I. On the Eve of Revolution A. l Ancien Regime (The Old Order) 1. established during the 15 th century a. includes the First, Second and Third Estates
I. On the Eve of Revolution A. l Ancien Regime (The Old Order) 2. The First Estate a. the clergy b. the church owned 10% of the land in France c. collected their own taxes, but paid no taxes themselves d. provided some social services i. schooling, hospitals, and orphanages
I. On the Eve of Revolution A. l Ancien Regime (The Old Order) 3. The Second Estate a. titled nobility b. always had special privileges and preferential treatment i. top positions in government, army, courts, etc. c. also didn t pay taxes d. feared change
I. On the Eve of Revolution A. l Ancien Regime (The Old Order) 4. The Third Estate a. 98% of the total population @ 27 million b. a diverse group i. bourgeoisie middle class occupations such as banker, merchant, manufactures, lawyers, doctors, journalists, professors, and skilled artisans ii. 9 out of 10 members of the Third Estate were rural peasants iii. urban workers were probably the worst off
I. On the Eve of Revolution A. l Ancien Regime (The Old Order) 5. Discontent Question: Who are the three characters in this cartoon and what is the author s purpose?
I. On the Eve of Revolution A. l Ancien Regime (The Old Order) 5. Discontent a. peasants live a miserable existence while the 1 st and 2 nd Estate live off the sweat and blood of the members of the 3 rd Estate b. influence of the Enlightenment reaches members of the bourgeoisie i. Why should the 1 st and 2 nd Estates have such great privileges at the expense of the majority? ii. it did not meet the test of reason!
I. On the Eve of Revolution B. Economic Troubles 1. French government was deficit spending a. when a government spends more than it brings in b. Louis XIV s Versailles, French court culture, wars, etc 2. poor harvests and famine a. bread riots were common 3. Louis XVI dismisses finance minister Jacques Necker 4. calling of the Estates General in May 1789 first meeting in 175 years!
I. On the Eve of Revolution C. Louis XVI & the Estates General 1. Louis not interested in working while king 2. Estates present cahiers at the Estates General a. notebooks listing grievances/complaints b. freedom of press, lower taxes, stop inflation, and regular meetings of the Estates General c. testified and highlighted class resentment Tax collectors are the bloodsuckers of the nation who drinks the tears of the unfortunate from goblets of gold vampires pumping the last drops of blood from the people 20 million must live on half the wealth of France while the clergy devour the other half
I. On the Eve of Revolution C. Louis XVI & the Estates General 3. in the Estates General, each estate has one vote Question: What is the inherent problem with this voting system? the First and Second Estate will always outvote the Third Estates even though they are the majority a. Third Estate wants votes to be simple majority
I. On the Eve of Revolution C. Louis XVI & the Estates General 4. Tennis Court Oath a. Third Estate locked out of Estates General meeting house b. members of the Third Estate swore never to separate and to meet whenever the circumstances might require until we have an established a sound and just constitution.
I. On the Eve of Revolution D. Storming of the Bastille 1. July 14, 1789 Parisians afraid king Louis XVI is sending troops to squash rebellious attitude 2. Bastille a Medieval fortress and prison a. where weapons and ammunitions are stored 3. guards open fire as Parisians attempt to break in 4. Louis XVI Is it a revolt a. No, sire, it is a revolution! 5. becomes an early symbol of the Revolution a. Bastille Day celebrated similarly to July 4 th Independence Day
II. Creating a New France A. Phases of the French Revolution 1. 1789-91: The National Assembly 2. 1792-93: Escalating Violence 3. 1793-94: Reign of Terror 4. 1795-99: The Directory 5. 1799-1815: The Age of Napoleon
II. Creating a New France B. Revolts in Paris and the Provinces 1. inflation of bread prices a. peasant families spending 80% of income on food alone b. violence and anger spread during the Great Fear c. factions begin to form in Paris i. factions small groups with shared ideas/philosophies d. all factions begin to openly criticize the Monarchy
II. Creating a New France C. Moderate Reforms of the National Assembly 1. nobles forced to agree to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen a. abolished feudalism b. modeled in part on the U.S. Constitution c. natural rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression d. all male citizens equal before the law i. in reality, the nobles gave up nothing they had not already lost 2. Louis XVI was slow to implement changes, if at all
II. Creating a New France D. Women March on Versailles 1. fearsome fish ladies demand bread 2. hatred directed at Queen Marie Antoinette a. because of her excessive spending b. Let them eat cake; probably not actually said 3. force royal family to move to Paris a. held as prisoners at the Tuileries Palace
II. Creating a New France E. The National Assembly Presses Onward 1. gov t took over Catholic Church possessions 2. create the Constitution of 1791 a. established a constitutional monarchy i. limited monarchy replaces absolute monarchy b. established a legislative assembly i. power to make laws, collect taxes, and wage wars and peace 3. Louis XVI attempted escape a. tries to escape to family in Austria; captured b. convinces French that he is a traitor
II. Creating a New France F. Reaction Outside France 1. enlightened philosophers were excited by the progress of the National Assembly in France 2. European absolute monarchs were worried 3. émigrés French nobles, clergy and others who are fleeing the dangers of the French Revolution a. many began predicting the revolution will get bloodier
II. Creating a New France G. War at Home and Abroad 1. threats emerge from outside France a. Austria and Prussia issue the Declaration of Pilnitz i. threatened to intervene to save the monarchy b. the National Assembly (France s revolutionary gov t) prepares to defend itself 2. Paris factions disagree on key issues a. a Republic (no monarchy) or a limited monarchy 3. by April 1792, French armies battling against European powers and fighting within France
III. Radical Days A. Abolition of the Monarchy 1. September Massacres French slaughter supposed enemies of the revolution 2. the Legislative Assembly becomes the National Convention a. place King Louis XVI on trial as a traitor i. found guilty ii. sentenced to death by the Guillotine iii. Queen Marie Antoinette executed a few days later iv. royal children die of abuse in prison
III. Radical Days A. Abolition of the Monarchy 3. the Guillotine a. a more humane way of execution b. equal in life, equal in death i. better than the torture devices used previously on the members of the 3 rd Estate
III. Radical Days B. The Convention Defends the Republic 1. establish the Committee on Public Safety a. a 12-member body made of members from the bourgeoisie who have absolute power b. issue a levee en masse i. a mass levy / military draft c. began to actually attack and invade foreign nations i. the Netherlands and Italy among others
III. Radical Days C. Maximillien Robespierre & the Reign of Terror 1. called The Incorruptible 2. a lawyer with Enlightened ideals 3. attempted to create a republic of virtue a. Liberty cannot be achieved unless criminals lose their heads
III. Radical Days C. Maximillien Robespierre & the Reign of Terror 4. July 1793-4: The Reign of Terror a. cheers of Hail the Republic; Death to Traitors b. 40,000 French citizens are sentenced to death c. causes massive hysteria 5. fatal mistake a. presents a list of traitors but doesn t let anyone see it b. members of the other factions fear they might be on the list c. Robespierre is arrested by the other factions d. Robespierre is sentenced to guillotine 6. after Robespierre s death, the Reign of Terror ends and violence subsides
III. Radical Days D. Reaction & the Directory 1. once again, a new constitution 2. established a 5-man governing body [The Directory] 3. members of the bourgeoisie still running France 4. made peace with Prussia and Spain, continued to fight with Austria and Britain (UK) 5. frustrated citizens look to Napoleon Bonaparte, a young military hero
III. Radical Days E. Changes to Daily Life in France 1. 1789-99 = 10 years of bloody revolution 2. dislodged old social order, abolished monarchy, and took over the power and privileges of the Church 3. universal greeting becomes citizen a. eliminated titles 4. fashion becomes less extravagant 5. French calendar changed a. 10-day week with new names for days and months 6. abolished slavery in the colonies 7. establish non-religious schools
IV. The Age of Napoleon He was like an expert chess player with the human race as an opponent, which he proposed to checkmate Madame Germaine de Staël Nothing has been simpler than my elevation (in power); it is owing to the peculiarities of the time
IV. The Age of Napoleon A. Napoleon s Rise to Power 1. born on island of Corsica to minor nobles 2. entered military school at age 9 3. age 20 when the revolution begins a. rank of Lieutenant 4. favored republican rule over monarchy a. despite its contradictions Since one must take sides, one might as well choose the side that is victorious Question: What does this quote by a young Napoleon tell us about his values/goals? Concerned less with ideals and more with power/glory
IV. The Age of Napoleon B. Early Successes 1. drove the British out of the port city of Toulon 2. defeated the Austrians; gained northern Italian states 3. defeated in Egypt by the British a. attempted to disrupt British trade with India b. successfully hid the severity of the defeat
IV. The Age of Napoleon C. Political Career 1. Napoleon used plebiscites: a simple yes or no vote 2. helped overthrow the Directory; a 5-man governing body that was weak and divided a. became one of three members of the Consulate 3. elected First Consul 4. elected First Consul for Life in 1802 5. elected as Emperor of the French in 1804 a. invites pope as a spectator only (huge diss)
IV. The Age of Napoleon
IV. The Age of Napoleon D. France Under Napoleon's Leadership 1. consolidated France and strengthened the central government a. Order, Security & Efficiency became new motto 2. reforms: a. controlled inflation and prices b. encouraged industry, roads and canals c. public school system d. made peace with Catholic Church
IV. The Age of Napoleon D. France Under Napoleon's Leadership 3. won support from ALL classes a. encouraged émigré to return home to France b. made jobs meritocratic i. open to all talent / based on ability 4. Napoleonic Code a. new legal / law code b. contained Enlightened ideals of the revolution c. undid some changes from revolution (women voting) "My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories.... But... what will live forever, is my Civil Code. - Napoleon d. still has importance today in a quarter of the world's jurisdictions including in Europe, the Americas and Africa
IV. The Age of Napoleon E. Building an Empire I grew up on the field of battle, and a man such as I care little for the life of a million men Napoleon Question: What does this quote lead you to believe about Napoleon s military techniques? 1. France s Grande Empire reaches its greatest extent in 1810 2. invented new strategies with new plans for invasion and defense
IV. The Age of Napoleon E. Building an Empire 3. annexed territories a. annexed = to add outright (unconditionally) i. Netherlands, Belgium, German and Italian states b. abolished the Holy Roman Empire i. established the Confederation of the Rhine (38 member states)
IV. The Age of Napoleon E. Building an Empire 4. Napoleon utilized nepotism and cronyism a. placed his family and friends in high gov t positions b. his brother became King of Spain! 5. created a system of alliances among powerful European nations
IV. The Age of Napoleon E. Building an Empire 6. France v. Britain a. French lose naval battle of Trafalgar i. makes invasion of Britain impossible b. installs the Continental System to prevent Britain from trading with the continent of Europe; fails c. Britain blockades French-held ports i. causes inflation and resentment toward France
V. The End of an Era A. Challenges to Napoleon's Empire 1. introduces nationalism to conquered territories a. nationalism = pride in one s country Question: List one positive and one negative way nationalism affects a nation. b. revolts began throughout France s Grand Empire 2. Spain and other conquered territories use guerrilla warfare against Napoleon s occupational troops a. guerrilla warfare = little war / hit and run tactics
V. The End of an Era A. Challenges to Napoleon's Empire 3. Invasion of Russia a. many issues caused Russia to withdraw from Napoleon s Continental System b. in 1812, Napoleon invades Russia with 400,000 troops c. Russians retreat using their scorched Earth policy i. Russians destroyed their own livestock and fields, burned their own villages and purposefully refused to meet Napoleon s army on open ground
V. The End of an Era A. Challenges to Napoleon's Empire 3. Invasion of Russia Question: Why would Russia pursue a scorched Earth policy? (What is their advantage of doing this?) Russians are waiting for their advantage WINTER d. only 10,000 of Napoleon s troops complete the 1,000+ mile retreat from Moscow during the harsh Russian winter
V. The End of an Era B. Downfall of Napoleon 1. Austria, Prussia, Russia and Great Britain declare war on France after Napoleon s loss in Russia 2. Napoleon defeated at the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig 3. Napoleon abdicates throne in 1814 a. abdicates = to willingly step down 4. Napoleon exiled to island of Elba in Mediterranean
V. The End of an Era B. Downfall of Napoleon 5. Napoleon escapes exile and reconquers France 6. 1815 Napoleon defeated at Battle of Waterloo by the combined forces of the Duke of Wellington and General Blucher of Prussia 7. Napoleon exiled, again, to island of St. Helena a. he did not escape this time
V. The End of an Era C. Legacy of Napoleon 1. left a strong, centralized and efficient gov t 2. however, many citizens lost some of their new rights 3. introduces nationalism to other nations (BIG DEAL!) 4. abolishes the Holy Roman Empire 5. Napoleon sold the Louisiana Purchases to the United States a. he needed cash for his European wars b. doubled the size of the United States
V. The End of an Era D. Congress of Vienna 1. 1815, national leaders met to restore stability and order in Europe 2. Goals of Congress: a. to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy b. redrew the borders of European nations i. made the countries next to France stronger (containment) c. promoted legitimacy restoring hereditary monarchs i. France, Spain, Portugal and Italian states 3. creates the Quadruple Alliance a. Prussia, Russia, Austria and Britain b. pledged to act together and to suppress future rebellions
V. The End of an Era D. Congress of Vienna 4. Remaining Issues a. new borders drawn without concerns for national/ethnic concerns b. last big European war until 1914 (The Great War) c. though revolutions cease in Europe, the Enlightened ideals of the French Revolution spread to colonies and their fight for independence
Causes and Effects of the French Revolution Immediate Effects Long Term Causes Long-Term Effects Immediate Causes
Causes and Effects of the French Revolution Long Term Causes spread of Enlightenment ideas insensitive monarchy (bad) members of the 3 rd Estate resent privileges of the 1 st & 2 nd Estate Immediate Causes government debt (deficit spending) bread prices (inflation) & famine no government action formation of the National Assembly Storming of the Bastille
Causes and Effects of the French Revolution Immediate Effects Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen first written constitution in French history monarchy abolished Reign of Terror Long-Term Effects Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleonic Code established French conquests spread nationalism Revolutions begin in Europe and Latin America