Chapter 18: The Colonies Become New Nations: 1945-Present I. The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom (Section 1) a. A Movement Toward Independence i. Struggling Against British Rule 1. Indian intensifies after World War II 2. Country is split; much animosity between 3. Congress Party ; most members are 4. Muslim League group formed to protect 5. Muhammad Ali Jinnah b. Freedom Brings Turmoil i. Partition and Bloodshed 1. British adopt policy of splitting India into two countries 2. India would be largely nation; Pakistan mostly 3. Great Britain grants independence to both in 4. Millions leave their homes in Hindu and Muslim lands 5. Hindu-Muslim violence erupts during this movement; 6. Indian independence movement leader assassination 1. Assassin opposed Gandhi s support of ii. The Battle for Kashmir 1. India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir, a region in 2. in 1949, but battle for region continues c. Modern India i. Nehru Leads India 1. Jawaharial Nehru becomes of independent India 2. Rules for 17 years; pushes for and reforms 3. Leads that were neutral in the Cold War ii. Troubled Times 1., Indira Gandhi, rules much of time from 1966-84 2. Faces opposition from Sikhs, is bodyguards 3. Son Rajiv becomes prime minister and is iii. Twenty-First Century Challenges 1. India is one of world s most nations 2. India faces various, social and problems 3. Continues struggles with Pakistan; both become
d. Pakistan Copes with Freedom i. Civil War 1. Pakistan begins as and states 2. East Pakistan more ; West Pakistan houses government 3. East Pakistan from West Pakistan in 1971 4. Civil war erupts;, becomes new nation of ii. A Pattern of Instability 1. Many rule Pakistan, none achieve stability 2. Benazir Bhutto leads Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s; e. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Struggle i. Bangladesh Faces Many Problems 1. Bangladesh struggles with instability and hardship 2. Also endures many natural disasters: ii. Civil Strife Grips Sri Lanka 1. Island of, formerly Ceylon, wins independence in 1948 2. Population split between Sinhalese and Tamils 3. Tamils begin fighting for ; struggle continues today
II. Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence (Chapter 18, Section 2) a. The Philippines Achieves Independence i. The United States and the Philippines 1. U.S. grants independence to the Philippines in 2. Grants to the Philippines 3. Insists on favorable 4. Also insists on maintaining in the Philippines 5. These bases are key to U.S. competition with and the 6. Many Filipinos oppose the bases; U.S. gives up the bases in ii. From Marcos to Ramos 1. Ferdinand Marcos rules the Philippines from 1966 to 1986 2. runs against Marcos in 1986 and wins 3. Marcos refuses to step down; public outcry 4. In 1992, succeeds Aquino as president b. British Colonies Gain Independence i. Burma Experiences Turmoil 1. Burma (now called Myanmar) wins independence from the 2. takes control in 1962 and continues to rule repressively today 3. Aung san Suu Kyi activist often arrested for stance ii. Malaysia and Singapore 1. Federation of is created in 1957 1. Unites several 2. Singapore breaks away in 1965 to become an 3. Malaysia and Singapore build c. Indonesia Gains Independence from the Dutch i. Sukarno Leads the Independence Movement 1. Sukarno leads independence and tries to guide the nation 2. Indonesia gains independence from the 3. New nation is home to many groups; population ii. Instability and Turmoil 1. Indonesia grows and unstable 2. Suharto general who ends rebellion and in 1967 3. Rules harshly for many years; the by people to step down in iii. East Timor Wins Independence 1. Suharto seizes nearby island of in the 1970s 2. Indonesian officials rule island population 3. Citizens of East Timor vote for independence in 4. Pro-Indonesian forces use violence to stop the 5. UN forces eventually bring peace; East Timor wins
III. New Nations in Africa (Chapter 18, Section 3) a. Achieving Independence i. Growing Unrest 1. pre-wwii celebration of African culture 2. War effort emboldens -; Europeans question policy too 3. Colonies take different paths to freedom; some l, some 4. Many African colonies become in years after WWII 5. Most new African nations struggle to become and strong b. Ghana Leads the Way i. The First Independent Nation 1. British colony, is first to gain independence in 1957 2. Kwame Nkrumah leader ousts from Gold Coast 3. Nkrumah serves as first president, attempts to 4. His policies ; he is eventually ousted from power 5. Army begins long rule in ; first are held in 2000 c. Fighting for Freedom i. Kenya Claims Independence 1. Jomo Kenyatta leader of 2. Mau Mau of Kenyans who fight against British rule 3. Kenya wins independence in 1963; becomes president 4. Daniel arap Moi follows Kenyatta, ruling 5. Moi in 2002; new party gains power through ii. Algeria Struggles with Independence 1. Algeria wins independence from in 1962 after an armed struggle 2. Ahmed Ben Bella first leader of Algeria is 3. Nation faces that cause dissatisfaction among citizens 4. Spurs rise of ; group wins elections in 1991 5. Government does not which prompts continual civil war d. Civil War in Congo and Angola i. Freedom and Turmoil for Congo 1. Congo wins independence from in 1960 2. Army leader Mobutu Sese Seko rules from to 3. Rule is ; overthrown by rebel forces 4. Rebel leader takes control and continue to fight for power ii. War Tears at Angola 1. Angolans fight for and win independence from in 1975 2. Two rival groups battle for power; finally ends in 2002
IV. Conflicts in the Middle East (Chapter 18, Section 4) a. Israel Becomes a State i. A Jewish Nation 1. Both and make historic claims to Palestine 2. Jews exiled from land in 1. Begin settlement movement in to create a state 3. UN votes for formation of and states in 1947 4. Palestinians, nearby reject creation of Israel b. Israel and Arab States in Conflict i. War Breaks Out 1. Arab neighbors attack Israel it becomes new nation 2. Israel repels the attack, seizes ii. The 1956 Suez Crisis 1. tension erupts into war again in 1956 2. Conflict begins after Egypt grabs control of British-held 3. Israeli troops seize back the canal with support 4. International pressure prompts Israel to to Egyptians iii. Arab-Israeli Wars Continue 1. Israel defeats Arab countries in of 1967 1. Gains key land: Jerusalem,, Golan Heights, 2. Anwar Sadat launches Arab attack on Israel in 1973 3. Golda Meir orders Israeli counterattack 4. Israel recovers most territory; war ends in iv. The Palestine Liberation Organization 1. Many Palestinians living under Israeli rule, want 2. Form Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO); is the leader c. Efforts at Peace i. Sadat Moves for Peace 1. Egypt and Israel sign, Camp David Accords, in 1979 2. Egypt recognizes ; Israel returns Sinai region to Egypt 3. Many Arab countries angry at Egypt; Sadat
ii. Israeli-Palestinian Tensions Increase 1. PLO continues for own state during the 1970s and 1980s 2. Palestinians launch intifada,, against Israeli rule in 1987 1. Campaign includes boycotts, and attacks on army iii. The Oslo Peace Accords 1. Secret talks result in in 1993 2. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin calls for Palestinian 3. Self-rule to begin in West Bank town of 4. Rabin by Jewish opponent of Palestinian self-rule 5. Peace plan d. Peace Slips Away i. The Conflict Intensifies 1. Steps to revive peace plan fail; hostility grows 2. Second intifada arises in 2000, attacks on civilians 3. Israel responds with greater, halt dealings with Arafat ii. Working Toward a Solution 1. Palestinians elect a to negotiate with Israel in 2003 2. PLO and Israeli leaders agree to explore new peace plan V. Central Asia Struggles (Chapter 18, Section 5) a. Freedom Brings New Challenges i. New Countries Emerge 1. Soviet Union collapses in 1991; new nations emerge 2. Among them are the nations of, divided into two groups 1. Transcaucasian Republics countries of, Azerbaijan, 2. Central Asian Republics five countries east of ii. Economic Struggles 1. New countries are poor; most rely on Soviets for 2. Some nations working to use their to boost economy iii. Ethnic and Religious Strife 1. Some nations struggle with violence among and groups 2. and Christians in Azerbaijan fought from 1991-1994
b. Afghanistan and the World i. Struggle for Freedom 1. Afghanistan sits below Central Asia, largely and land 2. Becomes independent in 1979; attempts to create d fail ii. Pushing Back the Soviets 1. Communist group with ties to takes control in 1978 2. Rebel forces from mujahideen to fight communist rule 3. Soviets invade Afghanistan in 1979, seek to make it 4. rebels fight well, eventually force Soviets to leave iii. Rise and Fall of the Taliban 1. Numerous groups fight for power after Soviet 2. Taliban wins control of country in 1998 3. Imposes extreme and provides refuge for terrorists 4. U.S. demands Taliban give up terrorist leader 5. Taliban refuse; U.S. and helps topple Taliban iv. Challenges Ahead 1. New government forms, in rebuilding war-torn nation