparing the two stages of intensified national and international anti trafficking regulations (diachronic perspective) 3. Can help to understand the possible impact of past policy processes on recent policy making and explain the relation of social change and political regulation of trafficking. 4. This will shed light on historical ruptures, continuities and path dependencies in framing the issue, in legal approaches and in policy solutions, chances of current policies. Aims, expected results 1. detecting differences and similarities in the countries of the region in the implementation of transnational norms and conventions 2. Comparing the two stages of intensified national and international antitrafficking regulations (diachronic perspective) 3. Can help to understand the possible impact of past policy processes on recent policy making and explain the relation of social change and political regulation of trafficking. 4. This will shed light on historical ruptures, continuities and path dependencies in framing the issue, in legal approaches and in policy solutions, chances of current policies. i 5. Research approach can be labeled as a diachronic and synchronic comparative discursive policy analysis of multi level governance processes 4
Administrative Divisions and Capitals, 1914 Some examples Plethora of court proceedings; police investigations, legislation, throughout the area of the former Habsburg Monarchy and the German Reich Hanau police 1837 German emigration act 1897 with anti trafficking trafficking regulations, no legislation in Austria Hungary Swiss legislation and diplomatic activities 5
Referring to past life Characterization of clients by the Austrian Anti Trafficking League 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Innocent but (more or less) morally endangered 314 312 390 471 458 514 Suspected of loose living 223 214 170 299 245 219 Vagrents 30 10 15 94 94 45 Fallen 172 129 198 260 260 227 Total 739 665 768 1.124 1.015 1.005 Service Local Committee Czernowitz, 1913 Cases Job placements 660 Legal protection 26 Shelter 170 Railway mission 31 Total 887 6
Services Società d assistenza e protezione femminile, 1913 Cases Obtaining documents 95 Medical treatment 17 Legal assistance (before courts) 19 Clothing 36 Accommodation 40 Transport home 10 Advise 450 Information provides 199 Interventions / mediations with authorities a. private parties 142 Job placements 1.012 Alma. Der Roman einer Gefallenen (1903) The youngest daughter of a criminal family makes a career, first as a prostitute for students, thenas spouse andwife of noble men. Later in her life she lived as a highly respected widow in a representative mansion somewhere on the countryside until a former client, who had contact with her as a student, discovered her. Alma. The novel of a fallen woman: a supplement to Ludwig West (Johannes Gaulke): Der moderne Mädchen handel. Enthüllungen aus dunklen Häusern (The Modern Trafficking in Girls. Disclosures from Dark Houses) 7
Monthly Belastung of a prostitute in a brothel in St. Pölten Source: Bericht des Magistrat St. Pölten, Polizeiamt, an das Amt der n.ö. Landesregierung in Wien, Bericht vom 22. März 1929, betreffend Abbau der Bordelle in St. Pölten, Zl. L.A.I/6a 695/8 1929, in: AdR, BKA, BMI 4768. *) room rent: Sundays 10 ATS, Saturdays 20 ATS, other days of the week 5 ATS. Average Costs ATS Room rent, 4 weeks *) 220 1 bath per week 2 Monthly fee for floor cleaning 3 Fee for dish washingpaidto thecook 4 12 physical examinations, 3 ATS each 36 Meals 5 ATS per day (optional) 150 Laundry 5 Heating during winter time 20 Total costs 440 Average charge intercourse per night 25 + surcharge Strumpfgeld 5 single intercourse 5 Average level of debt 100 Statistik der Bekämpfung des Mädchenhandels, 1. Juli 1935 bis 30. Juni 1936 Quelle: Bundes Polizeidirektion in Wien and das Bundeskanzleramt, Generaldirektion für die öffentliche Sicherheit, Abteilung 2, G.M. 42/7/36, Bekämpfung des Frauen und Kinderhandels Jahresbericht pro 1935 1936, ad Erlaß des Bundeskanzleramtes Zl. 182.738 GD.2 vom 12. Juli 1933, Wien, am 12. August 1936, in: AdR, BKA BMI 4768. Vorgang Total Inländer Ausländer Strafanzeigen bei Gericht wegen Kuppelei Fälle, die anderen Zentralbehörden mitgeteilt wurden Heimbeförderte oder ausgewiesene ausländische Prostituierte Personen, die heimbefördert oder ausgewiesen wurden unter der Beschuldigung Kuppelei zu betreiben oder vom Ertrag der Prostitution gelebt zu haben 128 114 14 40 14-14 14-14 8
Effects of industrialization Especially the institutional conditions for and the effects of the industrialization like the growing gemployment of women represented for the anti trafficking activists a potential hazard for young women, especially when they had lost the protection of their family (Austrian League report 1912: 5). This was often the case because a significant share of these working girls migrated from rural regions and small towns into the emerging big cities and industrial agglomerations (Ravenstein 1889). Such estimations can be found nearly everywhere in the transatlantic world (i.e.: William Stead s English reports; from North America: Florence Mabel Dedrick s chapter Our Sister of the Street ; 1910). Connecting with other forms of forced labour 9