ANTIPERSONNEL MINES: KEY FACTS & FIGURES

ANTIPERSONNEL MINES: KEY FACTS & FIGURES Source: Landmine Monitor Report 2012 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) The figures given in this paper are to be used with caution. They are often based on incomplete data collection, as many countries lack reliable means for data collection and statistics. SUMMARY: Around 80 countries and territories were still contaminated by antipersonnel mines in October 2012. There has been a decrease in the number of casualties due to landmines and explosive remnants of war: 8,000 recorded casualties at the beginning of 2000/ 4,286 recorded casualties in 2011. There are still an estimated 350 casualties due to landmines and explosive remnants of war per month, or one casualty every two hours. 72% of recorded casualties for which the status was known are civilians from which 42% are children. Most accidents take place in the course of day-to-day activities. It is estimated that there are 500,000 survivors of accidents caused by landmines and explosive remnants of war in the world. No official use of antipersonnel mines by a State Party was reported since the entry into force of the Treaty in 1999 but allegation of use by two States Parties in 2012. In 2012, use of antipersonnel mines by one non signatory state to the Ottawa Treaty (Syria). 12 countries are still identified as producers of antipersonnel mines (around 50 in 1999). Only India, Pakistan, South Korea and Myanmar are likely to actively produce AP mines. No states, even not parties to the Ottawa Treaty, export antipersonnel mines. For the last decade, global trade in antipersonnel mines has only consisted in low-level, illicit and unacknowledged transfers. In 2012, more than 160 million antipersonnel mines were still being stockpiled by 33 non States Parties. 1999 to august 2011: around 90 million stockpiled antipersonnel mines were destroyed. Global funding for mine action reached $662 million in 2011. 1999 to 2011: more than 4000 km² were cleared more than twice the surface area of London. 2011: at least 478 km² of land were cleared. As of October 2012, 22 States Parties have completed their clearance operations. 27 State Parties applied for and were granted extensions to their mine clearance deadlines. 1999 to 2011: more than 50 million people benefited from awareness-raising through Mine/ERW risk education programmes. Victim Assistance: several States Parties with a high number of victims have reinforced their actions and services for victims through better coordination, planning and understanding of victims needs and problems. Challenges to availability and accessibility of assistance and services for survivors were identified in at least 12 countries in 2011, primarily due to declining international assistance (-30% comparing to 2010) and new or intensified conflicts. More than 80% of countries in the world are States Parties to the Ottawa Treaty (160). But 34 countries are still not signatories to the Mine Ban Treaty, including China, United States, Russia and India. Handicap International / Advocacy Unit 28 November 2012 1

COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES AFFECTED BY ANTIPERSONNEL MINES 72 countries and 6 territories were contaminated by mines as of October 2012 Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Burundi*, Cambodia, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo-Brazzaville*, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti*, Egypt, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Georgia, Germany*, Greece*, Hungary*, India, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan*, Kirghizstan, Kosovo, Laos, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Mauritania, Moldavia*, Montenegro*, Mozambique, Myanmar (Burma), Nagorno- Karabakh, Namibia*, Niger, North Korea, Oman*, Pakistan, Palau*, Palestinian Territories, Peru, Philippines*, Russia, Senegal, Serbia, Somalia, Somaliland, South Korea, South Sudan, Sudan, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Sahara, Yemen and Zimbabwe. *: countries with residual mines problems. In italics: territories Argentina and the UK both claim sovereignty over the Falkland Islands/Malvinas, which still contain mined areas. VICTIMS OF ANTIPERSONNEL MINES AND EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR NB: the data collected does not differentiate between mine casualties and casualties of explosive remnants of war. In 2011, 4,286 new casualties of mines and explosive remnants of war were recorded in 56 countries and 5 territories: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cambodia, Chad, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Georgia, Guinea- Bissau, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar (Burma), Nagorno- Karabakh, Nepal, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Palestinian Territories, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, Somaliland, South Korea, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor Leste, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Vietnam, Western Sahara, Yemen. The real figures are certainly higher, as many countries lack reliable means for data collection and statistics. In 2011, 10 new countries recorded casualties: China, Cuba, Mali, Morocco, Poland, Rwanda, El Salvador, South Sudan, Syria and Timor Leste. Out of the 4,286 new casualties recorded: - 72 % (75 % in 2010) of casualties for which the status was known were civilians; - 90% of casualties for whom the gender was known were male; - 42% of the casualties for whom the age was known were children (83% of these were boys). In some countries, percentage of children amongst recorded civilian casualties is even higher (around 90% in Kenya, Uganda, Yemen, around 60% in Libya, Afghanistan, Lao ). It is therefore estimated that there are at least 350 casualties a month or one casualty every two hours. This number may seem high, but there has been a decrease in the annual number of new casualties since the treaty came into force. At the beginning of the 2000s, 8,000 casualties were being recorded each year. However, the total number of survivors of antipersonnel mine accidents is still increasing. It is estimated to be several hundreds of thousands. The figure generally given is 500,000. For civilians, most of the accidents take place in the course of their day-to-day activities (herding cattle, playing, looking for food, wood, metals, etc.), especially in rural areas. Handicap International / Advocacy Unit 28 November 2012 2

USE OF ANTIPERSONNEL MINES 1999: reported use of antipersonnel landmines by 15 states. In 2012: Only one states (non signatory to the Ottawa Treaty) has used antipersonnel mines: Syria [in Syria]. -In 2011, three other States used AP mines: Libya [in Libya], Israel [in Israel], Myanmar [in Myanmar]. Since 2009, Russia is not reported as a user anymore. And in July 2012, Myanmar declared not using antipersonnel landmines anymore. Those two countries had been regularly using AP mines before. No official use of antipersonnel mines by a State Party to the treaty was reported. There are, however, disturbing allegations of use by Turkey (2009) Yemen (2012) and Sudan (2010-2012). Non-state armed groups have used anti-personnel mines in at least six countries in 2012: - in Afghanistan, Colombia, Thailand and Yemen + allegation of use in South Sudan and Sudan (States Parties); - in Myanmar and Pakistan (non-states Parties). PRODUCTION OF ANTIPERSONNEL MINES 1999: approximately 50 countries produced antipersonnel mines. 2012: 12 countries identified as producers of antipersonnel mines, either because they are producing them (4) or because they reserve the right to do so (8): China, Cuba, India, Iran, Myanmar (Burma), North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, United States and Vietnam. In bold = Countries liable to have actively produced antipersonnel mines in 2012. With the exception of China, Russia and the United States, the former biggest producers and exporters are now States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty. Among the non-states Parties, four former producers have stopped the production of antipersonnel mines: Egypt, Israel, Nepal and Poland. Egypt and Israel had been major producers. TRADE IN ANTIPERSONNEL MINES For the last decade, global trade in antipersonnel mines has only consisted in low-level, illicit and unacknowledged transfers. For the period covered by the report, only a small number of cases of this type of traffic in antipersonnel mines were reported. No states, even those which are not parties to the Ottawa Treaty, export antipersonnel mines. Handicap International / Advocacy Unit 28 November 2012 3

STOCKPILING AND DESTRUCTION OF ANTIPERSONNEL MINES 1990s: 240 million antipersonnel mines stockpiled in 131 countries; 1999 to May 2008: 86 million stockpiled antipersonnel mines destroyed. 2012: more than 170 million antipersonnel mines stockpiled in 37 countries. More than 160 million are stockpiled by 33 non-signatory states: Chine (110 million), Russia (24.5 million), United States (10.4 million), Pakistan (6 million), India (4-5 million)... Four States Parties to the Treaty still need to destroy their stockpiles: Belarus, Finland, Greece and Ukraine. Belarus, Greece and Ukraine have missed their stockpile destruction deadline and are in violation of the Treaty. As of 2012, 153 of the 160 States Parties declared that they didn't have or no longer had any stockpiles of antipersonnel mines. It is not known if Guinea-Bissau, Somalia and South Sudan have any stockpiled antipersonnel mines. 88 States Parties to the Treaty have completed the destruction of their stockpiles, destroying over 45 million antipersonnel mines: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cap-Verde, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo-Brazzaville, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Germany, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mauritania, Moldavia, Montenegro, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, New-Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Salvador, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Surinam, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. FUNDING OF MINE ACTION Global funding for mine action reached 662 million dollars in 2011 (+ $25 million comparing to 2010). This amount has never been so high. With regard to international funding contributions, the United States are the biggest contributor with $131.4 million (+1.4% on 2010), followed by Norway ($53.4 million, +6.2%), Australia ($45.7 million, +87.3%) and Japan ($43 million, -8%). The top recipient states were Afghanistan ($98.7 million), Cambodia ($35.8 million), Iraq ($34.4 million), Sri Lanka ($25 million), South Sudan ($23 million), Lao ($21.6 million), Libya ($19 million), Democratic Republic of Congo ($18.8 million), Bosnia-Herzegovina ($14.7 million), Angola (13.3 millions USD) Up to 2015, an estimated $300 million per year will be needed for mine action. Handicap International / Advocacy Unit 28 November 2012 4

MINE CLEARANCE AND RISK EDUCATION 1999 to 2011: more than 4000 km² were cleared more than twice the surface area of London - in more than 90 countries and other regions. Almost 22 million explosive remnants of war were destroyed, and 2.6 million antipersonnel mines. 2011: at least 478 km² of land were cleared: 190 km² of mined areas, 55 km² of cluster munition contamined areas and 233 km² of battle areas, which represents the destruction of more than: - 325, 000 antipersonnel mines, - 52, 000 unexploded submunitions - 30, 000 antivehicle mines, - 830, 000 unexploded or abandoned ordnances. 22 countries have completed their clearance operations since the Treaty entered into force: Albania, Bulgaria, Burundi, Costa Rica, Denmark, El Salvador, France, Gambia, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Jordan, Macedonia, Malawi, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Rwanda, Suriname, Swaziland, Tunisia and Zambia. 27 States Parties applied for and were granted extensions to their mine clearance deadlines: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cambodia, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Croatia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cyprus, Ecuador, Eritrea, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Peru, Senegal, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom, Venezuela, Yemen and Zimbabwe. Comment: United Kingdom and Argentina both claim sovereignty over the Falkland Islands and have requested an extension to their clearance deadline for this contaminated territory. Number of demining accidents in 2011: 86 casualties, more than the half of which occurred in Afghanistan and Iraq. 1999 to 2011: more than 50 million people benefited from awareness-raising through Mine/ERW risk education programmes. VICTIM ASSISTANCE 1999 to 2011: victim assistance is a component of mine action that evolves slowly. By adopting the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014, States Parties have committed in concrete actions toward victim assistance in order to improve the lives of mines and explosive remnants of war victims. However, global funding dedicated to this part of mine action are insufficient and was decreased by 30% since 2010 the lowest level since the Monitor began reporting by sector in 2007. Despite the progress made by affected states to fulfill their victim assistance obligations, the majority of victims experienced little benefit from the actions undertaken. In 2011, several States Parties with a high number of victims have reinforced their actions and services for victims through better coordination, planning and understanding of victims needs and problems. Challenges to availability and accessibility of assistance and services for survivors were identified in at least 12 countries in 2011, primarily due to declining international assistance and new or intensified conflicts. 67% of survivors consider that their government does not take their needs into account. Nine victims out of 10 believe that they are among the last to be selected for a job (Source: «Voices from the Ground - Landmine and Explosive Remnants of War Survivors Speak out on Victim Assistance» - Handicap International September 2009). Handicap International / Advocacy Unit 28 November 2012 5

OTTAWA TREATY: STATES PARTIES, SIGNATORIES AND NON- SIGNATORIES 162 states are signatories to the Mine Ban Treaty (including 160 States Parties) as of 28 November 2012 Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua-and-Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi*, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cap-Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo-Brazzaville*, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Djibouti*, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Germany*, Ghana, Greece*, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary*, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Island, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan*, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldavia*, Monaco, Montenegro*, Mozambique, Namibia*, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Palau*, Panama, Papua-New-Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines*, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Salomon Islands, Salvador, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Spain, Sudan, Surinam, Sweden, Switzerland, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Timor- Leste, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia*, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine*, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Including 2 states which still need to ratify the Mine Ban Treaty: Marshall Islands and Poland. 34 states are non-signatories to the Mine Ban Treaty Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China, Cuba, Egypt, Finland, Georgia, India, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Laos, Lebanon, Libya, Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tonga, United Arab Emirates, United States, Uzbekistan and Vietnam. Nevertheless, it is notable that: - 17 non states parties to the Treaty expressed their support for the ban on antipersonnel mines in the vote on the annual UN General Assembly resolution on the Ottawa Treaty resolution in December 2012. Among them, importantly, was China. - 15 non- state parties took part in the 11 th Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty that was held in Phnom Penh in December 2011, including China, India, Myanmar, Singapore, the US and Vietnam. Countries which are underlined are affected by antipersonnel landmines (*: residual contamination) ANTIPERSONNEL MINES: OBJECTIVES IN 2012 Universalisation of the Mine Ban Treaty and compliance with its implementation, and notably compliance by the states with the deadlines provided for by the Treaty for the destruction of stockpiles and the clearance of contaminated areas (4 years and 10 years respectively from the date of entry into effect of the Treaty in the country). The implementation of the Cartagena Action Plan and national victim assistance plans, to improve the lives of mine and explosive remnants of war victims. Increase in the global resources dedicated to mine clearance, community awareness-raising and victim assistance. Handicap International / Advocacy Unit 28 November 2012 6