Summary of Contents Director s Foreword... Editor s Foreword... iii v PART I. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. An Introduction to the Restatement of Torts... 2 PART II. INTENTIONAL HARM TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY Chapter 2. Intentional Harm to Persons... 10 Chapter 3. Intentional Harm to Land or Chattels... 31 Chapter 4. Defenses of Person, Land, and Chattels Privileges... 41 PART III. NEGLIGENT HARMS TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY Chapter 5. Negligence Liability and the Ordinary Duty of Care... 58 Chapter 6. Breach of Duty... 85 Chapter 7. Physical Harm... 114 Chapter 8. Factual Cause... 116 Chapter 9. Scope of Liability (Proximate Cause)... 142 Chapter 10. Defenses... 169 Chapter 11. A rmative Duties... 182 Chapter 12. Duty of Land Possessors... 206 PART IV. EMOTIONAL HARM Chapter 13. Liability for Emotional Harm... 228 PART V. LIABILITY OF EMPLOYERS AND THOSE WHO HIRE INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS Chapter 14. Direct and Vicarious Liability of Those Who Hire Employees and Independent Contractors... 252 vii
Summary of Contents PART VI. STRICT LIABILITY Chapter 15. Strict Liability... 274 PART VII. PRODUCTS LIABILITY Chapter 16. Products Liability... 294 PART VIII. NUISANCE Chapter 17. Nuisance... 322 PART IX. APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY Chapter 18. Apportionment of Liability... 334 PART X. DAMAGES Chapter 19. Damages... 358 viii
Director s Foreword... Editor s Foreword... iii v PART I. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. An Introduction to the Restatement of Torts... 2 A. The American Law Institute... 2 B. The Restatement of Torts... 3 C. The Restatement Third of Torts: Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm... 5 PART II. INTENTIONAL HARM TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY Chapter 2. Intentional Harm to Persons... 10 A. General Principles... 10 1. Intent... 10 2. Recklessness... 13 5. Liability for Intentional Physical Harm... 15 33. Scope of Liability for Intentional and Reckless Tortfeasors... 17 B. Battery... 19 13. Battery: Harmful Contact... 19 16. Character of Intent Necessary... 19 18. Battery: O ensive Contact... 21 19. What Constitutes O ensive Contact... 22 C. Assault... 23 21. Assault... 23 22. Attempt Unknown to Other... 24 30. Conditional Threat... 25 31. Threat by Words... 25 ix
D. False Imprisonment... 27 35. False Imprisonment... 27 36. What Constitutes Con nement... 28 39. Con nement by Physical Force... 29 40. Con nement by Threats of Physical Force... 29 41. Con nement by Asserted Legal Authority... 30 Chapter 3. Intentional Harm to Land or Chattels... 31 A. Trespass on Land... 31 158. Liability for Intentional Intrusions on Land... 31 163. Intended Intrusions Causing No Harm... 32 164. Intrusions Under Mistake... 33 B. Trespass to Chattels... 34 217. Ways of Committing Trespass to Chattel... 34 218. Liability to Person in Possession... 35 C. Conversion... 38 222A. What Constitutes Conversion... 38 229. Conversion by Receiving Possession in Consummation of Transaction... 39 Chapter 4. Defenses of Persons, Land, and Chattels Privileges... 41 A. Self-Defense and Defense of Third Persons... 41 63. Self-Defense by Force Not Threatening Death or Serious Bodily Harm... 41 65. Self-Defense by Force Threatening Death or Serious Bodily Harm... 43 76. Defense of Third Person... 46 B. Defense of Land and Chattels... 47 77. Defense of Possession by Force Not Threatening Death or Serious Bodily Harm... 47 84. Use of Mechanical Device Not Threatening Death or Serious Bodily Harm... 48 85. Use of Mechanical Device Threatening Death or Serious Bodily Harm... 50 C. Consent... 50 892. Meaning of Consent... 50 x
168. Conditional or Restricted Consent... 52 169. Consent Restricted as to Area... 52 170. Consent Conditioned or Restricted as to Time... 53 172. Consent Obtained by Duress... 53 D. Privileged Entries on Land... 53 196. Public Necessity... 53 197. Private Necessity... 54 PART III. NEGLIGENT HARMS TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY Chapter 5. Negligence Liability and the Ordinary Duty of Care... 58 A. General Principles of Negligence Liability for Physical Harms... 58 3. Negligence... 58 6. Liability for Negligence Causing Physical Harm... 66 B. The Ordinary Duty of Reasonable Care... 68 7. Duty... 68 8. Judge and Jury... 74 C. Particular Circumstances Related to the Duty of Care... 75 9. Emergency... 75 10. Children... 77 11. Disability... 79 12. Knowledge and Skills... 82 Chapter 6. Breach of Duty... 85 A. Custom... 85 13. Custom... 85 B. Violation of Statute... 88 14. Statutory Violations as Negligence Per Se... 88 15. Excused Violations... 93 C. Compliance with Statute... 96 16. Statutory Compliance... 96 xi
D. Res Ipsa Loquitur... 99 17. Res Ipsa Loquitur... 99 E. Particular Types of Breach... 105 18. Negligent Failure to Warn... 105 19. Conduct That Is Negligent Because of the Prospect of Improper Conduct by the Plainti or a Third Party... 109 Chapter 7. Physical Harm... 114 4. Physical Harm... 114 Chapter 8. Factual Cause... 116 A. But-for Cause... 116 26. Factual Cause... 116 B. Multiple Su cient Causes... 125 27. Multiple Su cient Causes... 125 C. Burden of Proof... 131 28. Burden of Proof... 131 Chapter 9. Scope of Liability (Proximate Cause)... 142 A. Harms Risked by the Tortious Conduct... 143 29. Limitations on Liability for Tortious Conduct. 143 30. Risk of Harm Not Generally Increased by Tortious Conduct... 154 B. Unforeseeable Harm... 156 31. Preexisting Conditions and Unforeseeable Harm... 156 32. Rescuers... 159 C. Intervening, Subsequent, and Duplicative Acts... 161 34. Intervening Acts and Superseding Causes... 161 35. Enhanced Harm Due to E orts to Render Medical or Other Aid... 165 36. Trivial Contributions to Multiple Su cient Causes... 167 Chapter 10. Defenses... 169 A. Assumption of the Risk... 169 2. Contractual Limitations on Liability... 169 B. Plainti Fault... 171 xii
3. Ameliorative Doctrines for De ning Plainti s Negligence Abolished... 171 4. Proof of Plainti s Negligence and Legal Causation... 175 7. E ect of Plainti s Negligence When Plainti Su ers an Indivisible Injury... 175 C. Assigning Shares of Responsibility... 179 8. Factors for Assigning Shares of Responsibility... 179 Chapter 11. A rmative Duties... 182 A. General Rule... 182 37. No Duty of Care with Respect to Risks Not Created by Actor... 182 B. Exceptions... 187 38. A rmative Duty Based on Statutory Provisions Imposing Obligations to Protect Another... 187 39. Duty Based on Prior Conduct Creating a Risk of Physical Harm... 189 40. Duty Based on Special Relationship with Another... 191 41. Duty to Third Parties Based on Special Relationship with Person Posing Risks... 195 42. Duty Based on Undertaking... 198 43. Duty to Third Parties Based on Undertaking to Another... 201 44. Duty to Another Based on Taking Charge of the Other... 203 Chapter 12. Duty of Land Possessors... 206 A. De nitions... 206 49. Possessor of Land De ned... 206 50. Trespasser De ned... 208 B. General Duty of Land Possessors... 209 51. General Duty of Land Possessors... 209 C. Exceptions and Special Rules... 216 52. Duty of Land Possessors to Flagrant Trespassers... 216 xiii
53. Duty of Lessors... 220 54. Duty of Land Possessors to Those Not on the Possessor s Land... 225 PART IV. EMOTIONAL HARM Chapter 13. Liability for Emotional Harm... 228 A. Emotional Harm De ned... 229 45. Emotional Harm... 229 B. Intentional or Reckless In iction of Emotional Harm. 230 46. Intentional (or Reckless) In iction of Emotional Harm... 230 C. Negligent In iction of Emotional Harm... 237 47. Negligent Conduct Directly In icting Emotional Harm on Another... 237 48. Negligent In iction of Emotional Harm Resulting from Bodily Harm to a Third Person... 244 PART V. LIABILITY OF EMPLOYERS AND THOSE WHO HIRE INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS Chapter 14. Direct and Vicarious Liability of Those Who Hire Employees and Independent Contractors... 252 A. Overview of Liability of Employers and Other Principals... 253 7.03 Principal s Liability In General... 253 B. Direct Liability in Negligence of Employers... 256 7.05 Principal s Negligence in Conducting Activity Through Agent; Principal s Special Relationship with Another Person... 256 C. Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts Committed by Employees... 258 2.04 Respondeat Superior... 258 D. Overview of Liability of Those Who Hire Independent Contractors... 260 E. Direct Liability in Negligence of Those Who Hire Independent Contractors... 261 55. Direct Liability in Negligence of Those Who Hire Independent Contractors... 261 xiv
56. Duty Limitation as to Work Entrusted to an Independent Contractor... 262 F. Vicarious Liability of Those Who Hire Independent Contractors... 264 57. Vicarious Liability of Those Who Hire Independent Contractors: General Rule... 264 58. Work Involving Abnormally Dangerous Activities... 265 59. Activity Posing a Peculiar Risk... 266 60. Work on Instrumentalities Used in Highly Dangerous Activities... 267 61. Activities Involving a Trespass, Nuisance, or Withdrawal of Support... 268 62. Possessors and Lessors of Land... 268 63. Precautions Required by Statute or Regulation... 269 64. Activities Under Public Franchise or in a Public Place... 270 65. Work Accepted as the Hirer s Performance of the Work... 271 PART VI. STRICT LIABILITY Chapter 15. Strict Liability... 274 A. Abnormally Dangerous Activities... 275 20. Abnormally Dangerous Activities... 275 B. Animals... 282 21. Intrusion by Livestock or Other Animals... 282 22. Wild Animals... 284 23. Abnormally Dangerous Animals... 286 C. Scope of Liability... 288 24. Scope of Strict Liability... 288 D. Defenses... 290 25. Comparative Responsibility... 290 xv
PART VII. PRODUCTS LIABILITY Chapter 16. Products Liability... 294 A. Categories of Product Defect (Manufacturing, Design, and Warning Defect)... 294 1. Liability of Commercial Seller or Distributor for Harm Caused by Defective Products... 294 2. Categories of Product Defect... 296 B. Warning Defect... 313 9. Liability of Commercial Product Seller or Distributor for Harm Caused by Misrepresentation... 313 10. Liability of Commercial Product Seller or Distributor for Harm Caused by Post-Sale Failure to Warn... 313 C. Defenses and Remedies... 316 17. Apportionment of Responsibility Between or Among Plainti, Sellers and Distributors of Defective Products, and Others... 316 18. Disclaimers, Limitations, Waivers, and Other Contractual Exculpations as Defenses to Products Liability Claims for Harm to Persons... 317 D. Principles of General Applicability... 318 19. De nition of Product... 318 PART VIII. NUISANCE Chapter 17. Nuisance... 322 A. Types of Nuisance... 322 821A. Types of Nuisance... 322 B. Public Nuisance... 323 821B. Public Nuisance... 323 821C. Who Can Recover for Public Nuisance... 325 C. Private Nuisance... 327 821D. Private Nuisance... 327 822. General Rule... 327 826. Unreasonableness of Intentional Invasion... 328 D. Signi cant-harm Requirement... 329 xvi
821F. Signi cant Harm... 329 E. Defenses... 332 840D. Coming to the Nuisance... 332 PART IX. APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY Chapter 18. Apportionment of Liability... 334 A. Apportioning Liability Among Two or More Persons.. 334 1. Issues and Causes of Action Addressed by This Restatement... 334 B. Multiple Tortfeasors and Indivisible Harms... 337 10. E ect of Joint and Several Liability... 337 11. E ect of Several Liability... 338 12. Intentional Tortfeasors... 339 13. Vicarious Liability... 340 14. Tortfeasors Liable for Failure to Protect the Plainti from the Speci c Risk of an Intentional Tort... 341 15. Persons Acting in Concert... 344 16. E ect of Partial Settlement on Jointly and Severally Liable Tortfeasors Liability... 345 17. Joint and Several or Several Liability for Independent Tortfeasors... 346 C. Indemnity and Contribution... 349 22. Indemnity... 349 23. Contribution... 350 D. Multiple Tortfeasors and Divisible Harms... 352 26. Apportionment of Liability When Damages Can Be Divided by Causation... 352 PART X. DAMAGES Chapter 19. Damages... 358 A. Basic Concepts... 358 901. General Principle... 358 903. Compensatory Damages De nition... 359 904. General and Special Damages... 360 xvii
905. Compensatory Damages for Nonpecuniary Harm... 360 906. Compensatory Damages for Pecuniary Harm. 361 908. Punitive Damages... 362 910. Damages for Past, Present and Prospective Harms... 363 914. Expense of Litigation... 364 914A. E ect of Taxation... 364 B. Diminution of Damages... 365 918. Avoidable Consequences... 365 920. Bene t to Plainti Resulting from Defendant s Tort... 366 920A. E ect of Payments Made to Injured Party... 367 C. Compensatory Damages for Speci c Types of Harm... 368 924. Harm to the Person... 368 925. Actions for Causing Death... 369 xviii