American History: A Survey Chapter 7: The Jeffersonian Era

American History: A Survey Chapter 7: The Jeffersonian Era

The Development of Political Parties (The First Party System) Key Concept 4.1 (IA) Federalists Democratic-Republicans Strong central government Self-sufficient economy Wanted to establish the credit of the nation Wanted to solve currency shortage that threatened the development of industry in the United States Wanted states to retain as much authority as possible and the powers of the national government to be interpreted narrowly Wanted to avoid the undesirable consequences of industrialization and urbanization Favored non-intervention

Republicanism and Federalism (HAVING NOTHING TO DO WITH REPUBLICANS AND FEDERALISTS ) Republicanism People vote for other people to represent them. Republicanism is a political theory celebrating active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom. Federalism There is a federal government and there are state governments; they each have different powers.

Thomas Jefferson Jefferson pardoned those serving sentences under the Sedition Act, slashed the army and navy, but left the Hamiltonian framework essentially intact. (From 1801 to 1825, three Republicans from Virginia Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe each served two terms as president. This Virginia Dynasty actively supported westward expansion).

Promoting Cultural Independence Writer Noah Webster wanted to raise the nation s intellectual prowess. He called on his fellow citizens to free themselves from the dependence on foreign opinions and manners, which is fatal to the efforts of genius in this country. Despite Webster s efforts, a republican literary culture developed rather slowly. Apart from Washington Irving, no American author was well known in Europe or, for that matter, the United States. Not until the 1830s and 1840s would American authors achieve a professional identity and make a significant contribution to Western literature.

Washington Irving The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820) Washington Irving, author of such tales as Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, was the first American to win international recognition as a literary figure.

James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans (1826) Reading one day to his wife from an insipid English novel, Cooper remarked in disgust that he could write a better book himself. His wife challenged him to do so and he did. His fame rests most enduringly on the Leatherstocking Tales and The Last of the Mohicans. Cooper was contrasting the values of natural men with the artificiality of modern civilization.

Religious Skepticism The American Revolution weakened traditional religion by detaching churches from government. Deism relied on reason rather than revelation, on science rather than the Bible, and believed in a Supreme Being who created the universe. Unitarianism held that God existed in only one person and not the orthodox trinity, pictured God not as a stern creator but as a loving Father. Second Great Awakening (1790s-1840s): Even more than its predecessor of several decades earlier, the Second Great Awakening stressed the right to private judgment in spiritual matters and the possibility of universal salvation through faith and good works.

Second Great Awakening (1790s-1840s) Key Concept 4.1 (IIA) A decades-long series of religious revivals the Second Great Awakening made the United States a genuinely Christian society. (The largest gathering, at Cane Ridge in Kentucky in 1801, lasted for nine days and nights and attracted almost 20,000 people.) Charles Finney:

Impact of the Second Great Awakening Key Concept 4.1 (IIA) Unlike the First Great Awakening, which split churches into warring factions, the Second Great Awakening fostered cooperation among denominations. Because the Second Great Awakening aroused such enthusiasm, religion became an important new force in political life. Religious activism also advanced female education. The Second Great Awakening made Americans a fervently Protestant people. Along with the values of republicanism and capitalism, this religious impulse formed the core of an emerging national identity.

Impact of the Second Great Awakening (continued ) Key Concept 4.1 (IIA) Did not revive the strength of old religious institutions Did accelerate the growth of different sects and denominations, did boost church membership Created acceptance that people could belong to different Protestant churches and still be committed to the same Christian faith Did spread religious fervor into virtually every area Preponderance of women drawn to the revivalism Revivals open to people of all races Did spawn a number of reform movements involving education, temperance, abolition, and women s rights

Eli Whitney Eli Whitney s cotton gin extracted seeds from its strands and made possible the growing and selling of cotton on a large scale. The cotton gin revolutionized American slavery; an institution that many Americans had expected to die out because its major crop, tobacco, exhausted the soil, now embarked on a period of unprecedented expansion.

Taking Notes from the Text Trade and Transportation prerequisite for industrialization is efficient transportation that America didn t have Problem = limited markets. Solution #1 is look for customers overseas. Solution #2 is to develop new markets at home by improving transportation between the states Robert Fulton/Clermont/Hudson River/steam-powered navigation turnpike era

The World s First Successful Steamboat

Jefferson and Napoleon: The Louisiana Purchase Spain withdrew the right of deposit guaranteed to America (Pinckney s Treaty) Spain transfers Louisiana to France Napoleon suddenly decides to sell all of Louisiana and abandon his dream of a New World empire Jefferson, surprised, and not authorized to negotiate treaties incorporating this expanse, shamefully submitted the treaties to the Senate (knowing this was unconstitutional)

Significance of the Louisiana Purchase Overnight, Jefferson avoids a possible rift with France and the consequent entangling alliance with England. He doubled the size of the United States and ended the French presence in North America. Jefferson s ideal of a great agrarian republic can now be realized This transfer of land also established valuable precedents for future expansion The purchase contributed to making operational isolationist principles of Washington s Farewell Address by removing virtually the last remnant of significant European power from North America.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

The Burr Conspiracy Burr joins a group of Federalist extremists to plot the secession of New England and NY Hamilton exposes the conspiracy, and Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel, killing Hamilton Burr flees to the west, wishing to separate the west from the eastern U.S. Burr s insurrectionary brashness demonstrated that it was one thing for the United States to purchase large expanses of western territory but quite another for it to govern them effectively.

The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Key Points Louisiana Purchase the Burr conspiracy Barbary Pirates neutral rights Impressments Embargo Act of 1807 the Chesapeake Affair (Chesapeake/Leopard)

The Embargo of 1807 Embargo (Embargo Act of 1807): a ban on all American vessels sailing for foreign ports. Unfortunately, neither Britain nor France took much notice. But the Embargo devastated the economies of American port cities. The Embargo, however, had failed to achieve its diplomatic aims and was increasingly violated by American shippers and resented by persons whose livelihoods depended on trade. Just before his term ended, Jefferson repealed the Embargo and signed the Non-Intercourse Act, banning trade only with Britain and France, but providing that if either side rescinded, commerce with that country would resume.

The Hartford Convention Key Concept 4.1 (IC)

Indian Responses to White Encroachment The period from 1800 to 1812 was an age of prophecy among the Indians. Movements for the revitalization of Indian life arose among the Creeks, Cherokees, Shawnees, Iroquois, and other tribes. Handsome Lake preached that Indians could regain their autonomy without directly challenging whites, and he urged his people to take up farming. A more militant message was expounded by Tecumseh, a chief who had refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, for Indians to revive traditional Indian culture and resist federal policies.

Embargo Act of 1807 Causes of the War of 1812 The Second War for Independence Britain's incitement of Native Americans to violence against the Americans War Hawks elected to Congress Ongoing impressments of American sailors Chesapeake Affair Madison believed war with Britain was inevitable

Tecumseh and the War of 1812 Tecumseh tried to unite the tribes of the Mississippi Valley against white encroachments on their lands. Like the War of Independence, the War of 1812 was a two-front struggle against the British and against the Indians. After the Battle of Tippecanoe, Tecumseh formed an alliance with the British in the War of 1812. With his death (at the Battle of the Thames) perished the dream of an Indian confederacy.

Effects of the War of 1812 The Second War for Independence No territorial concessions are made by either side American independence is confirmed, and the United States gains some respect End of the Federalist Era and the 1 st Party System Renewed sense of nationalism Market Revolution begins Andrew Jackson (Battle of New Orleans) and William Henry Harrison (Battle of Horseshoe Bend) became famous because of their war exploits The war completed the conquest of the area east of the Mississippi River

The Presidency of James Madison Key Points Macon s Bill #2: stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the non-repealing nation. War Hawks Indian uprisings War of 1812 Hartford Convention Treaty of Ghent: (1815) ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought American into the war. Battle of New Orleans

Pirate Jean Lafitte In return for a pardon, Lafitte helped Jackson fight the British in New Orleans. In a time when the U.S. had an army of only 6,000 (before the War of 1812), Lafitte commanded 1,000 men and numerous ships.

U.S.S. Constitution The U.S.S. Constitution is the world's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat. The U.S.S. Constitution is most famous for her actions during the War of 1812 against Great Britain, when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated five British warships. The U.S.S. Constitution's stated mission today is to promote understanding of the Navy s role in war and peace through educational outreach, historic demonstration, and active participation in public events.

A New Economy (This ties in later on with Chapter 10) Three historical processes unleashed by the American Revolution accelerated after the War of 1812: the spread of market relations, the westward movement of the population, and the rise of a vigorous political democracy. In the first half of the 1800s (nineteenth century), an economic transformation known to historians as the market revolution swept over the United States. Steamboats and railroads opened new land to settlement, lowered transportation costs, and made it far easier for economic enterprises to sell their products.

For Your Information As we continue through the textbook, keep in mind that all of this is going on at the same time Chapter 8: 1812-1830s Chapter 9: 1820-1842 Chapter 10: 1813-1852 Chapter 11: 1800-1849 Chapter 12: 1817-1855 Chapter 13: 1818-1860 Varieties of Nationalism Age of Jackson Economic Revolution Slavery Reform Manifest Destiny

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the Second Great Awakening? (A) It was a religious movement that led to the reorganization of many existing churches and the founding of new sects. (B) It drew new converts from massive camp or revival meetings (C) It had its greatest appeal to men, who made up the majority of new religious adherents (D) It inspired several reform movements

The region that did NOT support the declaration of war against the British was (A) New England (B) the South (C) the West (D) the Chesapeake

The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution A) Led to the creation of the judicial branch B) Gave to the federal government the authority to create a national bank C) Prevented a president from seeking a third term D) Required that presidential and vice presidential candidates be from the same party