Chapters 22-25
Militarism Build-up of weapons and navies Alliances Defense agreements that could pull countries into battles Imperialism Competition to prove dominance and power Nationalism Loyalty and devotion to one s country of origin Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Immediate cause: by Serbian national in protest of Austria-Hungary controlling Bosnia
Attempt to stay out of the war Continue to trade with both sides Newer immigrants had emotional ties to each side Allies = Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Serbia, Romania, Japan eventually U.S. Central Powers= Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
British Blockade Britain stops U.S. supply ships from getting to Germany U-boats/Lusitania German submarine attacks on ships without warning Sussex pledge Germany would try to spare lives in future attacks if U.S. force Britain to end blockade Preparedness movement Increase readiness for war
Propaganda Allies and central Powers try to gain support for their side Zimmermann note German telegram offering Mexico parts of the U.S. in return for support Russian revolution Autocrat overthrown for a more democratic government = U.S. comfortable fighting on the same side as Russia Russia pulls out of the war = Germany no longer fighting on 2 fronts
Airplane Artillery Battleship Flamethrower Machine Gun Poison Gas Submarine Tank Trench System = Many more deaths compared to previous wars
Pacifists Opposed war; for political, moral, religious reasons Four-Minute Men Supported war; made patriotic speeches for government propaganda American Families Mostly supported war; bought Liberty bonds, recycle and conserve goods/metal, Meatless Mondays Federal Government Officials Supported war; coordinate war efforts (bond sales/supply deliveries/worker unions)
African American Leaders Both; W.E.B. DuBois urge blacks to joins others suggested the government should first work for equality at home African Americans Most supported; served in military, Great Migration moved north to produce war goods Immigrants Most supported; faced anti-immigrant feelings from patriot groups Wbbblies Opposed war; spoke out publicly against the war
Espionage Act: 1917 Made it a crime to interfere with the military draft, sever penalties for spying, sabotage, and obstruction of the war effort Sedition Act: 1918 Crime to SAY anything disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive about the government
Fourteen Points presented to Congress January 1918 Prevent future wars Eliminate the causes of war Self-determination New countries in Europe by ethnic group League of Nations International organization Work together to resolve conflicts
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at"). 2. Free navigation of all seas. 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries. 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers. 5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial 6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop her own political set-up. 7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine 9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to be "along clearly recognizable lines of nationality." 10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary. 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the Balkan states. 12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves. 13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea. 14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states.
Big Four U.S., Great Britain, France, Italy Leaders of 4 largest winning nations; made all decisions Defeated nations no power Russia early agreement with Germany = did not attend U.S. Wilson wants peace France wants Germany weakened for security reasons Great Britain wants Germany to take responsibility for the war and pay reparations Germany resentful of war-guilt clause and reparations Wilson agreed to protect League of Nations
Self-determination Austria-Hungary divided into ethnic groups BUT Parts of Germany given to France, Poland, Denmark and Belgium Germany colonies around the world also given as prizes League of Nations Agreed to by the other leaders Treaty of Versailles
Ratification (Approval) Debate Reservationist Willing to approve the treaty with a few changes Article 10: about collective security feared this would draw the U.S. into wars Irreconcilables Opposed the treaty no matter what Especially the League of Nations idea Internationalists In favor of the treaty, cooperation between nations would benefit all
Wilson goes on speaking tour to gain public support Wilson suffers a major stroke, very ill Partisanship Republicans and Democrats vote a few times on different versions of the treaty Along party lines does not pass Next Election Republican win = no treaty 1921- U.S. signs a separate treaty with Germany League of Nations not very strong without U.S.