CED: An Overview of the Law

Immigration and Refugees Notes for III: Persons Who are Inadmissible to Canada III.1: Security Grounds and Human Rights Violations FN1. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 34(1) [am. 2013, c. 16, s. 13(1)- (2.1)]. FN2. Daud v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2008), 2008 CarswellNat 1800 FN3. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 34(1)(b); Najafi v. Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) (2014), 2014 CarswellNat 5396 (F.C.A.); leave to appeal dismissed (2015), 2015 CarswellNat 1116 (S.C.C.) (Court of Appeal upheld board's deportation order for citizen of Iran member of Kurdish Democratic Party in Canada; "subversion by force of any government" not limited to force considered illegitimate or unlawful pursuant to international law; "organization" including organization operating in Canada whose activities were lawful in Canada while person was member). FN4. Oremade v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2005), 2005 CarswellNat 2211 FN5. Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2002), [2002] 1 S.C.R. 3 (S.C.C.). FN6. Poshteh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2005), 2005 CarswellNat 564 (F.C.A.); reconsideration refused (2005), 2005 CarswellNat 2279 (F.C.A.); Kanagendren v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (2015), 2015 CarswellNat 815 (F.C.A.) (no contextual analysis of complicity required to determine if applicant was member of terrorist organization). FN7. Peer v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2011), 2011 CarswellNat 1917 (F.C.A.). FN8. Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act, S.C. 2000, c. 24, ss. 4-7. FN9. Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act, S.C. 2000, c. 24, s. 6(3)-(5); Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 35(1). FN10. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 33 ("reasonable grounds to believe" is more than mere suspicion and connotes degree of probability based on credible

evidence); Thanaratnam v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2004), [2004] 3 F.C.R. 301 (F.C.); reversed on other grounds (2005), [2006] 1 F.C.R. 474 (F.C.A.). FN11. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 42.1 [en. 2013, c. 16, s. 18]. FN12. Ezokola c. Canada (Ministre de la Citoyenneté & de l'immigration) (2013), 2013 CarswellNat 2463 (S.C.C.) (refugee claimant excluded on ground that he was government minister during time that government committed crimes against humanity; appeal allowed; complicity requires voluntary, knowing and significant contribution to crime or criminal purpose of group). III.2(a): Criminal Inadmissibility General FN1. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 36(1). FN2. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 36(2). FN3. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 37 [am. 2013, c. 16, s. 15; 2015, c. 3, s. 109]. III.2(b): Criminal Inadmissibility Serious Criminality and Criminality FN1. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 36(1)(a). FN2. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 36(1)(b). FN3. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 36(1)(c). FN4. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 36(2)(a), (b), (3)(a). FN5. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 36(2)(c). FN6. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 36(2)(d); Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227, s. 19. FN7. R. v. Pham (2013), 2013 CarswellAlta 296 (S.C.C.). FN8. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, ss. 33, 36(3)(d). FN9. Ngo v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2005), 2005 CarswellNat 1159

FN10. Brannson v. Canada (Minister of Employment & Immigration) (1980), [1981] 2 F.C. 141 (Fed. C.A.); Hill v. Canada (Minister of Employment & Immigration) (1987), 1 Imm. L.R. (2d) 1 (Fed. C.A.). FN11. Li v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (1996), [1997] 1 F.C. 235 (Fed. C.A.). III.2(c): Criminal Inadmissibility Pardons and Rehabilitation FN1. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 36(3)(b) [rep. & sub. 2012, c. 1, s. 1]. FN2. Saini v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2001), 2001 CarswellNat 2309 (Fed. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2002), 2002 CarswellNat 1384 (S.C.C.). FN3. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 36(3)(c). FN4. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227, s. 18(2) [am. SOR/2004-167, s. 7]. FN5. Dee v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2000), [2000] 3 F.C. 345 (Fed. T.D.) (absence of criminal conduct for 17 years sufficient to determine that applicant rehabilitated in light of no other evidence to contrary). III.2(d): Criminal Inadmissibility Organized Criminality FN1. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 37(1) [am. 2015, c. 3, s. 109]; B010 v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (2013), 2013 CarswellNat 2611 (F.C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2013), 2013 CarswellNat 3530 (S.C.C.); leave to appeal allowed (2014), 2014 CarswellNat 2553 (S.C.C.) (term "people smuggling" does not require alleged smuggler to receive material benefits). FN2. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 33. FN3. Sittampalam v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2006), 2006 CarswellNat 5109 (F.C.A.). FN4. Thanaratnam v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2004), [2004] 3 F.C.R. 301 (F.C.); reversed on other grounds (2005), [2006] 1 F.C.R. 474 (F.C.A.). FN5. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 42.1 [en. 2013, c. 16, 2. 18]. III.3: Health Grounds

FN1. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 38(1)(a). FN2. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 38(1)(b). FN3. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 38(1)(c); Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227. s. 1(1) "excessive demand" [rep. & sub. SOR/2012-154, s. 1] (defined as (a) anticipated costs that would likely exceed average Canadian per capita health or social services costs for five-year period, unless evidence that significant costs are likely to be incurred beyond five years, in which case, period is no more than ten consecutive years; (b) demand on health or social services costs that would add to existing waiting lists and would increase rate of mortality or morbidity in Canada); see also Thangarajan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (1999), [1999] 4 F.C. 167 (Fed. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2000), 2000 CarswellNat 2589 (S.C.C.) ("social services" include special education). FN4. Canada (Minister of Employment & Immigration) v. Sihota (1989), 8 Imm. L.R. (2d) 1 (Fed. C.A.) ("pulmonary tuberculosis, possibly active" being likely danger to public health or safety). FN5. Hilewitz v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2005), 2005 SCC 57 (S.C.C.); Colaco v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2006), 2006 CarswellNat 2130 (F.C.); additional reasons (2006), 2006 CarswellNat 2486 (F.C.); affirmed (2007), 2007 CarswellNat 2909 (F.C.A.); see also Lee v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2006), 2006 FC 1461 (F.C.) (individualized assessment limited to considering expected demand on social services, not health services); but see Hossain v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2006), 2006 FC 475 (F.C.) (decision-maker's error in, inter alia, failing to consider applicant's submissions concerning his ability to pay for medication covered by provincial health care constituting reviewable error and decision set aside for re-determination). FN6. Airapetyan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2007), 2007 CarswellNat 124 FN7. Vashishat v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2008), 2008 FC 1346 FN8. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 38(2)(a). FN9. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 38(2)(b), (c); Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227, s. 24 [am. SOR/2005-61, s. 2]. FN10. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227, s. 20.

FN11. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227, s. 29. FN12. Masood v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2003), 2003 FC 1411 FN13. Hiramen v. Canada (Minister of Employment & Immigration) (1986), 1986 CarswellNat 842 (Fed. C.A.). FN14. B. (S.) v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2001), 2001 FCA 49 (Fed. C.A.); Gao v. Canada (Minister of Employment & Immigration) (1993), 1993 CarswellNat 59 (Fed. T.D.); Tam v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (1995), 1995 CarswellNat 1456 (Fed. T.D.). III.4: Misrepresentation FN1. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 40(1)(a); Canada (Minister of Public Safety & Emergency Preparedness) v. Lee (2011), 2011 CarswellNat 5902 (Imm. & Ref. Bd. (App. Div.)) (Immigration Division member erred by considering the claimant's motive for changing name; reasons for name change irrelevant; misrepresentation made claimant inadmissible). FN2. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 40(1)(b), (2)(b). FN3. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 40(1)(c) [rep. & sub. 2012, c. 17, s. 17]. FN4. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 40(1)(d) [rep. & sub. 2014, c. 22, s. 42]. FN5. Kaur v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2007), 2007 CarswellNat 675 FN6. Khan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2008), 2008 CarswellNat 1153 FN7. Wang v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2005), 2005 CarswellNat 2150 (F.C.); affirmed (2006), 2006 CarswellNat 3535 (F.C.A.). FN8. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 40(2)(a) [rep. & sub. 2013, c. 16, s. 16(1)]. III.5: Other Grounds of Inadmissibility

FN1. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 39. FN2. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 41(a). FN3. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, ss. 27(2) [rep. & sub. 2012, c. 19, s. 704] (permanent resident must comply with any conditions imposed under regulations), 28 (residency obligation), 41(b); Ikhuiwu v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) (2008), 2008 CarswellNat 42 (F.C.) (mere possession of Permanent Resident Card is not determinative as to whether permanent resident has complied with residency obligation under Immigration and Refugee Protection Act). FN4. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 42(1) [renumbered and am. 2013, c. 16, s. 17]. FN5. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 42(1) [renumbered and am. 2013, c. 16, s. 17]; Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227, s. 23 [am. SOR/2014-269, ss. 1, 6(a)]. FN6. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 42(1)(b) [renumbered 2013, c. 16, s. 17]. FN7. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 34 [am. 2013, c. 16, s. 13]. FN8. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 35 [am. 2013, c. 16, s. 14]. FN9. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, ss. 37 [am. 2013, c. 16, s. 15; 2015, c. 3, s. 109], 42(2) [en. 2013, c. 16, s. 17]. FN10. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 40.1 [en. 2012, c. 17, s. 18]. III.6: Section 77 Security Certificates FN1. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 77(1) [rep. & sub. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN2. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, ss. 77 [rep. & sub. 2008, c. 3, s. 4; am. 2015, c. 20, s. 54], 78-82 [all rep. & sub. 2008, c. 3, s. 4], 82.1-82.4 [all en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4], 83 [rep. & sub. 2008, c. 3, s. 4; am. 2015, c. 20, s. 57], 84 [rep. & sub. 2015, c. 20, s. 58], 85 [rep. & sub. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN3. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 77(2) [rep. & sub. 2015, c. 20, s. 54].

FN4. Jaballah, Re (2006), 2006 CarswellNat 5629 (F.C.) (reasonable grounds standard creates relatively low evidentiary threshold, but it does require more than mere suspicion or subjective belief; threshold does not require proof on balance of probabilities; rather it connotes degree of probability, i.e. bona fide belief in serious possibility, based on credible evidence; role of judge in determining reasonableness of certificate is to assess whether that evidence, and weight accorded to it, will lead to conclusion that requisite standard of proof is met to support finding that facts fall within conduct prescribed by statute, bearing in mind serious consequences that person concerned may face). FN5. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 78 [rep. & sub. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN6. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 79.1 [en. 2015, c. 20, s. 55]. FN7. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 83(1) [rep. & sub. 2008, c. 3, s. 4; am. 2015, c. 20, s. 57]. FN8. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 83(1)(b) [en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN9. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 83(1.2) [en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN10. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 85.1(1) [en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN11. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 85.1(3) [en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN12. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, ss. 85.1(2), 85.2 [both en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN13. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 83(1)(c) [en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN14. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 83(1)(g) [en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN15. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 83(1)(h) [en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN16. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 83(1)(i) [en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN17. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 81 [rep. & sub. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN18. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 82 [rep. & sub. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN19. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 82(4) [en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4].

FN20. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 82.3 [en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4]. FN21. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 82.31 [en. 2015, c. 20, s. 56]. FN22. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 82.4 [en. 2008, c. 3, s. 4].