Chapter 3 1945-1980: The Modernization of Quebec & the Quiet Revolution Section 2: The Quiet Revolution and its Impact (part 2)
Pages that correspond to this presentation The Quiet Revolution and its Impact: Pages 229-239
French Canadian Cultural Affirmation The Lesage Liberals felt as though French Canadians or Quebecois need to express their culture In 1961 establishment of the Department of Cultural Affairs the Department of Cultural Affairs was in charge of promoting Quebecois culture through art In addition 1961 saw the establishment of the Office du Film du Quebec a government organization that help financially support Quebecois filmmakers
French Canadian Cultural Affirmation The Lesage government also understood that the French language was a vital part of Quebecois culture Office Québécois de la Langue Français (OQLF) Created in 1961 Quebec government office Promotes the everyday use of the French language in Quebec French language watchdog In recent years many complaints on the OOLF s abuse of power OQLF head office in Montreal Source: Wikipedia. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/office_qu%c3%a9b%c3%a9cois_de_la_langue_f ran%c3%a7aise>
French Canadian Cultural Affirmation In order to promote culture many venues were created The Montreal Contemporary Art museum was established Place des Art (1963) and other performing arts venues throughout the province Place des Arts in 1969 Source: Archives de Montreal. <https://archivesdemontreal.ica-atom.org/edifice-future-sallefauteuil-et-modele-norman-slater-and-work-26-juin-1963>
French Canadian Cultural Affirmation Construction of Place des Arts in 1962 Source: Spacing Montreal. <http://spacing.ca/montreal/2008/03/04/la-construction-de-la-place-des-arts/>
French Canadian Cultural Affirmation Construction of Place des Arts in 1962 Source: Je me Souvien Montreal. <http://montrealjemesouviens.blogspot.ca/2012/07/place-des-arts.html>
French Canadian Cultural Affirmation Inauguration of Place des Arts on September 21 st, 1963 Source: City of Montreal Archives Flickr Account <https://www.flickr.com/photos/archivesmontreal/sets/72157635697792224/with/9841983874/>
French Canadian Cultural Affirmation Crowd gathers on inauguration of Place des Arts on September 21 st, 1963 Source: City of Montreal Archives Flickr Account <https://www.flickr.com/photos/archivesmontreal/sets/72157635697792224/with /9841983874/> Jean Lesage (middle) and Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau (Right) interviewed on night of Place des Arts inauguration Source: City of Montreal Archives Flickr Account <https://www.flickr.com/photos/archivesmontreal/sets/72157635697792224/with/98419 83874/>
Development of Foreign Relations In terms of federal/provincial responsibilities foreign relations were the responsibility of the federal government Quebec ignored this rule and went ahead and established relationships with other countries especially francophone nations a possible link for immigration to Quebec Promoting Quebec as an economic partner and a hub for culture were other goals 1961 Quebec established the Maison du Quebec an official Quebec delegation in Paris, France
Development of Foreign Relations Before and after: Quebec converts building in Paris to Maison du Quebec Source: Virtual Museum-Musee Quebecois de la Culture. < http://larevolutiontranquille.ca/en/the-general-delegation-of-quebec-in-paris.php>
Development of Foreign Relations 1 Rockefeller Center where you can find the Quebec delegation in New Your City Source: Wikipedia. <https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/d%c3%a9l%c3%a9gation_g%c3%a9n%c3%a9rale_du_qu%c3%a9bec_%c3%a0_new_york#/media/file:one_rockefeller_plaza.jpg>
The Modernization of the State (government) Because of the government's new role a more interventionist role the government needed more workers People who work for the government are called CIVIL SERVANTS During the early 1960s the government wanted educated professionals to oversee the many different Quebec government departments educated workers = quality work being done The number of government workers increased from 29,000 to 53,000 from 1960-1970
The Modernization of the State (government) A problem within government during the time of Maurice Duplessis corruption The Lesage Liberals made attempts to make sure civil servants did not fall into the same trap The Lesage Liberals wanted to avoid workers being influenced by private interests (bribes) civil servants made decisions that were best for Quebec and its citizens Duplessis (center) with Montreal Mayor Camillien Houde - 1948 Source: Biogrphi.ca. <http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/duplessis_maurice_le_noblet_18e.html>
The Modernization of the State (government) Favorable towards unions 1964 The Lesage Liberals established laws that were inclusive towards unions in Quebec Unions were considered LEGAL and workers could unionize (create new unions) Unions had the right to strike (except for essential service like police and firefighters) The presidents of certain unions were consulted by the government when debating amendments to labour laws or other issues regarding labour
The Modernization of the State (government) Montreal Bank workers on strike - 1967 Source: Virtual Museum-Musee Quebecois de la Culture. < http://larevolutiontranquille.ca/en/a-union-protest.php>
The Modernization of the State (government) A more fair ELECTORAL MAP in Quebec Electoral map = areas of the province that are represented by people within the Quebec government The Legislative Assembly These people are called Members of the National Assembly (MNAs) The MLAs represent their RIDINGS RIDINGS = different areas where people vote The Lesage Liberals made the electoral map more fair to represent the population better They wanted to make sure there were the same (or close to the same) amount of people voting in each
The Modernization of the State (government) Ridings in Quebec during 2014 Quebec provincial election Source: Wikipedia.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_general_election,_2014#/media/File:Quebec_Election_2014_Results_Map.svg>
The Modernization of the State (government) Unfair riding distribution because the riding with way less people have the same representation as the one with a lot more people 1 representative 1 representative
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) By 1966 The Union Nationale government had completely changed its identity No longer the same political party that promoted traditional values The leader of the Union Nationale in 1966 Daniel Johnson The Union Nationale government narrowly won the 1966 election Why? The Lesage Liberals spent a fair amount of money from 1960-1966 putting Quebec in lots of debt forcing taxes up The Lesage Liberals were not a cohesive team as they had been in 1960 and 1962 The union Nationale part ALSO offered modernization for Quebec and even more AFFIRMATION with the slogan Québec d abord (Quebec first)
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) Daniel Johnson during the 1966 Quebec election campaign Source: Virtual Museum-Musee Quebecois de la Culture. < http://larevolutiontranquille.ca/en/return-of-the-ruling-national-union.php>
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) Daniel Johnson and the Union Nationale continued where Lesage Liberals left off They continued to modernize Quebec AND started a political climate that promoted French culture AND LANGUAGE in Quebec In addition the Union Nationale continued to follow through on the educational reforms suggested by the Parent Report They continued to do business with France despite the fact that this was a responsibility of the federal government
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) Union Nationale and educational reforms The first CEGEPs opened in 1967 1969 The University of Quebec created a network of universities across the province opening in Montreal (UQAM), Rimouski and Trois-Rivières 1969 training for teachers became government mandated this was done to help promote better quality teaching staff across the province
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) CEGEP de Joliette in 1968 Source: Virtual Museum-Musee Quebecois de la Culture. < http://larevolutiontranquille.ca/en/cegep.php>
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) CEGEP Trois-Rivières in 1968 Source: Virtual Museum-Musee Quebecois de la Culture. < http://larevolutiontranquille.ca/en/cegep.php>
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) Université de Québec à Montréal in 1969 Source: Virtual Museum-Musee Quebecois de la Culture. < http://larevolutiontranquille.ca/en/cegep.php>
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) Université de Québec à Rimouski in 1969 Source: Virtual Museum-Musee Quebecois de la Culture. < http://larevolutiontranquille.ca/en/cegep.php>
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) Union Nationale promoting art and culture 1967 To catalogue Quebecois culture of various mediums The Bibliothèque Nationale du Québec (BNQ) was established 1968 Radio-Quebec (now Télé-Québec) was established to broadcast French language television shows
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) Union Nationale and government reform 1968 the Union Nationale got rid of the legislative Council in Quebec The Legislative Council was appointed The Union Nationale initiated a law which got rid of the Council all that was left was the legislative assembly renamed the National Assembly
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) Exterior of Quebec s National Assembly in Quebec City Source: Life in Quebec. <http://www.lifeinquebec.com/first-dog-to-sit-at-quebec-national-assembly-10348/>
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) Inside the room where MNAs debate in the National Assembly Source: The Golbe and Mail. <https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/national-assemblys-crucifix-cements-a-duplessis-era-bond-between-politics-andreligion/article14016418/>
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) Union Nationale and LANGUAGE REFORM 1969 Act to Promote the French Language in Quebec (BILL 63) Protecting the French Language in Quebec became an important topic within Quebec politics BILL 63 initiated language reform in Quebec other laws and amendments would follow in the years to come
The Union Nationale Regains Power (1966-1970) Union Nationale and LANGUAGE REFORM BILL 63 at a glance: Parents could choose the language of instruction of their children French as a second language was introduced in Anglophone schools The government promoted the integration of immigrant children into French schools (BUT THIS WAS NOT MANDATORY YET) Many Francophones were unhappy with the law because it did not do enough to protect the French language
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Quebec a more educated population More children stayed in school longer An increase in Francophones staying in school An increase in Francophone females staying in school School attendance in Quebec 1950, 1961, 1986 Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 233
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Increase in unionization for government workers 1960 = 75% of unionized workers were from private businesses 1966 = the majority of workers unionized under the Confédération des Syndicats Nationaux Unions become SECULAR In 1960 Confédération des Travailleurs Catholiques du Canada becomes Confédération des Syndicats Nationaux (CSN) a non-religious union
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution More Francophones in business Because of the establishment of crown corporations dedicated to helping finance businesses in Quebec more Francophones were able to start small businesses and large, multinational corporations Cultural vitality Quebec culture expressed through various forms of art flourished during the Quiet Revolution Quebec artists had more stages to show off their talents sometime in public venues
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Stained glass windows at Place D Armes metro station in Montreal Designed by Quebecois artist: Marcelle Ferron Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 237
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Terra Cotta block art at McGill Metro Station Designed by Quebecois artist: Maurice Savoie Source: Société de Transport de Montréal. <http://www.stm.info/en/about/discover_the_stm_its_history/art-metro/list-artworks/mcgill-maurice-savoie>
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution The rise of Quebec Neo-Nationalism Traditional French Candian nationalism promoted an identity relating to Catholicism Quebec Neo-Nationalism or Quebec Nationalism focused on belonging to Quebec as a territory and pushed for a new name: Quebecois rather than French Canadian The promotion of the Quebec economy, culture and French language turned into a political idea Quebec should separate from Canada and fully acquire its own sovereignty
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution The rise of Quebec Neo-Nationalism The idea of a sovereign Quebec became popular enough that several separatist political parties emerged in Quebec Ralliement National (RN) and the Rassemblement Pour L'Indépendance (RIN) 1966 election RN earned 3.2% of the vote, RIN earned 5.6% of the vote These parties were encouraged by the fact that some former colonies of other European countries were becoming sovereign
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau refuses to leave the stage during a St. Jean Baptiste parade A telling photograph the push for sovereignty really begins in the mid 1960s Source: Virtual Museum-Musee Quebecois de la Culture. < http://larevolutiontranquille.ca/en/the-sovereignty-movement.php>
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution The creation of the Parti Québécois 1967 René Lévesque quit the Quebec Liberal Party and joined a political party named the Mouvement Souveraineté-Association (MSA) The goal was for Quebec to separate from Canada while still maintaining some ties with Canada By 1968 the RN, RIN and MSA merged together to form the Parti Québécois (PQ) a political party that is still found in Quebec today
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Top left: René Lévesque and other members of the newly formed Parti Quebecois October 14 th, 1968 Bottom left: Lévesque and 8 other executive PQ member- 1968 Source: Virtual Museum-Musee Quebecois de la Culture. < http://larevolutiontranquille.ca/en/the-sovereignty-movement.php>
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Greater openness to the world During the 1960s Quebecois became more open to the world and travelled more Expo 67 the World s Fair in Montreal in the summer of 1967 (also the 100 th birthday of Canada) An event that showcased different countries each country and a pavilion (building) that displayed art, culture, technology and identities of the different nations Quebec could discover the world the theme of Expo 67 was Man and His World Also tourists could discover, Montreal, Quebec and Canada Quebec was depicted as a modern society the Montreal metro system was inaugurated that same year in time for Expo 67
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Ile Notre Dame 15-20 million tons of rubble from metro tunnels Ready for the start of Expo 67 on April 27 th, 1967 until October 29 th, 1967 Source: Google Maps
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Aerial view of the pavilions at Expo 67 The Expo 67 planners needed to build a whole new island - Ile Notre Dame Source: MTL Blog. <https://www.mtlblog.com/photography/these-20-pictures-of-expo-67-will-leave-you-speechless-there-are-no-words>
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution The mini-monorail at Expo 67 Source: MTL Blog. <https://www.mtlblog.com/photography/these-20-pictures-of-expo-67-will-leave-you-speechless-there-are-no-words>
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Construction of the Pavilions at Expo 67 Source: MTL Blog. <https://www.mtlblog.com/photography/these-20-pictures-of-expo-67-will-leave-you-speechless-there-are-no-words>
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Expo 67 Site Map Source: McCord Museum. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/c146_a.6.1>
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution The French (France) Pavilion at Expo 67 Source: MTL Blog. <https://www.mtlblog.com/photography/these-20-pictures-of-expo-67-will-leave-you-speechless-there-are-no-words>
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Gondola at Expo 67 Source: MTL Blog. <https://www.mtlblog.com/photography/these-20-pictures-of-expo-67-will-leave-you-speechless-there-are-no-words>
The Impact of the Quiet Revolution Expo 67 passport cover and stamped interior Source: McCord Museum. <http://collections.museemccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/m2004.45.1> Source: The Montreal Gazette. <http://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/expo-67-50-years-later-stillan-expression-of-the-human-spirit>
Relations between Quebec and the Federal Government The Quiet Revolution benefitted Quebec in many ways The federal government in the early 1960s wanted to make sure it was sympathetic to Quebec s desire to affirm its identity and French language However it worried the federal government was concerned with the growing sovereignty movement 1963 The Candian Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, created the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism The goal was to study biculturalism and bilingualism across Canada
Relations between Quebec and the Federal Government 1969 Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism released their report Francophones in Canada as a whole were more disadvantaged than Anglophones: Not as many positions held within the federal government Culturally, linguistically and economically Anglophones had an advantage across Canada
Relations between Quebec and the Federal Government Pierre Elliott Trudeau was Prime Minister when the report was released The Trudeau government decided to create a program of bilingualism across Canada to make sure federal institutions were bilingual giving a greater chance to Francophones to get federal jobs In addition The Official Languages Act was passed in 1969 making both English and French the two official languages of Canada
Relations between Quebec and the Federal Government Satirical cartoon with regards to the bilingualism effort Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 239
Connections to the Precisions of Learning
Connections to the Precisions of Learning Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism seen on slide 53-55