Geography and Map Skills The study of Ohio landforms, climates, population, vegetation and economic characteristics help us to learn about its geography and location. What are some Ohio landforms? How were landforms created? What are the different economic regions in Ohio? What are the two main regions in Ohio? What is the difference between physical and political maps? What are Ohio s major rivers? What are Ohio s bordering states and waterways? How do you locate Ohio in relationship to its bordering states and waterways? What is a natural resource? What is the mouth of a river, source and river basin? Why are some areas more populated than others? Use cardinal and intermediate directions to describe the relative location of places. Use a glossary and index to locate information. Use a linear scale to measure the distance between places on a map. Describe the location of Ohio relative to other states and countries. Use maps to identify the location of major physical and human features of Ohio including: o Lake Erie o Rivers o Plains o The Appalachian Plateau o Bordering states o The capital city o Other major cities Describe and compare the landforms, climates, population, vegetation and economic characteristics of places and regions in Ohio. Identify manufacturing, agricultural, mining and forestry regions in Ohio. Identify how environmental processes (i.e., glaciations and weathering) and characteristics (landforms, bodies of water, climate, vegetation) influence human settlement and activity in Ohio. Page 1 of 11
Essential Vocabulary: tributary, port, glacier, source, mouth, plateau, till, plane, precipitation, cardinal directions, intermediate direction, symbols, map key, map locator, scale, compass rose, agriculture Page 2 of 11
Citizenship Responsible citizens in Ohio actively participate in their government and community. How can citizens influence their government? What are the responsibilities of a citizen? Why are leadership and public service important? What are your responsibilities as a citizen of a community? What are desirable qualities in the people citizens select as their leaders? Describe the ways in which citizens can promote the common good and influence their government including: o Voting o Communicating with officials o Participating in civic and service organizations o Performing voluntary service Explain why personal responsibilities (e.g., taking advantage of the opportunity to be educated) and civic responsibilities (e.g., obeying the law and respecting the rights of others) are important. Explain the importance of leadership and public service. Explain why characteristics such as respect for the rights of others, fairness, reliability, honesty, wisdom and courage are desirable qualities in the people citizens select as their leaders. Essential Vocabulary: responsibility, citizenship, voting, public service, leadership, rights, civic, election Page 3 of 11
Government The State of Ohio has a system of checks and balances to ensure that its citizens needs and rights are met. What is the purpose of the Ohio Constitution? What are the three branches of Ohio Government? What are the functions of each branch of government? What services does Ohio Government provide? What are checks and balances? How does it work? Explain major responsibilities of each of the three branches of government in Ohio. o The legislative branch, headed by the General Assembly, makes state laws. o The executive branch, headed by the governor, carries out and enforces laws made by the General Assembly. o The judicial branch, headed by the Ohio Supreme Court, interprets and applies the law. Explain why elections are used to select leaders and decide issues. Explain the purpose of a democratic constitution: o To provide a framework for a government o To limit the power of government o To define the authority of elected officials Explain that the Ohio Constitution tells how the state government should be organized and guarantees the rights of individuals. Essential Vocabulary: General Assembly, governor, senator, representative, judicial, executive, legislative, veto, constitution, budget, official, bill, law, branch, checks and balances, term Page 4 of 11
Prehistoric People Early people moved into Ohio and made good use of the resources around them to adjust to the changing environment. How do archaeologists and historians study and interpret the past? How long ago did people come to Ohio? Why did people move from place to place? What did early settlements in Ohio look like? Who were the prehistoric Ohioans? What were some of the cultural practices and products of prehistoric Ohioans? What are primary and secondary sources? How did the change in climate affect the groups of people in Ohio? Describe how archaeologists and historians study and interpret the past. Describe the earliest settlements in Ohio including those of prehistoric peoples. Describe the cultural practices and products of various groups who have settled in Ohio over time: o The Paleo Indians, Archaic Indians, Woodland Indians (Adena and Hopewell) and Late Prehistoric Indians (Fort Ancient) o Historic Indians of Ohio (Ottawa, Wyandot, Mingo, Miami, Shawnee and Delaware) Use primary and secondary sources to answer questions about Ohio history. Essential Vocabulary: prehistoric, extinct, primary resource, secondary resource, artifact, archaeologist, prehistory, flint, atlatl, Paleo Indians, Archaic Indians, Adena Indians, Hopewell Indians, Fort Ancient, culture, Mound Builders, barter, Ice Age Page 5 of 11
Historic Ohioans Different Native American cultures lived in Ohio, but they had many things in common. What is the difference between prehistoric and historic? Who were the historic Ohioans? Why did the historic Ohioans come to Ohio? How did contact with European traders change the Native American way of life? Why did Europeans want to settle in Ohio? Describe the impact of the expansion of European settlements on American Indians in Ohio. Construct time lines with evenly spaced intervals for years, decades and centuries to show the order of significant events in Ohio history. Essential Vocabulary: Miami, Wyandot, Ottowa, Shawnee, Mingo, Delaware, Historic, culture, trade, European, Native American Page 6 of 11
Conflict and Settlement Native Americans, British and French fought for control of the Ohio country. What were the Native American beliefs about owning the land? Why did Europeans want to settle in Ohio? How did European expansion in America affect the Native Americans in Ohio? What countries showed an interest in Ohio? How did the British and the French justify their claim to the Ohio country? What were the differences between the motives of the French and British for being in Ohio? What was the French and Indian War? What was its outcome? What is the significance of the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio history? What was the cause and effect of the Battle of Fallen Timbers? Explain the causes and effects of the frontier wars of the 1790s, including the Battle of Fallen Timbers, on American Indians in Ohio and the United States. Construct time lines with evenly spaced intervals for years, decades and centuries to show the order of significant events in Ohio history. Essential Vocabulary: ally, treaty, survey, Treaty of Paris, Treaty of Greenville Page 7 of 11
Statehood Ohio progressed from a territory to a state. What is the Land Ordinance of 1785? What was the purpose of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? What were the rights protected by the Northwest Ordinance? What were the patterns of settlement of early Ohio settlers? What modes of transportation did settlers use to come to the Ohio country? How did transportation affect the patterns of settlement, and economic and political status in Ohio? Explain how Ohio progressed from territory to statehood, including the terms of the Northwest Ordinance. Explain how canals and railroads changed settlement patterns in Ohio and Ohio s economic and political status in the United States. Explain how resources, transportation and location influenced the development of cities and industries in Ohio including major industries such as oil, steel, rubber and glass. Identify ways that people have affected the physical environment of Ohio including: o Use of wetlands o Use of forests o Building farms, towns and transportation systems o Using fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides o Building dams Use elevation, natural resource and road maps to answer questions about patterns of settlement, economic activity and movement. Essential Vocabulary: Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance, flatboats, keelboat, permanent settlement, settlement, canal, railroad Page 8 of 11
Ohio Today Ohio s natural resources, transportation routes and industries brought new growth and cultures to Ohio. How did canal and railroads change settlement patterns? What industries led Ohio to become and industrial center? How did Ohio s people and industries affect its physical environment? What cultural groups have settled in Ohio? Why did they settle in Ohio? What were the practices of the cultural groups that settled in Ohio? Describe the cultural practices and products of various groups who have settled in Ohio over time. o European immigrants o Amish and Appalachian populations o African-Americans o Recent immigrants from Africa, Asia and Latin America Explain the reasons people came to Ohio including: o Opportunities in agriculture, mining and manufacturing o Family ties o Freedom from political and religious oppression Essential Vocabulary: immigrant, emigrant, industry, natural resource, canal, railroad, culture, Amish, oppression, Appalachian Page 9 of 11
Ohio Inventors Ohio inventors have come up with new ideas and new ways of doing things. Who are some famous Ohio inventors and what did they invent? How might some of these inventions lead to the invention of others? How do we learn about these inventors? What are facts and opinions about these inventions? What resources would you use to gather information about these inventors? Explain the importance of inventors such as the Wright Brothers, Charles Kettering, Garrett Morgan, Granville Woods and Thomas Edison. Obtain information about state issues from a variety of print and electronic sources, and determine the relevance of information to a research topic: o Atlases o Encyclopedias o Dictionaries o Newspapers o Multimedia/electronic sources Identify main ideas and supporting details from factual information. Distinguish between fact and opinion. Formulate a question to focus research. Communicate relevant information in a written report including the acknowledgment of resources. Essential Vocabulary: Orville Wright, Wilbur Wright, Charles Kettering, Garret Morgan, Granville Woods, Thomas Edison, fact, opinion Page 10 of 11
Economics The availability of productive resources in Ohio promotes specialization in the production of goods and services and leads to trade. What productive resources are needed to produce a good or service? What is an opportunity cost? What is profit? What is an entrepreneur? How do individuals in households use and obtain income? What affect does trade have on increasing the amount of goods and services? What is interdependence and how does Ohio depend and contribute to other markets? What information can we gather from charts and graphs about Ohio s economy? Identify the productive resources needed to produce a good or service and suggest opportunity costs for the resources involved. Explain how the availability of productive resources in Ohio promotes specialization in the production of goods and services and leads to trade. Explain how entrepreneurs organize productive resources to produce goods and services and that they seek to make profits by taking risks. Explain ways in which individuals and households obtain and use income. Explain why people in Ohio specialize in what they produce and then trade with others, which then increases the amount of goods and services available. Explain why many jobs in Ohio depend on markets in other countries and why Ohio is a market for goods and services from other countries. Essential Vocabulary: income, opportunity cost, profit, entrepreneur, interdependence, goods, service, market, production, specialize, pictograph, bar graph, line graph, table Page 11 of 11