PAST AMERICAS QUESTIONS PAPER III 1990-2004 The Colonial Period 1. Define mercantilism and explain how two of the colonial powers applied it in the Americas of the 18 th century. 2. Compare and contrast the role of agriculture in the colonial economies of two countries of the region. 3. Compare and contrast the role of religion in the settlement of two areas of the region. 4. Compare the reasons of two of the major imperial powers for undertaking colonization in the 18 th century. 5. Compare and contrast the various types of labour in any two areas of the region in the 2 nd half of the 18 th century. 6. How effective were two imperial powers in the government of their American colonies in the 18 th century? 7. Compare and contrast the social and economic groupings of one Latin American and one North American colony in the 18 th century. 8. Assess the impact of the Christian churches on the native populations in the Americas during the colonial period. 9. Examine the mercantilist policies of two colonial powers in the Americas during the 18 th century. 10. Examine the role of religion in two colonies of the region. 11. Analyze the social structure of the immigrant population of colonial society in any two parts of countries of the region in the second half of the 18 th century. Movements of Independence 1. Why did the Thirteen Colonies rebel against Britain and how were they able to win their independence? 2. What were the roles of the different social classes in the Latin American Wars of independence? 3. Wars of independence in the Americas were essentially conservative and not truly revolutionary at all. In reference to the aims of revolutionary leaders, to what extent do you agree with this assessment? Use at least two examples. 4. The American Revolution and the Latin American wars of independence have absolutely nothing in common. Discuss. 5. Why did revolution occur in the United States in 1776 and not until after 1800 in Latin America? 6. Why were the causes of the wars of independence in Latin America more social than political? 7. Haiti s achievement of independence was unique in the hemisphere. How far do you agree with this judgment? 8. What similarities and what differences do you find in the causes of the American Revolution and the Latin American wars of independence? 9. By what groups and for what reasons was independence opposed in the U.S. in 1776 and in one Latin American country in 1810 and after? 10. Wars of independence in the Americas were primarily caused by political factors. To what extent do you agree with this statement for the period 1775 to 1850?
11. To what extent were the wars of independence in the Americas social revolutions? 12. Most revolutions in the Americas merely replaced the colonial rulers with a home-grown political elite. How valid is this claim that Wars of Independence in the Americas during the 18 th and 19 th centuries did not mark a radical change from the past? 13. How and why did Brazil achieve independence from Portugal in the 19 th century? 14. Analyze the economic causes of the War of Independence in the United States and one war of independence in Latin America. 15. Wars of independence in the Americas were primarily caused by economic grievances. Discuss how far this claim is justified with reference to any one war of independence in the region between 1775 and 1850. 16. Discuss the connection between the ideas of the Enlightenment and the protest movements in the colonies against either British or Spanish imperial policies. Evolution of New Governments and Confederation US and Comparative Two Countries 1. What is meant by either Jeffersonian or Jacksonian democracy? Explain the importance of the Presidency of either man to the development of the United States. 2. Identify three problems of the Confederation period in the USA. How was each resolved in the Constitution? 3. Why did the Americans invade Canada in 1812? 4. What were the main issues of the Jeffersonian period and how were they resolved? 5. To what extent was the United States Constitution revolutionary? 6. Discuss the role of leadership in the formation of new governments in two countries of the region in the late 18 th and early 19 th centuries. 7. Compare the role of the executive in the new governments of two countries of the region before 1860 8. What were the goals of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and to what extent did it achieve them? 9. What were the political and economic problems of the Confederation period in the United States and how successful were attempts to solve them? 10. What problems faced the United States under the Articles of Confederation and how far did the United States Constitution solve them? 11. In what ways did the Articles of Confederation fail to satisfy the Thirteen States? 12. Compare the problems that emerged in the formation of new systems of government in two countries of the region after the war of independence. 13. Examine the factors which contributed to the development of political parties in the United States during the 1790s. Canada Questions 1. Explain the significance of the Durham Report and the Act of Union 1838-40 and the British North America Act of 1867 in the development of Canadian self-government. 2. To what extent was the United States the catalyst in the Canadian Confederation in 1867?
3. What problems did Confederation hope to solve in Canada? 4. Which groups gained and which lost from the Canadian Confederation in 1867? 5. Analyze the political problems of Upper and Lower Canada prior to the rebellions of 1837. 6. What were the political problems in the Canadas in the first half of the 19 th century? How did both the Canadians and the British attempt to deal with them? 7. What were the forces favoring Confederation in Canada and why? 8. How successful was Confederation in responding to Canada s political and social problems? 9. How and why did Lord Durham recommend the assimilation of French-Canadiens in 1839? 10. Discuss the short-term and long-term results of the British North America Act on Canada. 11. Consider the significance of the 1837 rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada for the development of Canada to 1867. Slavery in the Americas 1. What social and economic roles did slavery serve in either the United States or Brazil in the 19 th century? 2. Slaves were basically content with their position. White reformers stirred them up. With specific reference to the nature of slavery and the the abolitionist movements, show how far you agree with this statement. Reference should be made to at least two countries from the Caribbean and/or mainland Americas. 3. Why were slave insurrections and revolts generally unsuccessful? Use examples from 2 countries. 4. Assess the economic profitability of slavery in two countries of the region. 5. What were the major arguments for and against slavery in the period before 1860? 6. What were the major similarities and differences in the master-slave relationship in the slave cultures of any two countries of the region? 7. Who opposed slavery in the Americas and why? 8. In the 19 th century blacks were allowed greater economic and social mobility in Latin America than in the United States. How do you account for this difference? 9. Why were slave insurrections and revolts more frequent in some areas than others? 10. Analyze the reasons why slavery in the Americas was supported by different social and economic groups. 11. Why was the slave rebellion on Haiti successful, while slave rebellions elsewhere in the Americas before 1850 failed? 12. What were the differences and what were the similarities between slave revolts in Brazil and the United States? United States Civil War: Causes, Course, and Effects 1. The surprising fact is not that the Confederacy lost the American Civil War, but that is survived as long as it did. Discuss. 2. What were the political issues underlying the American Civil War?
3. How important were the abolitionists in the coming of the American Civil War? 4. In what ways and to what extent were race relations in the South changed by the Civil War in the United States? 5. How successful was Reconstruction following the American Civil War? 6. The U.S. Civil War was entirely an economic struggle. To what extent do you agree with this assessment? 7. To what extent was the expansion of slavery into the territories the primary cause of the U.S. Civil War? 8. What were the political causes and results of the Civil War? 9. Assess the contribution made by African-American soldiers during the U.S. Civil War. 10. To what extent was President Lincoln more interested in preserving the Union than emancipating slaves? 11. Southern leaders risked civil war because they underestimated the North s strength and overestimated the South s power. To what extent do you agree with this statement? 12. Assess the successes and failures of Reconstruction in granting civil and political equality for former slaves in the southern states of the United States. 13. Compare the political, economic, and military strengths and weaknesses of the North and South United States at the beginning of the U.S. Civil War in 1861. 14. The attempts in the Reconstruction period 1865 to 1877 to solve problems caused by the Civil War failed African-Americans. To what extent do you agree with this statement? 15. How far do you agree that slavery was the primary cause of the Civil War in the United States? Economic and Social Developments in the Americas from the mid 19 th century to 1919 1. Compare and contrast the role of the railroad in the western expansion of the U.S. and Canada. 2. Explain why two of the following groups emigrated to the United States: the Irish; Polish and Russian Jews; the Italians; the Japanese. What contribution has each made to American society? 3. Compare the treatment of native peoples in any two countries of the region between 1870 and 1919. 4. Why did industrialization occur in the U.S. before it did in other areas of the region? 5. During the 19 th century, the U.S., Canada, and Latin America turned to railroad construction to solve perceived problems. What were these problems and how successful were railroads in solving them in two countries of the region? 6. Compare the immigration policies of two countries of the region from 1890 to 1920. 7. Using specific examples from two countries, explain what factors influenced the growth of cities in the second half of the 19 th century. 8. Compare the political and economic reasons for westward expansion in two countries of the region, 1870-1900. 9. Compare the economic and cultural impact of immigration in any two countries of the region between 1890-1920. 10. Describe and explain the reasons for the patterns of population growth in two countries of the region in the 19 th century. 11. Compare the treatment of Asian immigrants in two countries of the region, 1890 to 1925.
12. How were native peoples treated during the territorial expansion of at least two countries of the region in the 19 th century? 13. What groups contributed to and benefited from urbanization in two Latin American cities in the late 19 th century? 14. Women were invisible in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries in the Americas. In what aspects of life could you make a case for this point of view and in what aspects would you oppose it? Draw your examples from at least two countries of the region. 15. Discuss the course and impact of the growth of unions in the late 19 th century and early 20 th century in two countries of the region. 16. What issues concerned women in the 19 th century and how did they work to resolve them? 17. Analyze the economic issues in Chile in the second half of the 19 th century and various attempts to resolve them. 18. Examine the main characteristics of immigration and discuss its impact on one Latin American country during the 2 nd half of the 19 th century. 19. How successful were French-Canadians outside the province of Quebec in retaining their linguistic and minority educational rights between 1867-1914? 20. Compare and contrast the achievement of women s suffrage in Canada and the U.S. during the first half of the 20 th century. 21. Outline how Canadian confederation expanded westward after 1867 and explain the consequences of this development. Political Developments in the Americas from the mid 19 th century to 1919 Also see above category for overlapping questions 1. How, why and when did women obtain the vote in either the U.S. or Canada? 2. How successful was the National Policy in Canada? 3. Why was Brazil s transition to independence basically peaceful? 4. Explain the failure of representative government in two countries of Latin America in the 19 th century. 5. Around what issues did political parties form in Latin America in the 19 th century? With reference to two countries, explain the differences and similarities in issues and parties. 6. What were the major goals of the Progressives in the United States and to what extent were they achieved by 1920? 7. Explain the challenges faced by Canada between Confederation in 1867 and 1900, and assess how successfully they were overcome. 8. Assess the extent to which Booker T. Washington offered African-Americans effective leadership in the period between 1880 and 1915. 9. How different were Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois with regard to their objectives and methods? 10. Evaluate the contributions of Wilfrid Laurier to Canadian growth, 1896-1911. 11. The National Policy was a complete success. Evaluate its major aspects in relation to the statement. Cultural and Intellectual Developments in the Americas from the mid 19 th century to The First World War - New category United States Foreign Policy in Latin America 1898 to 1945
1. What similarities and differences were there in the foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt towards Latin America? 2. Trace the evolution of U.S. foreign policy in regard to Cuba from 1898 to 1959. 3. Why did the United States intervene so frequently in Central America before the Second World War? 4. Why was Panama the last republic in the region to gain independence and how did this occur? 5. How far was the Spanish-American War a turning point in relations between the United States and Latin America? 6. Compare the Latin American policies of two U.S. presidents between 1900 and 1930. 7. Was Woodrow Wilson s Latin America policy consistent with his Fourteen Points? 8. How far was the U.S. successful in implementing a closed door policy in Latin America between 1898 and 1914? 9. How and why has the United States intervened in Latin America between 1898 and 1932? 10. Compare and contrast Woodrow Wilson s and Franklin D. Roosevelt s Latin American foreign policy. 11. Compare and contrast the foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson toward Latin America. The Mexican Revolution 1910-1940 1. Compare and contrast the aims and achievements of the peasant revolutionaries in Cuba and Mexico in the 20 th century. 2. Why did the Mexican Revolution last so long? 3. What were the results of the Mexican Revolution? 4. The revolution that began in Mexico in 1910 was the most genuine of the many Latin American revolutions up to that time. To what extent do you support this statement? 5. Who deserves the title Father of the Mexican Revolution and why? 6. What were the economic problems which caused the Mexican Revolution and to what extent were they solved by the Constitution of 1917? 7. Evaluate the extent to which the leaders of the Mexican Revolution could be considered as either revolutionaries or reformers. 8. Assess the role of the United States in the Mexican Revolution. 9. The Mexican Revolution of the early 20 th century was not one but two revolutions, one led by reformers and the other by revolutionaries. To what extent do you agree with this view? The Great Depression in the Americas 1. How effective was the New Deal in solving the problems facing the United States in the 1930s? 2. To what extent did the New Deal solve the problems of the Great Depression in the U.S.? Be specific with regard to problems and programs. 3. What were the problems of labor in the Great Depression and how did two countries of the region attempt to solve them? 4. Give examples from two countries in the region which made significant changes in their economic systems in response to the Great Depression.
5. What lasting changes did the Great Depression bring to the economic structures of any two countries of the region? 6. Evaluate the programmes of two countries in the region for solving the Depression problems of labour and the farmer. 7. How and to what extent was the economic role of government changed by the Great Depression of 1929? Draw your examples from at least two countries of the region. 8. Compare Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal with the depression relief schemes of either R.B. Bennett of Canada or Vargas of Brazil. 9. How successful was Import Substitution Industrialization (I.S.I.) in the 1930s and 1940s in two Latin American countries? 10. Explain why some Americans gained greatly from the economic book of the 1920s and why others did not share fully in this prosperity. 11. What factors of world trade and finance caused the Great Depression? Illustrate your answer with examples from two countries of the region. Canadian Politics in the first half of the 20 th century 1. Examine and explain the relationship between the French and English speaking provinces of Canada in this century (20 th ). 2. Why was the First World War so important both politically and economically to Canada s development as a nation? 3. Assess the importance of the conscription crisis Canada s national development. 4. How and why did the relationship between Canada and Britain change between 1900 and 1931? (A similar question takes the year to 1939.) 5. As a result of the First World War, Canadians were much more united in 1918 than they had been in 1914. How justified is this claim? 6. With reference to both domestic and foreign policy, assess the achievements and limitations of Mackenzie King as Prime Minister of Canada. Latin American Politics in the first half of the 20 th century 1. Who supported and who opposed Juan Peron in Argentina between 1943 and 1955? 2. What were the causes and characteristics of Peronism? 3. Define the term Populism within the context of Latin American politics in the 20 th century. Using specific examples from two countries of the area illustrate the main characteristics of these regimes. 4. Analyze the policies of one populist leader in Latin America in the first half of the 20 th century and explain their effectiveness. 5. Not a revolutionary but a reformer. How valid is this assessment of the social, economic, and political programme of either Juan Peron in Argentina or Getulio Vargas in Brazil? The Second World War and the Americas 1. What political problems for the Canadian government were caused by involvement in the two world wars? 2. How did the Second World War affect any two countries in Latin America? 3. To what extent was there hemispheric cooperation prior to and during the Second World War?
4. By December, 1941, the United States was a belligerent in all but name. Comment on this statement with regard to United States foreign policy in the decade before Pearl Harbor. 5. Examine the role of the U.S. and at least one other country of the region in the Second World War. 6. The Second World War changed the relationships of the New World with the Old as significantly as the Wars of Independence. In what ways is this an accurate statement? 7. What were the results of the Second World War for any two countries in the region? 8. For what reasons and with what results were Japanese citizens of Canada and the U.S. interned during the Second World War? 9. Why was the U.S. called the Arsenal of Democracy during the Second World War? 10. Analyze the effects of the Second World War on the economies of Canada and one Latin American country. 11. How did the Second World War affect any two countries in Latin America? Latin American foreign policy 1945-1995; Canadian foreign policy 1945-1995 (new category) 1. Does Canada have an independent foreign policy? 2. Does Canada have a foreign policy independent of the United States? Be specific in your answer. 3. Why and where has the United States intervened in Central America and the Caribbean since the Second World War and with what results? Political and economic developments in the United States after the Second World War 1. Assess the presidency of Richard Nixon with reference to both domestic and foreign policy. 2. How and why have the President and Congress of the United States come into conflict since 1952? What effects has this had in at least two specific areas? 3. Consider the domestic programmes of two U.S. presidents between 1945 and 1985. Which one do you consider to have been more successful and why? 4. Evaluate the domestic and foreign policies of Lyndon B. Johnson. 5. At the time they left office, Presidents Truman and Eisenhower were both given low ratings in Presidential greatness polls. They are now both ranked among the top ten presidents. What factors account for this change? 6. Which U.S. president s domestic policy has been most effective since 1953? Justify your choice. 7. Compare and contrast the domestic policies of any two U.S. presidents in the period 1970-1990. 8. Assess the achievements and limitations of the domestic policies of any two U.S. Presidents in the period 1961-1988. United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1995 1. The failures of American politicians and not those of the United States armed forces lost America the war in Vietnam. Discuss this assessment of events in Vietnam between 1961 and 1975. 2. Which United States president has left the greatest impact on foreign policy since 1945? 3. Compare the policies of two United States presidents in regard to the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1985. Which was more successful and why?
4. How did the foreign policies of the U.S. government respond to the perceived threat of Communist aggression during the late 1940s and early 1950s? 5. Assess the Middle East policies of two U.S. presidents since 1961. 6. To what extent were President Kennedy s actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis influenced by the Monroe Doctrine? 7. Why did the United States intervene in Vietnam between 1961-1971? 8. Where, and with what success, has the Truman Doctrine been applied in foreign policy? 9. In what ways, and to what extent, did Eisenhower s foreign policy demonstrate the limits of American power in the 1950s? 10. Evaluate the foreign policy of one President of the United States between 1970 and 1980. The USA civil rights movement, 1945-1998 1. Analyze and describe the work of the Federal Government and the Courts in obtaining civil rights for minorities in the United States since 1945. 2. How successful was Chief Justice Earl Warren in challenging segregation in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s? 3. Compare the significance of the events at Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 with those at Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 in the campaign for civil rights by African-Americans. 4. What philosophy shaped the approach of Martin Luther King, Jr., to civil rights protest? Support your answer with specific evidence. 5. With what justification could it be said that Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X had similar philosophies but used different methods to campaign for civil rights? 6. In what ways did the U.S. civil rights movement change during the latter half of the 1960s? Political and economic developments in Latin America after the Second World War 1. Discuss the role of the armed forces since 1945 as opponents or sponsors of change in any two of the following countries: Chile, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru. 2. Does the history of Latin America since 1945 justify the view that Latin American countries are developing countries? 3. With reference to at least two countries, assess the attempts at land reform in Latin America since 1945. 4. Reformers, revolutionaries, or soldier? Who have been more successful in Latin America since 1945? Be specific in reference to at least two countries. 5. Discuss the role of the military in two Latin American countries from 1945 to 1980. 6. Where has political democracy been successful in Latin America since 1945? What conditions were present in at least two countries for this to happen? 7. Discuss the impact of transnational corporations on any two Latin American countries since 1940. 8. How successful have the forces of the political left been in two Latin American countries since 1945? 9. Analyze the reasons for the longevity of Fidel Castro s rule in Cuba.
10. Why did Marxism become popular in Latin America after 1960? Support your arguments with examples from at least two countries in Latin America. 11. Explain the circumstances in which Fidel Castro came to power in 1959. 12. Why have various revolutionary movements of the left since 1945 failed in Latin America? 13. Analyze the factors which promoted and held back political and economic change in any one state in the Caribbean (excluding Cuba) in the 20 th century. 14. In what ways was the Cuban Revolution a success and in what ways a failure? 15. Analyze the factors which led to revolutionary changes in Nicaragua or Chile in the 1970s. 16. The economic problems of Latin American countries all result from monoculture. Evaluate this statement using examples from at least two countries. Political and economic developments in Canada after the Second World War 1. Why have populists and socialist parties been more successful in Canada than in the U.S.? 2. What political problems for the Canadian government were caused by involvement in the two world wars? 3. How has Canada s foreign trade evolved since 1945? 4. To what extent can we say regionalism is the fundamental problem underlying all others for Canada since 1945? 5. With reference to either the different regions of Canada or to any two countries in mainland Latin America, analyze the impact of economic changes between 1960 and 1990. Changing societies in the Americas in the 20 th century 1. How successful has the women s liberation movement been in any two countries of the region since 1945? 2. What caused the women s liberation movement of the 1960s and what did it accomplish in any two countries of the region. 3. Native peoples are finally standing up for themselves but with very limited success. Assess this judgment with at least two examples, each chosen from a different country of the region. 4. Color and gender are the twin issues of the years since 1945. Discuss with reference to two countries of the region. 5. How successful have minority groups been in the use of political action in any two countries of the region since 1945? 6. To what extent has the legal system of the United States and that of one other country of the region aided the cause of minorities and women since 1960. 7. Explain the emergence and course of the Quebec separatist movement. 8. Compare and political and economic roles of women in any two Latin American countries since 1945. 9. What were the economic and political causes of the Quebec separatist movement? 10. Assess the achievements and failures of indigenous peoples movements in two countries of the region since 1945. 11. What were the causes of the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s in Quebec? 12. How has Canada dealt with any two of her minorities in the 20 th century?
13. Explain the changes in the political participation of women in one country of the region since 1960. 14. Analyze the role and conditions of women in agriculture in any two countries of the region after World War II. 15. What forces helped to inspire activism among minorities during the 1960s? Support your answer with examples from two countries of the region. Hemispheric relations, 1945-1995 1. Why and where has the U.S. intervened in Central America and the Caribbean since the Second World War and with what results? 2. Using specific examples, assess the success of regional cooperation in the hemisphere since 1945. 3. Analyze the trade relations of the United States with one other country of the region since 1945. 4. The potential of the OAS for hemispheric cooperation in largely untried. How far would you agree or disagree with this statement? 5. In what ways have Canadian-American trade relations evolved since 1945? 6. How successful was the Alliance for Progress in achieving its aims? 7. How successful were the Regional Trade Agreements between 1950 and 1970 in three countries of the region? 8. Examine both the weaknesses and strengths of the OAS between 1947 and 1960. 2001 Test: Paper III 1. In what ways and for what reasons was the French Revolution, between 1789 and 1795, a period of constitutional and legal changes? 2. In 1810 Napoleon I wrote My principle is France before everything. To what extent did the career of Napoleon I from 1799 to 1815 follow this principle? 3. The success of the Congress of Vienna has been much exaggerated. How valid is this assessment of the short-term and long-term results of the Congress? 4. Compare and contrast the aims and policies of Louis XVIII and Charles X. 5. Why has it been claimed that Italian unification needed both a Cavour and a Garibaldi? 6. Analyze the successes and the failures of one British Prime Minister between 1837 and 1901. 7. How far is it true to say that Austria lost control of Germany rather than Prussia gained it? 8. Evaluate the aims and results of Russian foreign policy between 1850 and 1900. 9. Bismarck s policies both at home and abroad, between the years 1871 and 1890, merely stored up problems for the future, both for Germany and for Europe. To what extent do you agree with this verdict? 10. In what ways did developments in transport and industry increase the prosperity of one European country in the nineteenth century? 11. What were the important trends of intellectual and cultural developments in Europe in the nineteenth century? 12. Analyze the successes and failures of Napoleon III s domestic policies. 13. Examine the impact during the nineteenth century of a) one Scandinavian country on Europe, and b) Europe on one Scandinavian country. 14. Account for the weakness and decline of Austria-Hungary between 1867 and 1914. 15. Much of Lenin s success was no doubt explained by his towering domination over his [Bolshevik] party. To what extent does this explanation account for his rise to power and rule, 1917 to 1924?
16. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the Treaty of Versailles cause political problems in the 1920s in Europe, for both the victorious and the defeated nations? 17. What is meant by a search for collective security, why was it necessary and how successful were European countries in their search between 1919 and 1939? 18. Evaluate Mussolini s rule in Italy between 1922 and 1940. 19. Assess the impact of political and constitutional developments in either Spain between 1930 and 1939, or Portugal between 1968 and 1976. 20. Examine the effects of Nazi Germany on either one Scandinavian or on one east or central European country. (excluding USSR and Germany). 21. Account for the defeat of Germany and her allies in the Second World War. 22. For what reasons, and with what results, was Western Europe affected by the Cold War after 1945? 23. Compare and contrast the policies of Khrushchev and Gorbachev. 24. Analyze political and economic changes since 1953 in either one central or east European country (excluding the USSR). 25. Examine the impact on one European country of, either education reforms or artistic movements.
2003 Test Paper III 1. To what extent was an outdated monarchy the cause of the 1789 French Revolution? 2. Evaluate the results for France, and for Europe, of Napoleon Bonaparte s foreign policy. 3. For what reasons, and with what results, did the Congress of Vienna and the various meetings of the Congress system take place? 4. Why did Louis Philippe become King of France in 1830, but lose his throne in 1848? 5. Compare and contrast Peel and Palmerston as statesmen and politicians of Victorian Britain. 6. Cavour united Italy not because he intended or wanted to, but because circumstances forced him to. To what extent do you agree with this judgment? 7. In what ways, and with what results, did economic developments and the 1848 revolutions affect the changing balance of power between Austria and Prussia between 1815 and 1862? 8. Alexander II tried to reform Russian institutions only because the Crimean War showed that Russia was no longer a great military power. Use specific examples of Alexander s reforms to show to what extent you agree with this assertion. 9. In what ways, and with what results, between 1862 and 1871, was Germany unified under Prussia? 10. In what ways, and with what results, did the daily life and status of women change during the nineteenth century? Specific evidence should be given from one or more European countries. 11. Explain and evaluate the demands for, and the extension of, the franchise in one European country during the nineteenth century. 12. Why and with what effects on both countries, was Norway ceded to Sweden in 1814, and the union between the two countries dissolved in 1905? 13. Analyze the main political developments in either France or Spain between 1848 and 1914. 14. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the First World War lead to economic and social changes? Specific examples should be given from one or more European countries for the period 1914 to 1930. 15. Compare and contrast the nature and results of the two 1917 Russian Revolutions. 16. Analyze the political developments and external relations of either Weimar Germany between 1919 and 1933 or Great Britain between 1918 and 1935. 17. Why had Stalin become ruler of the USSR by 1929? 18. For what reasons, and with what results, did Mussolini abandon his Stresa Front allies, France and Great Britain, and ally with Hitler in 1936? 19. Evaluate Hitler s social, economic, and religious policies between 1933 and 1939. 20. To what extent was the failure and collapse of the League of Nations the cause of the Second World War? 21. Assess the rule of either Franco in Spain or Caetano in Portugal. 22. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the Soviet Union s Cold War policies affect Germany between 1945 and 1961? 23. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of France under de Gaulle. 24. Account for and assess the rise and fall of a Communist regime in either one Eastern or one Central European state excluding the USSR. 25. For what reasons, and with what effects, did leisure activities and the media become more widespread and important in one or more European countries during the twentieth century?
2004 Paper III 1. To what extent did the actions and policies of Louis XVI cause the outbreak, and affect the course, of the French Revolution until 1793? 2. Analyze the effects of the policies upon France, of either Napoleon I between 1800 and 1815, or Charles X between 1824 and 1830. 3. Assess the main weaknesses up to 1848 of the Vienna Settlement and the Congress System. 4. Victorian Britain s most successful prime minister. To what extent do you agree with this assessment of Gladstone? 5. Compare and contrast the contributions made by Cavour and Garibaldi to Italian unification. 6. Why was Germany unified under Prussia and not under Austria? 7. Why did Napoleon III become Emperor of France in 1852 and lose his empire in 1870? 8. The emancipation of the serfs in Russia was the only genuine reform introduced by Alexander II. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? 9. Analyze the successes and failures of Bismarck s domestic policies between 1871 and 1890. 10. Assess the impact on nineteenth century Europe of two of the following: imperialism; industrialization; urbanization. 11. Examine the main political and economic developments in Spain in the second half of the nineteenth century. 12. Why was the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary formed in 1867, and dissolved after the First World War? 13. To what extent, and with what results, did educational reforms take place in one European country in either the nineteenth or the twentieth century? 14. Why did Germany and her allies lose the First World War? 15. Assess the part played by Lenin in the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution and in the new Soviet State until his death in 1924. 16. Compare and contrast the economic problems faced by two European countries between 1919 and 1939. 17. Analyze the impact of Hitler either on Finland or on one Scandinavian country between 1933 and 1945. 18. To what extent were the aims of Mussolini s domestic and foreign policies achieved between 1923 and 1939? 19. In what ways, and to what extent, did foreign aid to both the Nationalists and the Republicans between 1936 and 1939 contribute to the outcome of the Spanish Civil War? 20. How important were appeasement and the collapse of the League of Nations as causes of the Second World War? 21. Assess the impact of the foreign policy of either Stalin between 1941 and 1953 or Khrushchev between 1956 and 1964, on the USSR and Europe. 22. In what ways, and with what results, did one western European country recover from postwar problems between 1945 and 1970? 23. What were the main political and economic problems faced by one central or eastern European country (excluding the USSR) between 1945 and 1990? 24. Considering the difficulties he faced, the success achieved by Gorbachev was remarkable. To what extent do you agree with this judgment? 25. Why did twentieth century Europe experience an increase in the availability and popularity of sport and other leisure activities?