Chapter 12 Reconstruction
Effects of the War Women Take over for men Run farms Spies Nurses Raise cleanliness standards in medicine
Effects of the War African-Americans Not allowed to fight early in war Frederick Douglass 54 th Mass. Segregated troops led by whites
Effects of the War African-Americans 13 th Amendment (1865) Outlawed slavery in America
Effects of the War Union Saved Slavery Ended South economically destroyed
Defeated South General Robert E. Lee asked the south to accept defeat and unite as Americans again.
The Reconstruction Battle Begins Union troops and cannons had devastated most Southern cities and the South s economy The president and Congress had to deal with Reconstruction, or rebuilding the South after the Civil War. They also had to decide under what terms and conditions the former Confederate states would rejoin the Union.
The Reconstruction Battle Begins President Lincoln s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction called for a general amnesty, or pardon, to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the United States and accepted the Union s proclamations concerning slavery. After ten percent of the state s voters in the 1860 presidential election had taken the oath, the state could organize a new state government.
Reconstruction Name given to the period of rebuilding the nation after the Civil War Lincoln s Goal: Reconciliation NOT Punishment With malice towards none, and charity for all to bind up the nation s wounds
Plans for Reconstruction Presidential Plan Lincoln s 10% Plan South should be allowed to re-enter the Union as easily as possible. Have southerners take an oath of loyalty to the United States. Southern states had to accept new state constitutions that banned slavery and gave blacks the right to vote. Create the Freedmen s Bureau to help the freed slaves.
Loyalty Oath I,, do solemnly swear, in presence of almighty God, that I will support the Constitution of the United States and that I will obey all acts of Congress passed during the existing rebellion with reference to slaves; so help me God. Whenever 10% of voters in a Confederate state shall take this oath, that state government shall be recognized
Southerners must: Take oath of loyalty & accept emancipation Gov t must be reorganized Lincoln s Plan
The Reconstruction Battle Begins The Radical Republicans in Congress, did not want to reconcile with the South. The Radical Republicans had three main goals. They wanted to prevent the Confederate leaders from returning to power after the war. They wanted the Republican Party to become powerful in the South.
The Reconstruction Battle Begins They wanted the federal government to help African Americans achieve political equality by guaranteeing them the right to vote in the South. Moderate Republicans thought Lincoln s plan was too lenient on the South and the Radical Republicans plan was too harsh.
The Reconstruction Battle Begins By the summer of 1864, the moderates and the radicals came up with a plan that they both could support, the Wade-Davis Bill. Lincoln thought the plan was too harsh, so he blocked the bill with a pocket veto. He did this by letting the session of Congress expire without signing the bill.
Wade-Davis Bill The Wade-Davis Bill required the majority of adult white men in a former Confederate states to take an oath of allegiance to the Union. The state could then hold a constitutional convention to create a new state government. Each state s convention would then have to abolish slavery, repudiate all debts the state had acquired as part of the Confederacy, and deprive any former Confederate government officials and military officers the right to vote or hold office.
The Freedmen s Bureau Thousands of freed African Americans, known as freedmen, had followed General Sherman and his troops as they marched through Georgia and South Carolina. To help the freed people get food, Sherman set them up on plantation land along the South Carolina coast. As a result of the refugee crisis, Congress established the Freedmen s Bureau.
The Freedmen s Bureau Created by Congress in 1865 to help the slaves. Provided them with food and clothing. Helped them find jobs Helped establish schools to provide them with an education.
The Freedmen s Bureau The Bureau was to feed and clothe war refugees in the South using army surplus supplies. It also helped freedmen find work and negotiated pay and hours worked on plantations. The Bureau provided schools, paid teachers, and helped establish colleges for training African American teachers.
Freedmen s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
Freedmen s Bureau School
Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South
Checking for Understanding Reconstruction; amnesty; pocket veto; freedmen. Indirectly vetoing a bill by letting a session of Congress expire without signing the bill. Pocket veto The act of granting a pardon to a large group of people. amnesty
Checking for Understanding Reconstruction; amnesty; pocket veto; freedmen Persons freed from slavery Freedmen The reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War Reconstruction
President Andrew Johnson «Democrat. «Grew up poor «former slave owner «Only southern democrat to not secede «Hated the wealthy
Johnson Takes Office Andrew Johnson became president after Lincoln s assassination. Johnson had a plan for restoring the South to the Union also. His plan included having each former Confederate state call a constitutional convention to repeal its order to secede and to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery. They also had to reject all debts acquired during the Civil War.
Johnson Takes Office Johnson granted pardons to thousands of Southerners. Many members of Congress were angry that several former Confederate officers and political leaders were elected to Congress. Radical and moderate Republicans voted to reject these new members of Congress.
Johnson Takes Office The new Southern state legislatures passed laws, known as black codes, that severely limited African Americans rights in the South. The codes varied from state to state, but in general, they were written with the intention of keeping African Americans in conditions similar to slavery. The black codes enraged Northerners.
Black Codes Purpose: * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. * Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
Black Codes Southern states refused to accept the principles of the 13 th Amendment. Many southern states passed THE BLACK CODES Laws that prevented African Americans from: Gaining political, social and economic freedom Voting Owning guns Serving on juries Living in towns Traveling without permits
Radical Republicans Republican Congressmen that felt Lincoln s and Johnson s plan were too lenient Mostly northerners They believed South should be punished They saw the South as traitors. Outraged by Black Codes They wanted Blacks to have full equality.
Radical Republicans Take Control In March 1866, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The act gave citizenship to all persons born in the United States, except Native Americans. It allowed African Americans to own property and be treated equally in court. It granted the U.S. government the right to sue people who violated these rights.
Radical Republicans Take Control The Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States. It said that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. No state could deny any person equal protection of the laws.
Radical Republicans Take Control The Fourteenth Amendment became the major issue in the congressional election of 1866. Increased violence against African Americans and their supporters erupted in the South. The Republicans won a three-to-one majority in Congress. In March 1867, Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act.
Radical Republicans Take Control This act did away with Johnson s reconstruction programs and divided the former Confederate states, except Tennessee, into five military districts. Each state had to write a constitution Congress would accept, give the right to vote to all adult male citizens, and ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. Then the state could elect people to Congress.
Radical Republicans Take Control Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which required the Senate to approve the removal of any government official whose appointment had required the Senate s approval. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton agreed with the Radical Republican Reconstruction plan and President Johnson challenged the Tenure of Office Act by firing Stanton.
Radical Republicans Take Control The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson. They charged him with breaking the law by refusing to uphold the Tenure of Office Act. After more than two months of debate, the Senate vote was one vote short for conviction. Johnson did not run for election in 1868 and General Ulysses S. Grant won the election.
Radical Republicans Take Control Republicans kept majorities in both houses of Congress. The Republican-led Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment said that the right to vote could not be denied on account of race, color, or previous servitude. The amendment became part of the Constitution in 1870.
Radical Republicans Take Control Radical Reconstruction changed Southern politics by bringing hundreds of thousands of African Americans into the political process for the first time. It began to change Southern society. Laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers were known as? Black Codes
Republican Rule in the South During Reconstruction, many Northerners moved to the South and many were elected or appointed to positions in the state governments. Southerners referred to these Northerners as carpetbaggers because some brought suitcases made of carpet fabric.
Carpetbaggers «Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. «Called carpetbaggers by white southern Democrats.
Hillary Running for Senate in NY
Republican Rule in the South Many Southerners viewed the Northerners as intruders who wanted to profit from the South s postwar troubles. Southerners disliked scalawags white Southerners who worked with the Republicans and supported Reconstruction. Thousands of formerly enslaved people took part in governing the South.
Scalawags Southern whites who sided with the Union and joined the Republican Party Traitors
Republican Rule in the South They were delegates to state conventions, local officials, and state and federal legislators. The Republican Party became powerful in the South and started many major reforms including repealing the black codes, making many more state offices elective, and establishing a system of public schools. Some Republicans in the South were corrupt. Graft, or getting money illegally through politics, was common in both the South and the North.
African American Communities Many formerly enslaved African Americans attended schools in the South during Reconstruction. An important network of African American colleges and universities began to grow in the South. African Americans in the South established churches, which served as the center of many African American communities.
Southern Resistance Many Southern whites resented African Americans and the Black Republicanism that many Southerners claimed ruled the South. Some Southerners organized secret societies such as the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan s goal was to drive out the Union troops and carpetbaggers and regain control of the South for the Democratic Party.
KKK Begins
The Ku Klux Klan KKK was founded in 1866 by 6 former Confederates Terrorists Used intimidation, fear and violence
Southern Resistance Klan members terrorized supporters of the Republican governments. Republicans and African Americans formed their own militia groups to fight back.
The Grant Administration Democrats attacked the Republican economic policies, saying that the policies benefited wealthy Americans at the expense of the poor. Liberal Republicans agreed with the Democrats and left the Republican Party in 1872. Despite the split in his own party, Grant won the election of 1872.
Grant Presidency He urged radical Republicans not to be harsh with former Confederates. He served during most of Reconstruction He advocated rights for the freedman Opposed retribution directed at the defeated South
Grant Administration Scandals «Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. * Credit Mobilier Scandal. * Whiskey Ring * Salary Grab
Crѐdit Mobilier illegal manipulation of contracts by the Union Pacific Railroad and the Credit Mobilier construction company. Oakes Ames, a member of the House of Representatives from Massachusetts, was also the head of a company called the "Credit Mobilier" which had been formed to build the Union Pacific Railway Fearing that Congress would pass laws that might hurt the enterprise, Oakes Ames gave stock in the company to other members of Congress. Despite the inquiry nothing definite could be proved against any members, and the matter dropped. http://www.american-historama.org/1866-1881- reconstruction-era/credit-mobilier-scandal.htm
Crѐdit Mobilier The Crédit Mobilier scandal of 1872-1873 damaged the careers of several Gilded Age politicians. Major stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed a company, the Crédit Mobilier of America, and gave it contracts to build the railroad. They sold or gave shares in this construction to influential congressmen. It was a lucrative deal for the congressmen, because they helped themselves by approving federal subsidies for the cost of railroad construction without paying much attention to expenses, enabling railroad builders to make huge profits. The scandal showed how corruption tainted Gilded Age politics, and the lengths railroads and other economic interests would go to assure and increase profits. The Reader s Companion to American History. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors. Copyright 1991 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
Whiskey Ring Scandal In the United States, the Whiskey Ring was a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors. The Whiskey Ring bribed IRS officials and accomplices in Washington in order to keep liquor taxes for themselves.
Reconstruction Ends Southern Democrats appealed to white racism and defined the elections as a struggle between whites and African Americans. By 1876 the Democrats had control of most Southern state legislatures. The Republican candidate in the election of 1876 was Rutherford B. Hayes who wanted to end Radical Reconstruction.
Reconstruction Ends The Democratic candidate was Samuel Tilden. There was so much election fraud that it was hard to tell who had won. Congress appointed a commission to decide the outcome of the election and they said Hayes won. The outcome of the election is known as the Compromise of 1877.
Reconstruction Ends Compromise of 1877 to get Southern Democrats in Congress to agree to Hayes as president, the compromise included the promise by the Republicans to pull federal troops out of the South. Hayes pulled federal troops out of the South. This ended Republican governments and Reconstruction in the South.
The Compromise of 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes is given the Presidency when Republicans agree to: 1.Name a Southerner to Cabinet 2.Federal spending on rebuilding South 3. Remove military from the South The removal of troops = the end of Reconstruction!!!
End of Reconstruction The Reconstruction period ended following the extremely close presidential election of 1876. In return for support from Southern Democrats in the electoral college vote, the Republicans agreed to end the military occupation of the South. Known as the Compromise of 1877, this enabled former Confederates who controlled the Democratic Party to regain power. It opened the door to the Jim Crow Era and began a long period in which African Americans in the south were denied the full rights of American citizenship.
A New South Arises Many Southern leaders realized the South could never return to the pre-civil War agricultural economy dominated by the planter elite. Instead, these Southerners wanted a New South with a strong industrial economy. Iron and steel industries, tobacco processing, and cotton mills developed in parts of the South.
A New South Arises Many parts of the South still based their economies on agriculture. Most African Americans had little political power and worked under difficult and unfair conditions. For them, the end of Reconstruction meant a return to the Old South. Their hopes of being granted their own land collapsed.
A New South Arises After Reconstruction ended, African Americans returned to plantations owned by whites, where they worked for wages or became tenant farmers, paying rent for the land they farmed. Most tenant farmers ended up becoming sharecroppers, they paid a share of their crops to cover their rent and farming costs.
Sharecropping (Tenant Farmers) Rented pieces of land usually from former master Forced to give percentage of crops to Plantation owner
A New South Arises Sharecroppers obtained other farm supplies from country stores and furnishing merchants, buying on credit at high interest rates. To get the money from the sharecroppers, the law allowed merchants to put crop liens on the crops the merchants could take some of the crops to pay the debts.
Crop Lien System Sharecroppers had no income until harvest time Had to promise their crops to local merchants in order to get supplies
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds lien {mortgage} on part of tenant s future crops as repayment of debt. Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer s future crop.
A New South Arises The crop lien system led to debt peonage. Sharecroppers became trapped on the land because they could not make enough money to pay off their debts and leave. Declaring bankruptcy was not an option, because failure to pay off debts could lead to imprisonment or forced labor.