Chapter 16: Attempts at Liberty 18 th Century Few people enjoyed such rights as, and the pursuit of ; and absolutism was the order of the day. The desire for personal and political liberty prompted a series of Two Revolutions American A movement tempered by the background of the colonists. Attempted to preserve time-honored traditions of and liberty. French Became more radical Sought to overthrow the power of a corrupt,, and Did not establish liberty but led to social upheaval and American Struggle to Preserve Liberty 1620 English Separatists called set sail for America Wanted to worship freely without government Landed in & founded the Colony Mayflower Compact was drafted Established for the Plymouth Colony They sought to establish and ideal state based on principles They believed the purpose of government was to promote and restrain. Later joined by,,,, and settlers Diverse groups but common European background and respect for British Restrictions Colonies expected to Colonists object to Britain s interference after 150 years of relative No without Tax on tea and cause colonists to take up arms and resist. American Independence Many colonists resist. George Washington leads forces against British Turning point comes in October 1777 with victory at France openly declares support for cause. Spain & Netherlands also enter war against Treaty of (1783) Constitutional Republic Articles of Confederation had more power & federal government was throughout history studied Government modeled after Three branches:,, & Principle of federalism established: powers Framers stressed popular sovereignty Government based on the consent of the governed. New constitution placed checks and balances on new government Concerned about personal and religious liberties Bill of Rights first to the constitution Section II French Destruction of the Old Regime
18 th Century France was the cultural center of Europe French espoused ideas of personal rights & liberties, but few enjoyed such freedom. Extravagant government spending & heavy taxation brought country to brink of economic collapse French Social Classes As late as 1789, French society was still organized according to the First Estate consisted of of the Great Controlled vast Exempt from the king Second Estate The nobility class Exempt from Held some of the positions in government Many nobles not interested in improving their land exploited who lived on it Lived extravagantly at Many did no but made others Third Estate largest, comprising of the French population Most group Subdivided into three groups: bore heaviest tax burden (page 414) Peasant s Tax Burden 1. to noble who owned the land 2. Fee to the when the land changed hands 3. for the use of mills, ovens, and wine presses 4. Perform the a system of forced labor 5. Respect the nobles Political Inefficiency Louis XV (1715-74) had no inclination to rule in fashion More interested in of living at Central government was and Louis XVI (1774-92) Economic Irresponsibility Tax System Privileged classes were from most taxation Peasants bore the greatest tax burden : levied for military purposes : tax on each person : income tax The Three Estates The Estates General From the beginning of Louis XVI s finance ministers tried to solve France s economic problems. They urged him to those who were. Louis was a weak king and did not want to offend anyone. Accused of by nobles The nobles then accused Louis of Nobles: only the could change the tax laws. Meeting planned at in May 1789 were to be chosen to present grievances - equal taxation
destruction of the remnants of feudalism The First and Second Estates also chose deputies but their cashiers contained ideas different from those of the Third Estate. Also called for a that would stop the king from infringing (removing) on their and. 1 Convening of the Estates-General April 1789 Deputies expect to be heard by the king at Versailles Kept waiting for hours Third Estate was required to, unlike the other estates keep their off enter through the. When they were finally presented to the king, Louis XVI simply stood in silence as they filed past him. King Lois XVI was His instructions were: votes would be done by, not by each would receive vote. Forming a National Assembly Disagreement over voting continues Delegates from the third estate proclaimed themselves the. They asserted the principal of and denounced the unfair social order of France. On June 20th locked out of meeting Met at nearby They would swear what would become known as the declaring that they would not disband until a constitution was established. Louis XVI Would only meet to Made some Refused to get rid of the the deputies and left. Outbreak of Revolution On June 27, Louis XVI ordered the First and Second Estates to join the National Assembly, which now called itself the. New constitution drawn up. Troops ordered to and "for protection." The real reason was to the Assembly. Outbreak of Revolution July 12th and Rioting and angry mobs high prices of rumors of Louis XVI's intent to use to the people People search for for protection Hotel des Invalides and the Bastille People hear of arms stored at and the. July 14th mob would storm them both and kill the of the prison and his. Considered the beginning of the Bastille Day The Bastille Phases of the Revolution
Homes of plundered Feudal destroyed National Constituent Assembly passed legislation to rid France of and making sweeping changes to French Society. 1789-1791: N.C.A would pass more than laws. passed on August 27, 1789 modeled partly after the Bill of Rights; ideas of,, and ; and partly from the Declaration of Independence natural rights and rights of citizens Phases of the Revolution Louis XVI refuses to give his to the legislation passed by the Assembly. Crowds of women, gathered together and marched to to protest. Joined by many French. At Versailles they demand The next day the mob would storm the palace and demand the king and his family return to with them. A few days later the would move to Paris also. Louis XVI finally gave his approval to the decrees passed by the Assembly The people refuse Assembly forced to create a new system of land of Roman Catholic Church Paper money called issued, backed by the value of the land. The Assembly would then use the to pay off the French debt. passed in July 1790. under control elected by the people Required to take an to the state. clergy those who too the oath clergy - those who did not take the oath Many French Catholics had been antagonized and were now angry. 1791 King is losing and fears. He and his family attempt to escape to on the night of June 10, 1791 They are recognized by a postmaster and captured in. Escorted back to. New constitution completed in The New Constitution King remained, but he would be by a constitution. guaranteed taxes, ended, created a system of justice established a new governing body. October 1791 Problems from the start three groups ( )- wanted to maintain the monarchy only limit it as the new constitution established. - members met in the Jacobin Convent wanted to rid France of the monarch completely - They would side with Jacobins on some issues and the Conservatives on others. Right, Left and Center Jacobins The most prominent leaders of the Jacobins:
War with Austria and Prussia 1792 Legislative assembly, backed by the king, declares war on France King hopes for victory Assembly wants quick defeat of Jacobins fear victory would keep them from power Marat and Danton sabotage war effort joins Austria Charles William Ferdinand, the issues the Execution of the King People of Paris of the king leads mob that kills kings guards Demands call a convention to write a new constitution Assembly calls for to a new body National Convention Danton becomes of violently killed by mobs Widespread Imprisoned and mercilessly slaughtered Monarchy on September 22, 1792 Louis XVI on January 21, 1793 Section III Napoleon would change the of war launch an attack on the Austrians via Italy march at fight on and in the. allow his poorly equipped army to take it could carry from the. 1797 France makes peace with and Napoleon returns to Paris a. Directors were afraid and ordered him to attack Napoleon attacks instead to cut off British trade with the (1798) British fleet, under the command of, destroyed French fleet anchored in Alexandria. British alliance formed with, and the Napoleon returns to Paris without his. Napoleon s Blockade Napoleon landed in the South of Declared that he had come to France he and his supporters staged a 1799 New government, called the formed New constitution written. Consulate to run the country, with Napoleon as the. Peace treaties signed with in 1800 and with in 1802. Napoleon s Reforms: program of France Public system Napoleon.
This code system would establish, and laws that are still in place today Restored certain privileges to the. In 1801 he made an agreement with the : church land, allowed to operate permitted again state would nominate and pay the of the clergy. Austria, Russia, and Sweden Austrians and Russians at Austerlitz. 1 1806 Napoleon dissolves the Established declared war against France, but is defeated 1808 Napoleon became the of Europe's mainland. Continental System. Napoleon's Downfall Napoleon's armies sweep through Europe Welcomed as from absolute rulers. Often Napoleon would replace rulers with a member of his. People who once welcomed Napoleon now sought to him. The Continental System destroyed local began to trade with Britain revolted against Napoleonic rule. French sent troops to defeat the Spanish were met by, 1810: Russians break with the Continental System Napoleon declared war on Russia and built the " " men. Napoleon's Downfall Grand Army invaded in 1812. Russians retreat drawing the French deeper and deeper into Russia. Scorched earth policy. Napoleon pressed on into Russia Reach Moscow with his army in September 1812. Russians continued and Moscow. Napoleon would remain in Moscow for almost a month Began his retreat as approached Napoleon his army and returned to to maintain control of the government before news of the reached the French population. Fewer than of the Grand Army survived the campaign. Defeat and Exile 1813 Napoleon's forces defeated at, Germany, The. Napoleon forced to the leadership of France Allowed to live in exile on the island of Granted title of. 1815 Leaders of Europe met in Vienna to establish order in Europe again. On June 18th the armies would clash on the plains of, in modern day. The allied forces under the command of the would win a decisive victory destroying Napoleon and his armies for good. Napoleon would be banished to and live the rest of his days under armed guard. He would die on and was buried there. In 1840 his body would be moved to and.