RECONSTRUCTION: The Civil War had ended. Slavery and secession were no more. Now what? How does the Union integrate the South back into American society? How do 4 million newly freed African slaves integrate themselves into society? 1865-1877
EOC Review Reconstruction period between 1865-1877. Trying to rebuild United States after Civil War.
THE POLITICS OF RECONSTRUCTION ANDREW JOHNSON The politics of Reconstruction was complicated by the fact that Lincoln, his VP and successor Andrew Johnson, and the Congress all had different ideas of how Reconstruction should be handled
Different Views Lincoln Plan 10% plan Forgive and move on Johnsons Plan include high ranking confederates. took middle ground Wade Davis Bill- Congress Radical Reconstruction Punish the South
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT FROM HARPER S MAGAZINE 1866 BLACKS CELEBRATE One of the important acts passed by Congress was the Civil Rights Act - 1866 This law gave African Americans citizenship and forbade states from passing laws discriminating against former slaves (Black Codes)
Question How did Congress uphold individual property rights of southerners during Reconstruction? It returned confiscated land to former confederates
Question??? Why did Congress pass laws protecting civil rights during Reconstruction? A. to reverse the Dred Scott decision B. to abolish black codes in the South C. to punish former Confederate soldiers D. to help former slaves migrate to the North
Western Frontier Manifest Destiny the right of the United States to expand from coast to coast. Homestead Act gave 160 acres of land to those that would move West. Goal to encourage people to settle the West.
The West Mining gold and silver brought people to the west. Native Americans pushed onto reservations land set aside. Dawes Act law to Americanize Native Americans. Cattle Drives cowtowns Mining towns boomtowns/ghost towns
The West Transcontinental Railroad connected east and west coast. People, goods, supplies could move West. Built with the help of the Irish and Chinese.
End of the Open Range and Native American way of life. Invention of barbed wire technological improvement one cause of the end of the open range. Question: How did the government s policy of manifest destiny affect Native Americans living on the plains in the late 1800s? Native Americans were forced onto reservations while settlers took their land
Populist Movement Populism the movement of the people. Populist Party wanted economic reform to help farmers.
The West More questions??? Why did the Homestead Act attract farmers to the frontier? It offered free land to farmers who would improve it within five years. One effect of the building of the transcontinental railroad was to attract more migrants to the West
Question??? In the late 1800s, why did the Great Plains region become closely associated with the Populist movement? A. A large portion of the population was industrial workers. B. Many cattle ranchers worked there. C. A large portion of the population was farmers. D. Many immigrants settled there.
Industrial Age Expansion of the railroad transcontinental Big Business - Carnegie steel Rockefeller oil
BUSINESS GROWTH & CONSOLIDATION Mergers could result in a monopoly (Trust) A monopoly is complete control over an industry An example of consolidation: In 1870, Rockefeller Standard Oil Company owned 2% of the country s crude oil By 1880 it controlled 90% of U.S. crude oil CHICAGO S STANDARD OIL BUILDING IS ONE OF THE WORLD S TALLEST
Stock Companies sell stock so that can expand. Question??? Why do Companies sell stocks to raise investment capital $
Laws Taft-Hartley bill limited the actions workers could take against their employees. President Truman vetoed the bill (example of checks and balances ) Republican Congress overrode his veto.
Question?? Which of these actions is an example of checks and balances? A. President Reagan sent troops to Grenada. B. Congress passed a law raising income tax. C. President Truman vetoed the Taft-Hartley Act. D. State governments passed laws setting speed limits
SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT In 1890, the Sherman Anti- Trust Act made it illegal to form a monopoly (Trust) Prosecuting companies under the Act was not easy a business would simply reorganize into single companies to avoid prosecution Seven of eight cases brought before the Supreme Court were thrown out
Question???? The federal government s approach to regulating monopolies in the early 1900s was to A. break up corporate trusts B. avoid interfering with strikes C. regulate corporate profits D. avoid free and open competition
Questions What did the Sherman Anti-trust Act do? Prevented companies from forming monopolies to try and take over an industry example Standard Oil.
Labor Unions Unions were formed so workers could have better working conditions and better pay. Many of the early unions excluded different minority groups.
Question???? How did labor unions affect the lives of many workers during the late nineteenth century? A. They won shorter hours and better pay for workers. B. They helped workers take over ownership of factories and mines. C. They worked with lawmakers to pass probusiness legislation. D. They welcomed workers of any race or gender to join in their strikes.
Gilded Age Time when some had extreme wealth and others were suffered from being poor. Government took laissez-faire hands off approach to big business. Rockefeller and Carnegie benefited.
Question???? How did government policies of the Gilded Age of the late 1800s promote industrialization? A. Imperialism fueled steel production in the United States. B. New Deal policies created jobs for many of the unemployed. C. The Sherman Antitrust Act allowed for regulation of big business. D. Laissez-faire economic policies allowed private businesses to operate freely
Immigrants Most came for jobs. Sufferer discrimination because they would work for lower wages. Government will pass laws restricting number coming in to United States quotas limits
EUROPEANS Between 1870 and 1920, about 20 million Europeans arrived in the United States Before 1890, most were from western and northern Europe After 1890, most came from southern and eastern Europe All were looking for opportunity
SECTION 2: THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19 th century in the Northeast & Midwest Most immigrants settled in cities because of the available jobs & affordable housing By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities
IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS As immigration increased, so did anti-immigrant feelings among natives Nativism (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to anti-immigrant organizations and governmental restrictions against immigration In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which limited Chinese immigration until 1943 Anti-Asian feelings included restaurant boycotts
Discrimination and segregation were often the reality for African Americans who migrated North MIGRATION FROM COUNTRY TO CITY Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient in the late 19 th century It also meant less labor was needed to do the job Many rural people left for cities to find work- including almost ¼ million African Americans
URBAN PROBLEMS Problems in American cities in the late 19 th and early 20 th century included: Housing: overcrowded tenements were unsanitary Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements
URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Harper s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871 Transportation: Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was common Crime: As populations increased thieves flourished Fire: Limited water supply and wooden structures combined with the use of candles led to many major urban fires Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires
PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY
REFORMERS MOBILIZE Jacob Riis was a reformer who through his pictures hoped for change he influenced many The Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor Some reformers established Settlement Homes These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services Jane Addams was the most famous member of the Settlement Movement (founded Hull House in Chicago) Jane Addams and Hull House
Other Laws Chinese Exclusion Act -1 st law to limit the number of Chinese that could enter United States, Gentlemen's Agreement between Teddy Roosevelt and Japan s govt. U.S. would repeal segregation order of Japanese children and Japan would limit emigration of unskilled worker to U.S.
Question???? Which of these statements describes an obstacle to the assimilation of immigrant groups in the United States in the late 1800s? A. Anti-Semitism caused Jewish immigrants to settle in mostly rural areas. B. Chinese immigrants working for lower wages caused resentment. C. The war made United States citizens view German immigrants as enemy combatants. D. McCarthyism caused United States citizens to be suspicious of Soviet immigrants
Migration from country to city Why? Farming technology made farming more efficient meant fewer laborers needed. 1890-1910 200,000 African Americans moved north to find jobs, escape racial violence, political oppression.
Question? What effect did anti-immigration sentiment have on domestic policy in the early twentieth century? A. The government placed quotas on immigration. B. The government restricted job opportunities for immigrants. C. The government required immigrants to attend public schools. D. The government insisted on more immigration for economic growth.
Immigration Today What effect did the Immigration Act of 1965 have? A. Florida s immigrant population declined dramatically. B. Asians immigrated to the Northeast in great numbers. C. Big cities in the Midwest lost a large percentage of their foreign-born population. D. Southwestern border states such as Arizona experienced massive population growth.
Progressive Movement Progressive movement was all about reform. Muckrakers journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life.
Progressive Movement Upton Sinclair wrote the Jungle. Book about the meat-packing industry. Pure Food and Drug Act halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.
Problems today What was the primary challenge faced by Hispanic immigrants since the 1940s? A. a lack of jobs in cities B. unfair treatment by employers C. a lack of jobs in agriculture D. unfair legislation by the federal government
THE JUNGLE LEADS TO FOOD REGULATION After reading The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 The Act mandated cleaner conditions for meatpacking plants
PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT The Pure Food and Drug Act took medicines with cocaine and other harmful ingredients off the market In response to unregulated claims and unhealthy products, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 The Act halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling
ELECTION REFORM Citizens fought for, and won, initiative a bill originated by the people. Referendum voters reject or accept initiative by a vote. Recall allows voters to remove public officials from office. 17 th amendment called for direct election of Senators.
Question??? Reforms of the Progressive Movement Direct primary Initiative, referendum, and recall Direct election of senators What was the purpose of these reforms? A. expanding participation in the political process B. reducing government s influence in the economy C. giving more power to political parties D. increasing federal control over the states
Reform for Women 19 th Amendment gave women the right to vote. Suffrage to vote
How did the Pure Food and Drug Act change the way government regulated business? A. The government prevented businesses from raising prices due to research and development costs. B. The government provided business incentives to companies in order to lower prices for the consumer. C. The government established fair business practices to prevent manufacturers from forming monopolies. D. The government required businesses to indicate the ingredients in their products in order to protect the consumer
Imperialism Driven by the search for markets and materials. Anti-imperialism Against the U.S. taking land against the will of the people Open Door Policy with China Annex Hawaii Purchased Alaska rich in oil, gold, timber.
Spanish American War U.S. wanted to help Cuba. Yellow journalism writing that exaggerates the truth to sell more newspapers Monroe Doctrine European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin America. Roosevelt Corollary U.S. would use force to protect interest.
Questions??? During the late nineteenth century, many antiimperialists worried that imperialism might threaten United States democratic values by A. opening more doors of diplomacy B. considering the needs of native peoples C. violating fundamental human rights D. establishing protection for weaker countries Why did United States business interests favor overseas expansion in the late 1800s? A. to establish a commonwealth of colonies B. to establish military bases around the world C. to acquire new markets and sources of raw materials D. to spread democratic ideals to other areas of the world
Question??? Why was the purchase of Alaska in 1867 important to the development of the United States economy? A. The land was rich in timber, gold, and oil. B. The region set up an extensive trading network. C. It made the country a dominant imperialistic force. D. It established thousands of square miles of national forests
World War One Four MAIN reasons M militarism building up military A alliances agreement with another country I imperialism building empire N nationalism pride in your country and willing to defend it.
Ending the war Treaty of Versailles ended war. Tough on Germany war guilt clause. Created League of Nations peace keeper nations to settle grievances without war. U.S. Senate rejected treaty example of checks and balance system.
Question??? Why were the League of Nations and the United Nations created? A. to end world hunger B. to prevent future wars C. to unify the world economy D. to spread democracy in the world
Question? That which the German power represents today spells death to the aspirations of Negroes and all darker races for equality, freedom, and democracy. Let us not hesitate. Let us, while this war lasts, forget our special grievances and close our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our own white fellow citizens and the allied nations that are fi ghting for democracy. W. E. B. Du Bois This quotation reflects which attitude of many African Americans during World War I? A. African Americans should not pay attention to the war. B. African Americans should participate fully and fi ght in the war. C. African Americans should support the war only in non-combat roles. D. African Americans should pressure the nation to withdraw from the war.
Roaring Twenties Time of change Prohibition women working outside of home, Scopes trial, Jazz Age
Great Depression 1929 with stock market crash start of trouble. Buying on margin paying some down for stock and paying rest later. Speculation believing price on stock will go up.
SEEDS OF TROUBLE By the late 1920s, problems with the economy emerged Speculation: Too many Americans were engaged in speculation buying stocks & bonds hoping for a quick profit Margin: Americans were buying on margin paying a small percentage of a stock s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest The Stock Market s bubble was about to break
Great Depression President Hoover did little to help people. Hoovervilles shacks made out of whatever the people could find.
HARDSHIPS DURING DEPRESSION The Great Depression brought hardship, homelessness, and hunger to millions Across the country, people lost their jobs, and their homes Some built makeshifts shacks out of scrap material Before long whole shantytowns (sometimes called Hoovervilles in mock reference to the president) sprung up
THE DUST BOWL A severe drought gripped the Great Plains in the early 1930s Wind scattered the topsoil, exposing sand and grit The resulting dust traveled hundreds of miles One storm in 1934 picked up millions of tons of dust from the Plains an carried it to the East Coast Kansas Farmer, 1933
HARDEST HIT REGIONS Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado were the hardest hit regions during the Dust Bowl Many farmers migrated to California and other Pacific Coast states Boy covers his mouth to avoid dust, 1935
Questions??? Why did people in the Great Depression call their temporary settlement communities Hoovervilles? A. President Hoover was very popular during the depression. B. They blamed President Hoover for the depression. C. They wanted to remember President Hoover. D. President Hoover grew up in similar housing
Question??? How did the Dust Bowl affect the Great Plains during the Great Depression? A. Thousands of families left for the West Coast. B. It brought economic prosperity to urban areas. C. Thousands of individuals relocated to the East. D. It caused a population decline in northeastern cities
Question??? How did the Federal Reserve s higher interest rates in the 1930s complicate the Great Depression? A. People were less likely to leave their money in unstable banks. B. People began spending their money rather than saving it. C. People saved money rather than spending it. D. People were more likely to take out loans.
The New Deal Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt s plan to beat depression. New Deal Programs programs aimed at putting people back to work.
Programs WPA Works Progress Administration created all types of jobs. PWA created jobs on govt. projects. TVA developed electricity for Tn. Valley area. Programs increase federal deficit. Supreme Court will rule several programs unconstitutional judicial review
Question??? What was the purpose of the federal Works Progress Administration (WPA)? A. to track cost overruns in state Medicare programs B. to monitor corporate compliance with Federal Reserve regulations C. to provide jobs to unemployed workers during the New Deal D. to judge the benefits of military spending after the expensive Manhattan project
Question????? Which constitutional check did the Supreme Court use when declaring several New Deal programs unconstitutional? A. judicial review B. executive privilege C. popular sovereignty D. indirect democracy
World War Two Long term causes MAIN Short term cause Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. Americans wanted to stay with policy of isolationism stay out of world affairs.
WW II Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 will end isolationism. Population shifts towns and cities with defense industries increased population. African Americans left South for factory jobs in the North. After the war United States will stay involved in world affairs.
POPULATION SHIFTS The war triggered the greatest mass migration in American history More than a million newcomers poured into California between 1941-1944 African Americans again shifted from south to north -jobs and to get away from Jim Crow laws
Peace - War Factories went from peacetime production to wartime production. War Production Board converted business to wartime production. Everyone did their part.
GI BILL HELPS RETURNING VETS To help returning servicemen ease back into civilian life, Congress passed the Servicemen s Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) The act provided education for 7.8 million vets
Rebuilding Marshall Plan massive rebuilding loan plan to help Europe rebuild after WWII. Congress was afraid that if the United States did not spend the money Europe would fall into the hands of the Communist.
Question???? Even though President Roosevelt supported the Allies with war supplies before 1941, why was the United States unable to enter the war until after the bombing of Pearl Harbor? A. The Supreme Court disapproved of war. B. Most citizens refused to support England. C. Many state governors approved of the Axis. D. Most of Congress refused to support a war
Question One consequence of World War II was that the United States A. returned to its isolationist tendencies B. avoided foreign conflicts C. remained deeply involved in world affairs D. reduced its military spending
Question??? Why did large numbers of African Americans migrate to the North in the early twentieth century? A. Northern states offered them free farmland. B. Labor unions in the North recruited them as members. C. Southern Jim Crow laws restricted their job opportunities. D. New laws forced them to leave the South or pay heavy fines.
Question? How did the United States government help the veterans of World War Two?
Cold War Between United States and Soviet Union. United States going to follow containment stop communism from spreading around the world. Reds- nickname given to those believed to belong to the communist party.
Cold War Truman Doctrine U.S. would help any country resisting communism. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization signed by U.S. and other free nations alliance. Warsaw Pact formed because of NATO by Soviet Union and eastern communist countries.
Cold War at home McCarthyism the witch hunt for communist by Senator Joseph McCarthy. People were accused of being spies, Rosenberg s put to death, some blacklisted in Hollywood.
Korean War North Korea backed by Communist countries Soviet Union and China invades South Korea backed by the United States. Country divided at 38 th parallel. 1950-1953 after three years of fighting war in a stalemate nothing really changed DMZ zone.
Question? How did McCarthyism affect people lives during the Cold War?
Question? Why was the end of the Korean War considered a stalemate? A. The cold war continued. B. The North and South were still divided. C. Both the North and South lost many lives. D. The United States removed all of its troops.
1950 s Growth of the middle class. Interstate highway system improves industry and gave rise to suburban living. The baby boom increase in birth rates and decrease in death rate advances in medicine.
Question The automobile and the expansion of the roadway system in the 1950s led to the growth of A. ethnic neighborhoods B. suburban areas C. urban areas D. rural zones
Question How was the economy affected by corporate expansion in the 1950s? A. It improved with more information technology jobs. B. It struggled as strikes interrupted production. C. It boomed as the middle class grew. D. It declined as regulation increased
Question? During the 1950s, how did the Republican Party hope to support a balanced federal budget and counter communist countries? A. by relying on a large army and navy B. by relying on long-range bombers C. by relying on nuclear weapons D. by relying on foreign aid
Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson ruled separate but equal was equal. Brown v. Board of Education overturned Plessy decision ruled it violated 14 th Amendment guarantees all Americans equal treatment under the law.
Civil Rights Laws Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. Gave all citizens the right to enter libraries, parks, restrooms, restaurants, theaters, and other public accommodations.
Civil Rights Laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 act eliminated literacy tests and stated the federal examiners could enroll voters who had been denied suffrage. LBJ was President. Affirmative action result of the Civil Rights movement. Involves making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination.
Question? Which of these statements describes both the Fifteenth Amendment and the Voting Rights Act of 1965? A. Suffrage cannot be denied on the basis of race. B. Anyone born in the United States is a citizen. C. Congress has the power to collect taxes. D. Slavery cannot exist in the United States.
Civil Rights Laws Civil Right Act of 1968 outlawed discrimination in housing.
LBJ Lyndon Baines Johnson Great Society name for his domestic programs. Declared war on poverty Immigration Act of 1965 opened the door for many non-european immigrants to settle in U.S. Ended quotas based on nationality. Job Corp. part of the Economic Opportunity Act - provided 1 million your youth programs, antipoverty, small business loans, etc.
Vietnam U.S. gets involved because of policy of containment stop spread of communism. Domino theory by Eisenhower said if one country in SE Asia fell to communism they would all fall.
Vietnam Ho Chi Minh leader of the Vietcong would not give up. Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam along 17 parallel. Doves wanted peace Hawks backed war movement War will end with Paris Peace Accords
Vietnam War Powers Act A. Pres. Must inform Congress within 48 hours of sending troop aboard. B. Troops may remain there no longer than 90 days unless Congress approves or declares war. 26 th Amendment lowered voting age to 18 created in 1971
Question? How did the Paris Peace Accords lead to the end of the Vietnam War in 1973? A. It called for a final withdrawal of United States troops. B. It called for a withdrawal of Soviet troops. C. It allowed the United States to rightly claim victory in Vietnam. D. It allowed French leaders to intervene with the Vietnamese.
President Nixon Watergate scandal brought about the resignation of Nixon and let to distrust of the government. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries controls oil prices around world. Raised prices to U.S. during 1970 s because U.S. backed Israel worsened inflation. OPEC reduced amount of oil sent to U.S. and price of gasoline increased.
Question? Which of these changes influenced political participation in the 1970s? A. directly electing United States senators B. lowering the voting age to eighteen C. granting women the right to vote D. introducing national conventions
Question?? Which situation resulted from the OPEC oil embargo of 1973? A. oil shortages and rising prices B. oil shortages and falling prices C. oil surpluses and rising prices D. oil surpluses and falling prices
Pres. Carter and Pres. Reagan Carter foreign policy human rights. Camp David Accords Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty 1 st time Israel and Arab nation reached peace agreement Reagan deregulation cut rules and regulations govt. agencies placed on businesses. Reaganomics supply-side economics increase the supply of goods and services to stimulate economy.
Regions of United States Rust Belt name for the North Central and Northeast region because of the aging factories that had been closed. Sunbelt South and Southwest part of U.S. Many people move there because of the warm climate to retire.
Question Which of these factors led to the formation of a region called the Rust Belt during the late twentieth century? A. a shrinking industrial base in the North B. more agricultural jobs in the Mountain West C. a growing commercial base on the East Coast D. more manufacturing jobs in the Great Plains
Regions Ozarks Plateau An upland region of the south-central United States extending from southwest Missouri across northwest Arkansas into eastern Oklahoma.
Regions Appalachian mountain system of eastern North America extending about 2,574 km (1,600 mi) southwest from Newfoundland, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec, Canada, to central Alabama. The range includes the Allegheny, Blue Ridge, and Cumberland mountains. Mount Mitchell in western North Carolina is the highest peak, rising to 2,038.6 m (6,684 ft).
Terms Checks and balances a system under which each branch of government limits the power of the other branches. Separation of Powers the division of governmental power into separate branches. Judicial Review The power of the Supreme Court to declare national, state, or local acts of government invalid.
Terms Fiscal policy a government tool for influencing the economy by deliberately changing levels of taxing and spending. Recession mild short-term economic downturn. Inflation prices rise quickly Capitalism free enterprise system factories, businesses, etc. are owned and controlled by individuals and corporations.
Amendments 13 th ended slavery 14 th - defined citizenship 15 th grant black men the right to vote 16 th income tax 17 th direct election of Senators 19 th women vote 24 th outlawed poll tax 26 th lowered voting age