World Religions SOL REVIEW PEOPLE TO KNOW World History 1500+ Judaism Founder of Judaism - made covenant with 1. Abraham God - his people would get Canaan if they followed God 2. Hebrews Name for the ancient Jewish people Christianity 3. Jesus of Nazareth Founder of Christianity - according to Christians he's the messiah or savior sent by God Islam 4. Allah Islam name for God 5. Muhammad Founder of Islam 6. Muslims A follower of Islam Buddhism 7. Siddhartha Gautama 8. Buddha 9. Asoka Indian prince. Became enlightened and then founded Buddhism. Means Enlightened one. Nickname of Gautama. An Indian ruler who converted to Buddhism and spread Buddhism throughout eastern Asia Ottoman Empire 10. Ottoman Turks Muslims from Asia Minor that spread their empire into Balkan Peninsula, Middle East, and North Africa. They conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. They traded coffee & ceramics. 1
Medieval Period 11. Pope Head of the Roman Catholic Church Renaissance 12. Michelangelo 13. Leonardo da Vinci 14. Shakespeare 15. Johannes Gutenberg 16. Erasmus Renaissance artist - painted Sistine Chapel and sculpted la Pieta and David Renaissance artist - painted Mona Lisa and the Last Supper N'ern Renaissance playwright. Used history in his plays. Wrote many sonnets. Invented the printing press. Helped Renaissance ideas spread Most famous humanist - believed all people should be educated, etc - disliked corruption in Catholic Church Reformation 17. Martin Luther 18. John Calvin 19. Henry VIII 20. Elizabeth I 21. Hapsburg Family 22. Ignatius Exploration 24. Mughals Leader of the Protestant Reformation, first to ever break away from Catholic Church, German monk, founder of Lutheranism Founder of Calvinism - God predestines certain people to go to heaven Broke away from the Catholic Church because it wouldn't let him get a divorce. Formed Anglican Church Combined Catholic styles and Protestant ideas in the Anglican Church. Made Anglican church national church of all of Great Britain Rulers of Holy Roman Empire who supported Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation. Went to war against Protestant princes from Northern Holy Roman Empire. Started the Jesuits - went all over the world starting Catholic schools Muslim rulers of N'ern India. Built Taj Mahal. Traded textiles with E'peans. Eventually England conquered them and took over India. 2
25. Mayans 26. Incas 27. Aztecs 28. Prince Henry 29. Vasco da Gama 30. Columbus 31. Cortez 32. Pizarro 33. Magellan 34. Drake 35. Cartier Absolute Monarchs 36. Louis XIV Advanced Native American culture that lived in present day Mexico on the Yucatan Peninsula; built large pyramids used for religion and government purposes. Known for corn (maize) as well Advanced Native American culture that lived on the Pacific coast in present day South America (Chile, Peru); Lived in the Andes mountains; well known for advanced road building, bridges, and potatoes. Conquered by Pizarro and virtually wiped out by 1531. Native American tribe in Mexico that was defeated by Cortez. Well known for human sacrifices and for gold. Hated by surrounding tribes, many tribes joined Cortez in defeating the Aztecs. Most famous ruler was Montezuma. prince of Portugal. brought people together to study navigation sailed for Portugal. first to find a water route from Europe to Asia. sailed around Africa and landed in India. sailed for Spain. wanted to sail west around the world to get to Asia - landed in Caribbean - thought he was in India a conquistador. conquered the Aztecs of Mexico (their leader was Montezuma) and created a Spanish colony a conquistador. conquered the Incas of Peru and created a Spanish colony sailed for Spain. his crew sailed all the way around the globe sailed for England. first Englishman to sail around the globe sailed for France. explored St. Lawrence River. claimed Eastern Canada for France. founded city of Montreal. absolute monarch of France - known as the Sun King b/c he brought a great culture to France - also caused problems by only taxing the poor & by doing away with the Edict of Nantes - built palace of Versailles as a 3
symbol of his royal power 37. Sun King nickname of Louis XIV absolute ruler of Prussia - made Prussia a 38. Frederick the Great great military power. enlightened despot, created schools & tried to help the peasants an absolute ruler of Russia - made Russia 39. Peter the Great more like the W'ern Europe. ex. made men in Moscow shave their beards. Scientific Revolution 40. Copernicus 41. Kepler 42. Harvey 43. Galileo 44. Newton Polish - first person to state that the earth went around the sun - kept ideas to himself b/c he feared the church. his theory is called HELIOCENTRIC. German (Holy Roman Empire) - developed laws of planetary motion - he used math and proved that the earth and the other planets are constantly in motion around the sun in elliptical orbits English - discovered that blood circulates through the body Italian - used telescope to prove Copernicus right - Catholic Church declared him a heretic English - developed calculus and the laws of gravity Enlightenment French - writer who believed in freedom of speech, religion, and press - he criticized the 45. Voltaire church and gov't. separation of church and state. Austrian - great composer - began composing 46. Mozart at age 5 47. Bach great composer of the Enlightenment English - used natural law to argue that man should be sovereign (rule). Monarchs aren't chosen by God. Man has rights and is 48. Locke generally reasonable - said man can break his contract with gov't if gov't is bad - wrote Two Treatises on Government - people can be 4
trusted to govern themselves - democracy French - wrote Spirit of the Laws - believed 49. Montesquieu that gov't should have separation of powers also wrote Social Contract with the idea that 50. Rousseau gov't is a contract between rulers and people - gov't should reflect what the people want English - used natural law to say that people need an absolute monarch because they are 51. Hobbes naturally selfish - wrote Leviathan - without absolute monarch there will be chaos American - wrote Declaration of 52. Jefferson Independence - said natural law makes all people equal French - enlightened painter, painted Liberty 53. Delacroix Leading the People - also painted nature scenes 54. Cervantes Spanish novelist. wrote Don Quixote Revolutions: English Civil War & Glorious Revolution 55. Puritans 56. Charles I 57. Oliver Cromwell 58. Charles II 59. James II English Protestants that wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church of anything Catholic. Became the majority of Parliament and hated the pro-catholic kings. English King 1625-1649. After ignoring Parliament's Petition of Right, Tried to rule England as absolute monarch, but made Parliament (controlled by Puritans) very mad by infringing on people's rights. He is defeated in Puritan Rev. by Parliament and beheaded in 1649. military leader of Parliamentary forces against Charles I; Executes Charles I in 1649 and then rules England for 10 years as a dictator. restored as English King after Cromwell's death; ruled 1660-1685; signed Habeas Corpus Act (James II ignored it) English King 1685-1688; told Parliament he ruled by "divine right"; ignores laws like Habeas Corpus--Parliament overthrows him and gives throne to William and Mary. James II flees to France, where he dies years later. 5
60. William and Mary the new rulers of England after the Glorious Revolution. they had less power than Parliament. Revolutions: French Revolution 61. Third Estate 62. Louis XVI 63. Napoleon Name for the poor and middle class in France. They revolted against the gov't Weak ruler. Was beheaded by the Third Estate. Became the military dictator of France at the end of the French Revolution. Took over all of Europe. Spread his law code everywhere. The rest of Europe rose up and defeated him. Revolutions: Other Revolutions 64. Toussaint L'Ouverture 65. Simon Bolivar Haitian former slave who started a revolt against the French in Haiti. The rebel Haitians defeated the French and in 1804 Haiti proclaimed its independence. Called the "Liberator," he devoted his life to freedom for Latin America from Spain. By 1826, Bolivar had helped all South America achieve freedom. Revolutions: Congress of Vienna 66. Metternich Austrian prince who was in charge of Congress of Vienna. His 3-part plan was used to restore order to Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. He was in favor of absolute monarchs and against democracy. He got his way, which later led nationalists and liberals to start more revolutions in Europe. 6
Revolutions: Unification of Italy & Germany 67. Guiseppe Garibaldi 68. Count Cavour 69. Otto von Bismarck Used guerrilla warfare to conquer the southern part of Italy. He then united the south with the north (which was already under the control of Victor Emmanuel & his advisor Count Cavour). He was a nationalist who wanted Italians to have a strong country. Advisor to King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia. He worked to unify the northern part of Italy. Garibaldi united the southern part of Italy which he unified with Count Cavour's northern part. Victor Emmanuel became king of all Italy. Prime Minister of Prussia. Believed in realpolitik. Fought wars to take over other German states. (ex. Franco-Prussian war against France) united them together into Germany. He was a nationalist who wanted Germans to have a strong country. Industrial Revolution 70. Eli Whitney 71. James Watt 72. Henry Bessemer 73. Edward Jenner 74. Louis Pasteur Invented cotton gin to clean cotton faster. Made need for slaves grow because they needed to pick more cotton now. Invented the steam engine. Now work could be done by machines instead of human power. Invented cheap & easy way to make steel. Now machines could be made stronger and resistant to fire Made world's first vaccination - small pox Discovered germs/bacteria. Showed that they caused disease and that they could be killed 7
Capitalism v. Socialism 75. Adam Smith 76. Karl Marx Believed in capitalism. Wrote Wealth of Nations. Influenced the US. Wrote about laissez-faire economics - this means that gov't should not get involved with economic matters. They should let the economy be and let nature take its course. Economies will naturally fix themselves. Believed in Socialism. Wrote Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels). Wanted proletariat to rise up and revolt all over the world. Imperialism 77. Commodore Matthew Perry American naval commander who in 1853 sailed to Japan and forced the Japanese to sign a trade agreement with the United States. Ultimately, this meant Japan would begin to industrialize and become a world power. World War I 78. Archduke Ferdinand 79. Tsar Nicholas II 80. Bolsheviks Heir to throne of Austria-Hungary. Assassinated by Serbian nationalist who wanted Bosnia - which was controlled by A- H - to be controlled by Serbia instead since the people in Bosnia were Serbs. This was the "spark" that started WWI. Ruler of Russia in early 1900s. Was on the side of the Allied Powers. Spent too much time & money on WWI while his own people were starving. Lost Russo-Japanese war to Japan which was an embarrassment. Peasants rose up and revolted - he gave up his throne b/c of peasant protests. Radical group of Russian peasants led by Lenin. Overthrew Russian gov't (coup d'etat) in 1917. Socialists/communists. Wanted everything to be owned by the people. 8
81. Vladimir Lenin 82. Kaiser Wilhelm II 83. Woodrow Wilson Nickname was the "Reds". After taking power they had to fight a civil war against the Mensheviks ("Whites") Russian socialist. Wanted to spread socialism all over the world. Led the Bolsheviks. Took over Russian gov't in a coup d'etat. Became leader of Russia. New Economic Policy - even though he was a socialist, he used capitalism to get the Russian economy back on its feet. Leader of Germany during WWI. Gave Austria-Hungary the "blank check" to fight Serbia - this started WWI. US president WWI. Had plan - 14 points - for peace after the war Between the Wars 84. Hitler 85. Mussolini 86. Stalin Totalitarian leader of Germany. Head of the Nazi Party. Rebuilt German nationalism after their WWI defeat. Rebuilt German army. Fixed German economy. Took away rights - especially of Jews (anti-jew = anti- Semitism). Made Germany powerful and proud. Wanted to extend its empire by taking over more of Europe. Totalitarian leader of Italy. Head of the Fascist Party (followers called Black Shirts). Rebuilt Italian nationalism after WWI. Built Italian army. Fixed Italian economy. Took away rights. Made Italy powerful and proud. Wanted to extend its empire by taking over Ethiopia. Totalitarian leader of Soviet Union. Head of the Communist Party. Built Soviet nationalism. Built up Soviet army. Improved Soviet economy with 5-year plans and collectivization - gov't owned all farms. Took away rights - killed 20 million Soviets that disagreed with him (called Great Purge) and did away with religion (atheism). Used secret police to find out who his enemies were. Made Soviet Union powerful and 9
87. Tojo proud. Wanted to extend its empire by moving into E'ern Europe. Totalitarian leader of Japan. Head of the Japanese military. (Hirohito was the emperor but was weak) built up Japanese nationalism. Built up Japanese military. Improved Japanese economy by building industry. Took away rights. Made Japan powerful and proud. Wanted to extend its empire by taking over China, Korea, and Manchuria. World War II 88. Franklin D Roosevelt (FDR) US pres. during most of WWII 89. Harry S Truman US pres after FDR dies. Drops bombs on Japan 90. Eisenhower US general - led D-Day invasion US general in the Pacific. After war he rules 91. MacArthur Japan for the US & helps them create a constitution. 92. Churchill British Prime Minister - encourages his country to stand up to Hitler 93. Marshall US General - his plan helps rebuild Europe after WWII 94. Allies France, US, USSR, Great Britain and other countries fighting against Axis powers 95. Axis Germany, Italy, Japan and others that fought against the Allies. 96. Ronald Reagan Cold War 97. Mikhail Gorbachev US pres (1981-1989). Helped end the Cold War by building up US arms. USSR tried to keep up but couldn't Soviet premier. Helped end the Cold War by letting his people have more contact with the West. When they saw what the West had they wanted it too. Communist Revolutions 98. Mao Zedong Led communist revolution in China 99. Chiang Kai-shek Led Chinese nationalists against Mao - lost & formed country of Taiwan 10
100. Ho Chi Minh Led communist takeover of Vietnam Independence Movements 101. Gandhi Led passive resistance against British in India 102. Kenyatta Led violent fight against British for Kenyan independence - called Mau Mau uprising 11