"Dynamics of voluntary homicide in Italy and criminal contexts transformation

EURES "Dynamics of voluntary homicide in Italy and criminal contexts transformation Presentation by Fabio Piacenti EURES Economical and Social Studies, CEO Mexico City, June the 20 th, 2014 DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 1

Voluntary homicide in Europe. Values and rate (average 2008-2012) France UK Germany Italy Poland Romania Spain Lithuania Belgium Greece Bulgaria Netherlands Hungary Portugal Finland Czech Rep. Slovacchia Sweden Latvia Estonia Austria Ireland Denmark Slovenia Cyprus Luxembourg Malta UE 27 Average (05-10) Voluntary Homicide Count 236 193 162 148 147 138 123 114 100 88 81 72 72 58 51 47 14 14 7 6 216 460 397 393 563 721 720 695 Index for 100.000 population Lithuania Estonia Slovacchia Czech Rep. Netherlands Belgium Spain Sweden Finland Hungary Cyprus Luxembourg France Poland Portugal Slovenia UK Malta Greece Italy Bulgaria Latvia Ireland Germany Romania Austria Denmark UE 27 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.7 4.2 5.6 7.7 Among the large European Countries, France (721 homicides as average between 2008 and 2012) and UK (720), have the highest homicide number, followed by Germany (695) and Italy (563). Comparing the populations, as the chart shows, Italy has one of the lowest indexes (0,9 homicide per 100.000 population), as well as Bulgaria, Latvia and Ireland, after Germany and Romania (0,8), Austria and Denmark (0,7). Higher indexes are in Greece (1,0), in Malta and UK (1,1), in Slovenia, Portugal and France (1,2). The highest risk is been detected in the Baltic Republics as Lituania (7,7) and Estonia (5,6). DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 2

Voluntary homicide count and rate in some non-european countries Count (Average 2008-2012) Rate per 100,000 (2008-2012) Brazil India Nigeria Mexico Congo South Africa USA Colombia Russia Venezuela China Pakistan Ethiopia Myanmar Philippines Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Ecuador Argentina Jamaica Paraguay Canada Japan Costa Rica Cuba Australia 22,563 18,586 16,558 14.800 15,170 14,818 14,365 14,296 13,093 11,048 8.044 7,649 6,091 6,049 3,703 2,428 2,252 1,392 740 532 515 489 477 250 33,817 45,992 42,567 Average ITA: 563 Honduras El Salvador Jamaica Venezuela Guatemala Colombia South Africa Brazil Nigeria Mexico Ecuador Myanmar Congo Ethiopia Paraguay Costa Rica Russia Philippines Pakistan Argentina USA Cuba India Canada China Australia Japan 23.5 20.0 19.1 16.2 15.2 12.5 12.0 11.5 10.5 10.3 8.1 7.5 5.6 4.9 4.2 3.5 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.4 32.7 32.2 50.8 49.5 42.5 59.6 79.0 Average UE: 1,7 Average ITA: 0,9 Comparing Europe with the rest of the World, the Continent seems like an happy island: considering the five Emerging Economies (the BRICS), South Africa with 16.600 homicides per year between 2008 and 2012, has an index almost twenty times higher than Europe (36,5 homicide per 100.000 population). It is been found a similar situation in Brazil with an average of 46.000 annual homicide along with an index of 23,5, followed by Russia (15.000 homicides and an index of 10,3), India (43.000 and 3,5) and China, with 14.000 homicides and an index slightely higher than Italy (1,4). DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 3

Trend of voluntary homicide in Italy. Values and rates 1971-2013 Average on a five years basis 1971-2013. Values 1,695 Years 1990-2013. Values 1,306 1,283 1,042 1,016 542 673 847 674 596 527 750 598 617 631 611 590 530 551 526 505 71-75 76-80 81-85 86-90 91-95 96-00 01-05 06-10 11-13 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 3.1 Trend in Italy between 1990 and 2013 Rate for 100.000 population 1.7 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 Between 1971 and today, in Italy, there has been a growing trend in the first twenty years, with a peak in the early nineties, a gradual decrease in the next two decades, and a stable value, close to 500-550 cases in the last five years. At the same time the rate per 100.000 population has gradually decreased from 3.1 in 1990 to 1.3 in 2000, dropping to 0.9 in 2010 and 0.8 in 2013. 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 4

Trend of homicides related to organized criminal groups in Italy Values and percentage 1990-2013 1,695 Total homicides Homicides related to criminal organized groups 1,016 509 750 707 641 719 711 601 617 631 611 590 529 552 527 505 348 224 172 140 168 212 143 156 152 128 109 94 81 84 68 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 30.0 34.3 29.9 Percentage homicides related to organized criminal groups/total homicides 24.3 21.8 23.4 29.8 23.8 25.3 24.1 20.9 18.5 17.8 14.7 15.9 90 95 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 13.5 The main reason for the decrease in homicides in Italy is the modification of the strategies adopted by the Mafia, characterized by a growing "camouflage" in the legal economics and in productive business, where to launder the proceeds of criminal activity, and a consequent progressive renouncing of the homicidal mean. The murders certainly attributed to the Mafia - number, however, underestimated -, were in fact 509 in 1990 down to just 68 in 2013. DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 5

Trend and incidence of homicides in the 4 italian regions with the highest Mafia penetration 1,633 1,811 Sicily, Calabria, Campania, Puglia. 1990-2013 1,189 1,256 1,442 970 1,077 985 1,016 4 regions at risk MAFIA Others Italy 28% of Italian population 444 555 472 678 795 755 619 644 398 420 399 366 372 397 335 668 705 584 609 598 617 631 611 590 358 391 352 297 304 327 305 330 311 280 277 251 353 301 290 326 281 279 529 552 527 505 286 323 276 277 243 229 251 228 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 Other regions 4 regions at risk MAFIA Percentage of the homicides in the 4 italian regions with the highest Mafia penetration 55.6 50.3 45.9 41.5 47.6 45.1 63.4 72.8 44.4 49.7 54.1 58.5 52.4 54.9 36.6 Beyond the homicides certainly attributed to the Mafia, the dynamic observed in Italy is directly derived from that of the 4 mafia regions (Calabria, Sicily, Puglia, Campania), where the main criminal organizations (Mafia, Camorra, Ndrangheta, Pugliese Organized Crime) have their own territorial reference: between 1990 and today the homicides in these 4 regions has fallen from 1,189 to 276, while those made in the Centre-North, went from 444 to 272. The rate per 100,000 population (average 2000-2013) is 1.4 in the 4 mafia regions, dropping to 0.7 in the rest of Italy. 4 regions at risk MAFIA Rate per 100.000 (2000-2013) 0.7 1.4 27.2 DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 6

Dynamics of homicide in Italy according to Geographic Area Percentage distribution. Years 1990-2013 74.5% 68.3% 60.7% 57.6% 51.7% 50.5% 53.0% 51.5% Rate per 100,000 Average 2010-2013 17.5% 8.0% 22.7% 9.0% 27.4% 11.9% 29.0% 13.5% 33.0% 34.3% 33.1% 15.3% 15.2% 13.9% 29.9% 18.6% South Central 0.7 1.3 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 North Central South North 0.6 Percentage distribution of homicides according to geographic area. Average 2010-2013 Central 15,7% South 51,7% North 32,6% The South of Italy is the area of major incidence of homicide (with the 51.7% of the total between 2010 e il 2013), followed by the North (32,6% of the victims) and by the Central Area (15,7%). The rate per 100,000 population is 1.3 in the South, falling to 0.7 in the Centre and to 0.6 in the North. Considerably higher in the past, the percentage of cases in the South, reaching 68.3% of the total in 1995 and 74.5% in 1990. DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 7

Dinamics on homicides in Italy on a demographic basis Rate for 100,000. Years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010-2013 3.0 >250.000 50-250.000 15-50.000 5-15.000 <5.000 Total 4.0 1.8 3.0 3.1 2.5 2.6 2.7 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.2 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 >250.000 50-250.000 15-50.000 5-15.000 <5.000 Percentage distribution on demographic basis Average 2010-2013 14.1 19.2 21.6 23.4 21.7 The homicidal risk in Italy is strictly related to the size of the population, being the highest in large urban areas with more than 250,000 population (1.2 per 100 000 in 2013) and the lowest in small towns (0.8 in municipalities with less than 15,000 population). The homicidal rate is, however, in strong decrease in all considered groups, declining by more than two-thirds of its value between 1990 and 2013. DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 8

Context-related homicidal distribution in Italy 2000 2005 2010 2013 Average 2010-2013 35.4 33.6 29.9 29.1 29.4 25.1 17.7 13.1 11.0 15.7 22.6 20.4 14.4 17.9 13.8 24.6 Family and intimate partner Organized criminal groups Other interpersonal contexts Common criminality Family and intimate partner Common criminality Other interpersonal contexts Organized criminal groups Others/Non available 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % 226 29,9 174 29,1 178 33,6 195 35,4 175 33,3 179 35,4 109 14,4 107 17,9 73 13,8 97 17,6 122 23,2 124 24,6 83 11,0 94 15,7 120 22,6 117 21,2 89 16,9 103 20,4 222 29,4 150 25,1 94 17,7 81 14,7 84 16,0 66 13,1 116 15,3 73 12,2 65 12,3 61 11,1 56 10,6 33 6,5 Total 756 100,0 598 100,0 530 100,0 551 100,0 526 100,0 505 100,0 Since 2000, in Italy the highest number of voluntary homicides happens in the family and in intimate context, the rising incidence of which reached the highest value in 2013 (35.4%). Numerous murders are attributed to common crime (24.6% in 2013) and to the other interpersonal contexts, as neighborhood, acquaintanceship and friendship, or work and business relationship, intragroup or ethnics (20.4%). In the 2013 it s been recorded the lowest incidence of mafia-related homicides (13.5%). DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 9

Homicidal distribution according to the weapon 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 64.2 55.1 54.2 44.5 44.8 15.3 17.9 19.9 24.3 25.3 11.3 12.7 13.4 14.8 14.1 14.9 14.3 7.8 8.7 8.3 Firearm Stabbing weapon Improper weapon Physical violence Weapon used in homicides in Italy. 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 to 2013. Values and % 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % Firearm 652 64,2 416 55,1 324 54,2 236 44,5 235 42,6 255 48,5 226 44,8 Stabbing weapon 155 15,3 135 17,9 119 19,9 129 24,3 146 26,5 109 20,7 128 25,3 Improper weapon 115 11,3 96 12,7 80 13,4 78 14,8 92 16,8 70 13,4 71 14,1 Physical violence 79 7,8 66 8,7 50 8,3 79 14,9 75 13,7 77 14,6 72 14,3 Not available 15 1,5 42 5,6 25 4,2 8 1,5 3 0,5 15 2,9 8 1,6 Total 1.016 100,0 755 100,0 598 100,0 530 100 551 100,0 526 100,0 505 100,0 Next to the contexts of the voluntary homicides, the type of weapon used in Italy has changed as well: firearms remain the most frequent (44.8% in 2013), but declines of nearly 20 percentage points compared to 1995 (64.2%). Is in sharp increase, instead, the use of stabbing weapons (from 15.3% in 1995 to 25.3% in 2013), and especially the physical violence (strangulation, suffocation, beatings), grown from 7.8% in 1995 to 15% in recent years. DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 10

Solved homicides in Italy Years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010-2013. Percentage 75.5 68.5 68.6 66.2 54.7 58.4 44.9 35.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 Investigative result between 1990 and 2013. Values and percentage 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 Values % Values % Values % Values % Values % Values % Values % Values % Positive 582 35,6 456 44,9 413 54,7 349 58,4 363 68,5 378 68,6 348 66,2 368 75,5 Negative 1.051 64,4 560 55,1 342 45,3 249 41,6 167 31,5 173 31,4 178 33,8 133 26,5 Total 1.633 100,0 1.016 100,0 755 100,0 598 100,0 530 100,0 551 100,0 526 100,0 501 100,0 Considering the decrease in the mafia homicides, generally with an unknown perpetrator in the short term, and the increase in the interpersonal homicides, almost always solved by the Police, as well as the best investigative capacity and scientific investigation, the percentage of positive results in Italy, as shown, is growing day by day, going up from 35.6% in 1990 to 75.5% in 2013. DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 11

Dynamic of homicides in Italy according to the gender of the victims Years 1990-2013. Percentage Rate (2010-2013) Male 1.3 88.9 87.7 84.7 80.5 81.2 80.9 Women 0.5 71.2 77.3 78.2 76.0 73.6 69.0 69.4 70.2 73.9 76.9 70.7 77.0 75.9 70.7 70.2 69.1 69.8 64.7 11.1 12.3 15.3 19.5 18.8 19.1 28.8 22.7 21.8 24.0 26.4 31.0 30.6 29.8 26.1 23.1 29.3 23.0 24.1 29.3 29.8 30.9 30.2 35.3 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 % Victims Men % Victims Women The knowledge about the profile of the victims is of great important to understand the changes of the murders in Italy. In fact the victims are males in 77.5% of cases and females in the remaining 24.5% (average 1990-2013), except within the family, where most of the victims (63,3%) are female. The incidence of women, however, is progressively increased from 11. 1% in 1990 to 26.4% in 2000, to 35.3% in 2013, the highest number ever recorded in Italy. At the same time the specific rate per 100,000 population (average 2010-2013) is 1.3 for men and 0.5 for women. Family and intimate Common criminality Interpersonal Organized crime Total Gender victims according to homicidal context. 2000-2013 36.7 71.9 79.9 87.0 97.7 63.3 28.1 20.1 13.0 2.3 DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 12

Dynamics of the homicides in Italy according to the age of the victims 50.0 47.7 46.0 47.2 20.0 18.9 19.2 45.0 40.0 38.1 39.9 41.2 41.6 44.5 15.0 10.0 10.0 12.3 11.0 14.8 15.5 6.4 35.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 5.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 Population average age Victims average age Incidence 65+/total population Victims 65+ years 28.8 71.2 33.3 36.4 37.7 66.7 63.6 62.3 45.4 44.0 54.6 56.0 49.1 52.3 50.9 47.7 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 Victims 45+ years Victims younger than 45 years Even the age of the victims explains the transformation of the homicidal behaviour in Italy over the last 25 years. The increasing incidence of interpersonal homicides and common criminalityrelated, and therefore, the importance of economic factors, leads to an increase in the presence of adult and elderly victims. The percentage of victims with more than 45 years in fact rose from 28.8% in 1990 to 36.4% in 2000, and to 52.3% in 2013; at the same time the percentage of elderly victims rose from 6.4% in 1990 (when it accounted for 15% of the population), to 19.2% in 2013, a value close to their actual incidence population. DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 13

Dynamics of the homicides in Italy according to the nationality of the victims Share of the victims by nationality italian and Not-Italian victims. Values 1990-2013 3.7% 11.4% 12.5% 18.2% 22.8% 22.8% 1,572 900 Not-Italians Italians 96.3% 88.6% 87.5% 81.8% 77.2% 77.2% 629 545 547 489 484 512 464 446 409 419 416 390 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 154 116 61 90 113 109 132 119 147 144 121 132 108 115 The Not-Italian victims trend differs from the homicidal general dynamic, increasing between 1990 and 2009 and decreasing slightly in the last 4 years. This trend is directly related to Rate per 100.000 population non Italian and total. 1990-2013 the large number of immigrants who 16.9 reached Italy in the last 20 years, whose integration process has been more difficult in the first decade, 7.8 improving progressively in subsequent 6.5 years. 4.6 5.0 4.0 4.3 3.7 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.8 The rate per 100,000 population remains among the "Not Italians" 3.1 1.7 1.3 much higher than the total (2.8 in 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 2013 against 0.8) and its victims 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 percentage is grown from 3.7% in 1990 to 22.8% in 2013. 1990 1995 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 14

FOCUS 1 - HOMICIDES IN THE FAMILY AND IN THE INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS Values and percentage of the total. 2000-2013. 226 223 201 192 195 194 195 187 174 167 172 178 175 179 29.9 32.9 35.2 30.5 26.7 29.1 31.7 26.5 28.2 32.9 33.6 35.4 33.3 35.4 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Focusing on the homicides in the familiar and intimate context (from 2000 to today), their number and their features result more or less stable, with an annual average of 184 victims, amounting to a victim every 2 days. Their highest number is in the North Italian regions, probably because of its smaller family structure (predominantly mononuclear), for its strong cultural changes in family organization and gender relations, as well for the domestic and foreign immigration that has generated important crosscultural conflicts in family relationships. The victims of the familiar homicides are mainly women (63.5% of the total between 2000 and 2013) while the 86.9% of the perpetrators are men. Family homicides according to the geographic area. Percentage 2000-2013 Family homicides according to the victims gender. Percentage 2000-2013 42.7 38.0 33.0 27.9 33.7 30.3 31.5 34.9 33.5 28.4 39.7 34.2 37.7 41.9 34.8 58.7 64.6 63.2 67.7 68.4 56.3 68.7 59.6 60.8 68.0 61.6 61.3 61.1 67.6 63.5 15.6 19.8 17.2 21.6 21.4 21.1 20.3 17.2 21.4 17.0 17.3 18.6 15.4 20.1 18.8 41.8 42.2 49.8 50.5 44.9 48.6 48.2 47.9 45.1 54.6 43.0 47.2 46.9 38.0 46.4 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13Average 41.3 35.4 36.8 32.3 31.6 43.7 31.3 40.4 39.2 32.0 38.4 38.7 38.9 32.4 36.5 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13Average North Central South Male Female DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 15

FOCUS 1 - HOMICIDES IN THE FAMILY AND IN THE INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 19.3 51.8 52.4 16.1 10.7 12.8 Incidence of relationship in the family and intimate homicides. Years 1990-2013. Percentage 25.0 11.9 45.0 21.9 51.3 49.1 23.5 24.7 23.4 14.3 17.1 9.6 9.7 10.3 57.0 19.0 12.3 11.7 Gender victims % in according to relationship in family and intimate homicides. Average 2010-2013 76.8% 23.2% 55.7% 44.3% 41.5% 58.5% 34.0% 66.0% 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 71.1 70.5 67.8 64.9 Parents Couple (spouse, partner, ex) Parents Children Other family members Victims mean age according to relationship in family and intimate homicides. Years 2000-2013 55.5 48.2 47.7 50.4 Other family members 44.8 44.5 43.6 46.3 Couple (spouse, partner, ex) 2000 2005 2010 2013 17.6 20.4 13.5 13.4 Children 45.1 47.6 48.4 44.6 Total Couple Parents Children Other family Inside the family and in intimate homicides, emerges, over the years, a constant incidence of the various actors involved: their majority generally happens within the couple (spouse, partner, expartner), a percentage between 20-30% involves the parent/child relationship (with a prevalence of victims among parents) and the remaining 20-25% regards the other familiar figures. The gender distribution shows a prevalence of female victims in the couple (76.8%) as well as parents (55,7%), while the male victims prevail among the children (58,5%) and especially within other familiar figures (66%). DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 16

FOCUS 2 COMMON CRIMINALITY HOMICIDES IN ITALY 67 73 10.2 10.4 Values and percentage of the total. 2003-2013 Generally increasing in Italy, the homicides committed by the "common criminality" (or 151 diffuse) represent a heterogeneous and 135 highly variable context. The robberies and 122 124 the activities related to prostitution and 103 95 97 drugs are hits most relevant fields, as well as the presence of homicides resulting from 76 73 urban traffic conflicts, fights between young people or other litigation without precedent violence or contact. To note, in particular, 23.9 22.1 23.2 24.6 15.9 17.5 12.3 13.8 17.6 the increasing number of bloody murders for robbery targeting alone elderly, pointed out by a close insider often working for them (caregivers, gardeners, craftsmen, etc). 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 23.3 6.8 19.4 17.5 Contexts related to the common criminality homicides (2009-2013) 11.0 2.7 32.9 8.2 28.9 2.1 26.8 10.3 20.5 4.9 7.4 19.7 27.4 28.0 9.7 14.5 15.3 5.8 20.7 15.2 Homicides robbery-related (2009-2013). Values 33.0 45.2 32.0 47.5 33.1 38.8 34 33 31 58 41 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Media 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Robbery Drugs Occasional crime Prostitution Other motivs DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 17

FOCUS 3 DYNAMIC AND TYPE OF THE INTERPERSONAL HOMICIDES IN ITALY 83 11.0 Trend 2000-2013. Values and % 94 15.7 120 117 22.6 21.2 89 16.9 103 107 20.4 20.3 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 MEAN (2010-2013) In evidence, finally, the trend and the composition of the interpersonal homicides represents in Italy about a fifth of the intentional total (107 cases, the average 2000-2013). Their growth compared to 2000 is due to the numerous murders intra-group, made within immigrant communities for reasons not related to illegal activities, but also to the many murders work- or business-related, linked to the economical crisis still present in Italy, which reached the highest peak in 2013 (46 murders, amounting to 9.1% of the total, compared with values always lower than 5% in previous years). The growth of the neighborhood murders, linked to the exasperation of futile conflicts, seems to indicate the risk of a growing number of ordinary citizens, worn off and hopeless, to turn themself into unpredictably heinous criminals. Composition % of interpersonal homicides in Italy Years 2000-2013 Homicides working or money related/total homicides Years 2000-2013. Count and % 46 15.7 16.0 17.5 12.0 14.6 20.4 24.1 21.3 19.2 20.5 20.2 33 33 60.2 62.8 63.3 67.5 65.2 44.7 35.0 20 23 25 22 21 20 19 18 16 16 12 2.7 3.6 4.9 4.7 2.1 3.2 3.2 2.5 3.4 2.7 4.3 4.5 3.4 9.1 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 Acquaintences Working/Money related Neighborhood Values % of total victims DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 18

PROFILE OF THE PERPETRATORS Perpetrators according to the gender. Average 2008-2013 (%) Main perpetrators of intentional homicides in Italy according to the gender Years 2008-2013 Values and percentage 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Male: 91,4% V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % V.A. % Men 416 91,6 495 91,7 400 89,5 399 91,9 383 91,4 407 92,3 Women 38 8,4 45 8,3 47 10,5 35 8,1 36 8,6 34 7,7 Female: 8,6% Total 454 100,0 540 100,0 447 100,0 434 100,0 419 100,0 441 100,0 Main perpetrators according to the gender and homicidal context Organized crime 100.0 Family and intimate 86.9 13.1 Working/Economic relationship 94.9 5.1 Neighborhood 91.8 8.2 Common criminality 95.4 4.6 Acquaintances 96.0 4.0 The homicides perpetrator is a man in 91.4% of the total, rising to 100% among those mafia-related. A higher female incidence is found in family and intimate partner homicides (13.1%) and, secondarily, in the neighborhood relations (8.2%). Marginal, however, is the role of women in the murders of acquaintances (4% of the perpetrators), in common criminality (4.6%) and in those working or business related (5.1%). DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 19

PROFILE OF THE PERPETRATORS Perpetrators by age. Average 2010-2013 (%) Perpetrators according to nationality. Average 2010-2013. % Fino a 17 anni 2.2 18-24 anni 25-34 anni 35-44 anni 15.1 23.0 23.9 Italians: 71% Not- Italians: 29% 45-54 anni 14.9 55-64 anni Oltre 64 anni Non disponibile 5.2 8.1 7.7 Mean Age Perpetrators: 39,6 Victims: 46,4 Total population: 43,2 Incidence on population Italian perpetrators: 0,6/100.000 Not italian perpetrators_ 2,9/100.000 Homicides victims and perpetrators according to professional situation. Average 2010-2013 Victims Perpetrators 47.5 Employed 48.9 52.5 Non-professional status 51.1 Comparing perpetrator and victim profiles, is been discovered, among the first, an average age lower than 6 years (39.6 years versus 46.4), and a percentage of employment comparable to that of the victims (48.9% versus 47.5%). The incidence of non-italian authors (29%) showed that their homicidal rate in five times greater than the Italians (2.9 perpetrators per 100,000 not-italian population versus 0.6 among Italians). DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY HOMICIDE IN ITALY AND CRIMINAL CONTEXTS TRANSFORMATION 20