Election of 1864 Lincoln (U) defeats McClellan (D) - 212 to 21; 55%-45% Republican Party vanished - Joined w/ War Democrats to form Union Party maneuver to corale unified front against the Southerners and Copperheads (radical Peace Democrats) - Andrew Johnson, Democrat, ran on ticket
Lincoln v Congressional Reconstruction Lincoln: Favorable to the South Lincoln s 10% Plan: - If 10% of voters in 1860 election pledged loyalty to US, state could be readmitted - Congress felt it was too lenient Wade-Davis Bill: - Congress (Republicans) sought 50% of voters in 1860 election to pledge allegiance - Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln
The Union Survives Why did the Union ultimately win the war? What were the consequences of the Civil War?
Reconstruction, 1865-1877 What was it? Attempting to achieve national unification after the Civil War Key questions regarding Reconstruction: Who would control it? Congress? President? How would South be treated?
Lincoln Assassinated (Apr 14, 1865) Ford s Theater, Washington DC - John Wilkes Booth, fanatical pro-southern actor shot Lincoln, who died the next morning Martyr: Now he belongs to the ages - Killed at height of his fame, all of his achievements seemed to outweigh his shortcomings - Southerners came to realize he would have best during Reconstruction (moderation, kind temperament)
With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural, March 4, 1865
Civil War Amendments
Background Info The Emancipation Proclamation gave a moral cause to the Civil War Lincoln worried that it would not be applicable post-civil War Republicans wanted to gain power in the South post Civil War Radical Republicans sought to punish former Confederate leaders
13th Amendment, 1865 What it says: Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation What the amendment did: - Abolished slavery EVERYWHERE in the US - Huge economic and social implications for the country
th 14 Amendment, 1868 What it says: Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. What it did: - Section 1 Born in the US? You re a citizen (Overturned Dred Scott decision); equal protection of laws used frequently in the future - Section 3 Confederate officials could not hold US office sorry Alexander Stephens
15th Amendment, 1870 What it says: - Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. - Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation What it did: - Provided suffrage for African American males - Helped provide for large Republican support from blacks in the South
Impacts of the Amendments Women s Rights Movement: The 14th and 15th amendments divided the group - Frederick Douglass and others favored black suffrage PRIOR to women s suffrage - Lucy Stone and the American Women Suffrage Association hoped to achieve suffrage after Reconstruction - Elizabeth Cady Stanton feared suffrage was not likely near, National Woman Suffrage Association advocated an amendment for women s suffrage
Impacts of the Amendments Ways Southern states got around them: - Local political tactics: Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses Sharecropping = peonage: freed men exchanged labor for using land to grow crops, ½ of which went to landowner; had to borrow $ to get started Majority of black people in the South were sharecroppers by 1890 - Segregation - Violence KKK - Supreme Court decisions: Civil Rights Cases Congress could not prohibit discrimination by private businesses and individuals Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld separate but equal facilities
Andrew Johnson President following Lincoln s death Democrat from the South (Tennessee) - Disliked by Radical Republicans followed Lincoln s 10% plan and offered pardons to Confederates Resisted Republican Reconstruction attempts - Opposed 14th Amendment - Impeachment? Tenure of Office Act
Freedmen s Bureau (est. 1865) Goal: to help former slaves survive and adjust to new life - Food, medicine, and clothing were provided to former slaves and poor whites Promised 40 acres and a Mule Biggest success? (Higher) Education. - 25 HBCUs by 1872
Election of 1876 Samuel Tilden (D) wins, but loses - 50.9% v 47.9% & 165 to 164-20 Electoral votes were disputed in 4 states Rutherford B Hayes (R) wins, on 2 conditions 1) Military administration in the South removed 2) Southerner appointed to Pres. Cabinet This informal agreement is known as the Compromise of 1877
End of Reconstruction Why did it end? 1) North s waning resolve: - Charles Sumner died in 1874 - Panic of 1873 hurt Republican Party as many began to call for a smaller government 2) Compromise of 1877 Impact of the end of Reconstruction? - Jim Crow Laws (supported by Plessy v Ferguson) developed - Disenfranchisement for black people