Summary of report on the issue Annex to the paper entitled Fatal victimization of children in the public setting due to interpersonal community violence: a diagnosis of the magnitude and contexts of vulnerability in Latin America 1. Peres et al. 2015 Title of report/publication, year Hidden in plain sight: a statistical analysis of violence against children, 2014. Institution Latin American countries Types of violence addressed Contexts of vulnerability/vulnerabilization UNICEF Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay, Venezuela. Physical violence (fatal and non-fatal); sexual violence; psychological violence. Specific manifestations of these types of violence: Violence as a form of discipline. Violence between peers (physical attack, fights, bullying); violence by partner among adolescents. Low national income per capita, economic and social inequalities; availability of firearms; low educational standards; ineffectiveness of democratic rule of law; high levels of crime and presence of gangs; cultural values that tolerate violence as a means of resolving conflict, that give priority to the parents rights on child well-being and that sanction male domination of children and women. Global study on homicide 2013: trends, contexts, data, 2013. UNODOC All Latin American countries. Homicide (defined as unlawful intentional killing of one person by another). Occurrence of other criminal activities; presence of organized criminal groups or gangs; use of illegal drugs; operation of illegal drugs markets; role of state in the control of drugs trafficking; acceptance and adoption of violence or punishment as a means of resolving conflict; 1 Paper for discussion at the workshop Prevention of Violence against Children in Latin America of the 9th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Forum on Public Safety, 28-29/7/2015, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro. 1
Children affected by armed conflict and other situations of violence, 2011. Nem guerra nem paz: comparações internacionais de crianças e jovens em violência armada organizada (Neither war nor peace: international comparisons of children and youths in organized armed violence), 2005. World report on violence and health, 2002. ICRC Honduras, Guatemala and Brazil. Luke Dowdney (executive coordinator); Viva Rio, ISER and IANSA (general coordinator) Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua. Children affected by armed conflict- CABAC, used to refer to children and youths that, directly or indirectly, suffer the consequences of armed conflicts or armed violence. Children and youths in organized armed violence (trafficking gangs, groups of delinquents, gangs, paramilitary groups). WHO Global report Typification of violence; general panorama on the global occurrence of homicides, suicides and non-fatal violence; juvenile violence (homicides and non-fatal violence in 10-29 year age group); maltreatment and neglect of children by parents or other caregivers; violence between partners; abuse of elderly; sexual violence; selfdirected violence; collective violence. availability of firearms; ineffectiveness of the justice system (impunity low levels of investigation and sentencing of homicide cases). Presence of wars and/or armed conflicts of other kinds such as those related to organized criminal groups or gangs. Economic and social inequalities; poverty; deficiencies in the State in implementing public policies; high levels of young unemployment; low schooling level, illegal drugs market; access to firearms; police repression; extrajudicial killings by the police; code of physical punishment (including death) among armed violent groups. Risk factors for juvenile violence: Individual factors (biological, psychological and behavioral characteristics); relational factors (influence of family and peers); community factors (juvenile gangs, availability of firearms, drugs trafficking; lack of social capital in the communities); social factors (social and demographic changes, income inequalities; failures in governmental action; cultural values that tolerate violence). 2
Urbe, violencias y jóvenes, (Metropolis, violence and youths) 2014. Neither Rights Nor Security: Killings, Torture, and Disappearances in Mexico s War on Drugs, 2011. Aprenderás a no llorar: Niños combatientes en Colombia (Learn not to cry: child combatants in Colombia), 2004. Paramilitaries Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia, 2010. Ulises Urusquieta (College of Mexico, Center for Sociology Studies) Guatemala. Intra-family and community violence. Focus on juvenile vulnerability to involvement in pandillas or maras criminal gangs. Homicide of youths. Human Rights Watch Mexico. Homicides; torture and forced disappearances (general population, including youths) Human Rights Watch - UNICEF Colombia. Child combatants in armed groups (Guerrilla forces and paramilitary groups - FARC-EP, UC-ELN, AUC); torture; physical punishments and as perpetrators children forced to kill) Human Rights Watch Colombia. Emergence of new paramilitary groups and their violent practices (murders, torture, rapes, threats, forced displacements and extortion); recruitment of children, adolescents and youths as combatants. (Groups: Low human development index; high rate of young informal employment; large number of orphans due to protracted civil war; displacement of families due to armed violence; presence of narcotraffic; involvement in pandillas or maras gangs; children hired as enforcers (for different unlawful actions and even homicides); police corruption (police involved with organized criminal groups). Narcotraffic; police violence; extrajudicial executions; impunities (related to torture, extrajudicial executions and disappearances). Poverty; armed conflicts; families displaced by force; family violence and physical or sexual abuses; shoot outs; availability of firearms; physical corporal punishments (including death) for those not doing their duty in armed groups or those attempting to leave; absence of punishment for those responsible for recruiting children into armed groups. Failure by the government to dismantle the Paramilitaries Heirs group (AUC); lack of government action against abuses and violations perpetrated by these new groups; illegal and violent actions of these 3
El impacto de las armas de pequeñas en los niños y adolescentes en América Central y el Caribe (Impact of small arms in boys and adolescents in Central America and the Caribbean). A case study of El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, 2007. Homicídios de crianças e jovens no Brasil 1980-2002 (Homicides of children and youths in Brazil), 2006. Análisis de las Ejecuciones Arbitrarias y/o Muertes Violentas de niños, niñas y jóvenes en Honduras, (Arbitrary and/or Violent Deaths of boys, girls and youths in Honduras), 2011. Map of Violence: youths in Latin America, 2008. Urabeños, Rastrojos, ERPAC, Paisas, Machos, New Generation, Magdalena Medio, Renacer, Black Eagles in Nariño]. UNICEF El Salvador and Guatemala. Children as victims, perpetrators and witnesses of armed violence. NEV/USP (Center for Studies on Violence/University of São Paulo) Casa Honduras Alianza Julio Jacobo Waiselfisz (coord.). Latin American Network of Technological new groups: control of territory through threats and extortion, drugs trafficking and other criminal activities, generalized abuses against civilians. Cultural acceptance and justification for weapons possession, including among boys; cultural acceptance of violence as a means of resolving conflicts; availability of weapons; failures by the State to control and prevent access to weapons, including within juvenile detention centers; child participation in armed organized pandillas gangs; ineffective justice system; Brazil. Child victims of homicides. Social inequalities; poor social system; arbitrarities and violence of the State; access to firearms; strengthening of organized crime; greater exposure to alcohol and drugs use. Honduras Children and young victims of executions and violent deaths. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Deaths caused by external causes, including homicide of youths (age 15-24 years). Poverty and socioeconomic inequality, access to firearms; impunity for perpetrators of murders; involvement in maras and pandillas gangs. Availability of firearms; socioeconomic inequalities; rapid processes of urbanization; violent and authoritarian political structures. 4
Map of Violence 2012. Children and adolescents in Brazil, 2012. Children in danger: Act to end violence against children, 2014. Crime and violence in Central America: A Development challenge, 2011. Easy targets: violence against children worldwide, 2001. Information (RITLA); Sangari Institute; Ministry of Justice Julio Jacobo Waiselfisz (coord.). CEBELA; FLACSO Uruguay, Venezuela. Brazil. Death due to external causes, including homicides of children and adolescents (0-19 years) and non-fatal violence (physical, psychological, torture, sexual, abandonment). UNICEF Argentina, Colombia, Paraguay, El Salvador. World Bank Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras. Physical and emotional abuse, sexual violence, exploitation, trafficking, murder, robbery, extortion, violent discipline, bullying, childhood marriage, harassment, neglect and torture of children. Violence is one of the leading causes of injury and death among children. Armed interpersonal conflicts; violence caused by involvement with gangs. Human Rights Watch Guatemala, Colombia. Violence against street-dwelling children, torture during police interrogation, violence occurring at detention/correctional facilities, violence within schools, workplaces, orphanages and in places affected by armed conflict. Torture, corporal punishment, physical abuses, violence and sexual exploitations, injustices, psychological harassment, discrimination and in extreme cases, death. Situation of harassment and discrimination concerning gay, lesbian, Banalizing and acceptance of violence, blaming of victims; failures by institutions in their duty to provide protection. Gangs, organized crime, family violence, juvenile detention institutions. Gangs, organized crime. Gangs, organized crime, state detention institutions and facilities, armed conflicts and high-risk situations in schools, orphanages, the street and workplace. 5
bisexual and transgender adolescents. Global Status Report on Violence Prevention, 2014. Away from Home: Protecting and supporting children on the move, 2008 Reporte al 2013: Implementación de las Recomendaciones del Estudio de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Violencia contra los Niños (Implementation of the Recommendation from the UN Study on Violence against Children) EVCN in Latin America, 2013.. Levels & Trends in Child Mortality, 2014. Expanding the UN s Children and Armed Conflict WHO, UNODOC, United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Global report Fatal and non-fatal interpersonal violence, sexual violence, violence in youth, maltreatment of children and in youths; programs for prevention of maltreatment of children and youths). In-depth information on the existence of violence prevention programs classified as YES or NO for all Latin American countries. Save the Children No Latin American countries. Physical aggressions, sexual abuse involving blackmail by security authorities at borders; trafficking and smuggling of migrant children; discrimination. World Movement for Childhood of Latin America and the Caribbean (MMI LAC) All countries of Latin America except Belize, Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Paraguay, Surinam and Uruguay. Social risk factors (poverty, social and cultural gender norms, unemployment, gender and income inequality, fast social changes and limited educational opportunities; Transversal risk factors strongly associated with the different types of violence such as ease of access to firearms and other weapons and alcohol abuse. Situations of risk concerning children on the move at borders. Bullying, family violence. Factors of socioeconomic vulnerability. UNICEF All Latin American countries. Mortality in children aged 0-5 years.. Socioeconomic factors such as housing in rural and poor areas and maternal illiteracy. Watchlist on Children and Armed Conflicts Colombia. Kidnappings, rapes and other forms of sexual abuse, murders and Zones of armed conflict 6
Agenda: Briefing Note, 2015. Children in danger: a guide to the humanitarian challenge at the border, 2014. If not now, when? Ending violence against the world s children, 2014. Toward a world free from violence: Global survey on violence against children, 2013. Why children s protection from violence should be at the heart of the post-2015 Development Agenda, 2014. World Report on Violence Against Children, 2006. American Immigration Council Center International Cooperation: York University UN on New mutilations, blocked access to humanitarian aid, recruitment and exploitation of child labor in armed groups, illegal detention of children, attacks on schools and hospitals. Mexico, Guatemala, Abuses, aggression, killings. Honduras, El Salvador, Panama, Nicaragua, Costa Rica. Brazil, El Salvador, Chile. Homicide, abuses, exploitation, trafficking, early or arranged marriages, female genital mutilation, exploitation of child labor, recruitment of children as soldiers and all forms of violence and torture against children. Violence occurring in the private sphere, such as traffic and sexual exploitation. All countries, except Ecuador, Paraguay, Surinam and Uruguay.. UN All countries except Argentina, Belize, Chile, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Venezuela. Family violence, violence within schools, violence in care centers and institution of the justice system, violence in the workplace and community violence. Negligence, physical aggression, psychological abuse, sexual violence, arranged marriages, honor killings, exploitation, torture, forced disappearance, sentencing in mock courts. UN World Report Physical violence Lethal violence Gangs, organized crime. Socioeconomic vulnerabilities preventing development in children. Zones of armed conflict, gangs, organized crime. Socioeconomic and environmental factors, organized crime, armed conflict forcing migration and displacement and the search for refuge. Socioeconomic factors and deprived development, service centers and institutions of the criminal justice system, gangs, criminal groups. Disparities between the countries (socioeconomic development), race, class, religion and culture (socially accepted violence). Occurs in different 7
violence. settings: family (home), schools, places of work and entertainment, besides centers of care or detention. Main perpetrators include parents, other family members, teachers, caregivers, authorities responsible for law enforcement and even other children. La violência contra niños, niñas y adolescentes (Violence against children and adolescents): Latin American Report by of World Study of the United Nations, 2006. Las Voces de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes sobre la violencia (Voices of Boys, Girls and Adolescents on Violence), 2006. Mapeo Región America Del Sur (Mapping of the South UNICEF Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela. UNICEF Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Peru and Dominican Republic. WORLD MOVEMENT FOR CHILDHOOD - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Physical violence Lethal violence violence. Physical violence Lethal violence violence. Physical violence Lethal violence Urban and rural environments, regions cities, within cities, age gender and socioeconomic group. Children suffering maltreatment at home or living on the streets, police violence; children exposed to forced labor who suffer abuses of all kinds, especially girls forced into prostitution. Lack of social policies; drugs trafficking and use; marked use of firearms; presence of gangs or criminal groups. Greater concentration of violence in urban areas; socioeconomic context; sex; age; race; violent behavior of parents; occurrence of violence among children who work; streetdwelling children; insecurity in the community such as robberies, presence of gangs, shoot outs, trafficking and use of drugs. Violence by state agents in the street and care and rehabilitation institutions. Socioeconomic context; race; sex; violent home; insecurity in the 8
American Region): Implementation of the Recommendation of the World Study on Violence against boys and girls, 2011. Violencia contra los niños, niñas y adolescentes: Estado de situación de los países de Centroamérica, México, Cuba, y República Dominicana en relación con la violencia contra los niños, niñas y adolescentes en seguimiento al Estudio de Naciones Unidas sobre la Violencia contra los Niños, (Violence against boys, girls and adolescents: status of the situation of the countries of Central America, Mexico, Cuba and the Dominican Republic on violence against boys, girls and adolescents in the UN Study on Violence against Children), 2012. Plan Internacional, Redlamyc, Unicef, Save the Children, Visión Mundial Office of the Special Representative for following the recommendations of the UN study on violence against children - WORLD MOVEMENT FOR CHILDHOOD Plan Internacional, Redlamyc, Unicef, Save the Children, Visión Mundial Office of the Special Representative for following the recommendations of the UN study on violence against children - Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico, Cuba, Republic Dominicana violence. Physical violence Lethal violence violence. community; children that are forced to work; activities of organized crime; existence of armed conflict. Alcohol use; trafficking and use of drugs; presence of gangs. Police violence and the protection and justice institutions. Life course of the victim; their age and gender; family; cultural and socioeconomic context; characteristics of their community. Involvement in gangs or organized crime; easy access to firearms; migrant children. 9