Important Periods during the Age of Revolutions Age of Absolute Monarchs (1300 1800 CE) A period in history when powerful monarchs ruled over their kingdoms/country s without any legal or constitutional restrictions based on their beliefs that God gave their family to right to rule over their people (known as Divine Right of Kings). Scientific Revolution (1520 1720 CE) A period in European history when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed since Antiquity and continuing through the Middle Ages, which laid the foundations for Modern Science. Age of Enlightenment (1637 1805 CE) A period in Western philosophy when intellectual, scientific, and cultural life was centered on the ideas of reason as the primary source for legitimacy and authority in all things. Developing simultaneously in Western Europe and the Americas & responsible for fueling the fires of revolution in British Colonies (North America), France and the Spanish Colonies (South America) between 1770-1824. Feudal Period in Japan (1573 1868 CE) A period in Japanese history between the Warring States period and the Edo period when the economic and political systems were dominated by the reciprocal ideals of land, labor and service between the Noble Aristocracy of the Tokugawa clan and their vassals. Modern Age (1750 1950 s) A period in world history when great developments in Science. Politics, Technology and Warfare have occurred (between the Age of Discovery to the Era of Globalization). Napoleonic Period (1792 1815) The period in European History when Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power from being the Hero of France to Emperor of the French Empire, resulting in the development of the Napoleonic Code of Laws, Discovery of the Rosetta Stone, and thrusting all of Europe into several decades of war.
Locations during the Age of Revolutions Europe (1500 C.E. 1815 C.E) 1. Westphalia (Region in Germany where the Treaty of Westphalia was signed ending the Thirty-Years War) 2. Versailles (Location outside Paris, France where King Louis XIV built his grand palace) 3. St. Petersburg (Russian City created by Tsar Peter the Great) 4. Bastille (City Prison in Paris stormed by the people at the beginning of the French Revolution) 5. Trafalgar (Location off the coast of Spain near Gibraltar where the French Fleet was defeated by the English under Horatio Nelson) 6. Waterloo (Small town in Belgium known as the location of Napoleon s greatest defeat) 7. Vienna (City in Austria where the Congress of Vienna met after Napoleon s defeat) America (1500 C.E. 1800 C.E.) 1. Lexington & Concord (Battle Locations in Massachusetts where the Shot Heard Around the World ushered in the start of the American Revolution) 2. Philadelphia (City in Pennsylvania where the First and Second Continental Congress met and The site of the Signing of the Declaration of Independence) 3. Yorktown (Town in Virginia where the British under Lord Cornwallis surrendered to the American forces under George Washington) Groups During the Age of Revolutions The Western World (1500 C.E. 1815 C.E) 1. Philosophes (Social Critics in Europe who promoted the new ideas of the Enlightenment) 2. Tories or (Colonial Americans who remained loyal to the British Monarch and Parliament and Loyalists fought against America s struggle for Independence) 3. Emigres (Nobles and other politically minded members of France s population who Fled the Country with hopes of Restoring the Old Regime and undoing the Revolution) 4. Jacobins (Members of a Radical Political Organization in France who promoted the removal of France s Monarchy) 5. Guerillas (Bands of fighters in both Spain and the Americas who used raids, ambushes, and hitand-run tactics to attack Napoleon s Troops or the British Redcoats) Central and South America (1780 C.E. 1914 C.E.) 1. Mestizo (People of the Spanish Colonies who were of mixed Spanish and Indian Descent) 2. Peninsulares (People of the Spanish Colonies who were born in Spain but settled in America) 3. Creoles (People Born in the Spanish Colonies who s parents were both born in Spain) 4. Caudillos (Military Dictators who maintained political control of most Latin American countries) History Makers during the Age of Revolution Absolute Monarchs (1500 C.E. 1800 C.E.) 1. Philip II (Absolute ruler of Spain, Defender of Catholicism, Patron of Art & Literature) 2. Cardinal Richelieu (Minister of France who controlled the country during Reign of Louis XIII) 3. Louis XIV (Absolute ruler of France, Limited power of the Noble s, Patron of the Arts, Reformed economy, Modernized Military, and Fought Numerous Wars) 4. Frederick the Great (Absolute ruler of Prussia, Aggressive in Foreign Affairs, Patron of the Arts, Modernized Military, Opposed the rule of Austria by Queen Maria Theresa) 5. Peter the Great (Absolute ruler of Russia, Adopted a policy of Westernization, Limited power of Nobles, Modernized Military, Patron of the Arts and Architecture)
History Makers during the Age of Revolution Key Leaders in England (1600 C.E. 1700 C.E.) 1. Charles I of England (First European Monarch to be Tried and Executed Publically for Treason) 2. Oliver Cromwell (Parliamentary Leader of the Puritans during the English Civil War who became England s first ruling Prime Minister) 3. Charles II of England (Restored to the Throne by Parliament to preserve the power and tradition of England s government) 4. James II of England (English King who was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution) 5. William and Mary (Duke and Duchess of Orange in the Netherlands who led the Glorious Revolution, King & Queen of England who signed the English Bill of Rights) Intellectuals of the Scientific Revolution (1550 C.E. 1800 C.E.) 1. Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish Astronomer who developed the Heliocentric Theory of the Universe) 2. Galileo Galilei (Italian Scientist who was Excommunicated by the Catholic Church for publically supporting the Heliocentric Theory) 3. Francis Bacon (English Statesman and Writer who promoted the Scientific Method of study) 4. Rene Descartes (French Mathematician who promoted the Scientific Method of research) 5. Isaac Newton (English Scientist who combined the studies of Copernicus and Galileo to create A SingleTheory of Motion and a Theory of Gravity) 6. Zacharias Janssen (Dutch Eyeglass Maker who invented the first Microscope) 7. Evangelista Torricelli (Italian student of Galileo who developed the first Mercury Barometer) 8. Gabriel Fahrenheit (German Physicist who made the first Mercury Thermometer) Intellectuals of the Enlightenment (1600 C.E. 1800 C.E.) 1. Thomas Hobbes (English Political Thinker who promoted the idea of a Social Contract where the People Create their Government) 2. John Locke (English Political Thinker who promoted the ideas that All People are Born Free and Equal, with Three Natural Rights Life, Liberty, Property ) 3. Voltaire (French Philosopher who promoted the idea of Tolerance & Freedom of Speech) 4. Montesquieu (French Philosopher who promoted the ideas of Checks and Balances and Separation of Powers ) 5. Jean Jacques Rousseau (Swiss Philosopher who promoted the idea that Governments should be controlled by the General Will of the People ) 6. Cesare B. Beccaria (Italian Philosopher who promoted the ideas that Punishment Should Fit the Crime and Justice Should-not be Delayed) 7. Mary Wollstonecraft (Strong advocate of Women s Rights and Education for Women) Leaders of France (1789 C.E. 1815 C.E.) 1. Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette (Absolute Monarchs of France responsible for increasing France s debt and blamed for heightened poverty, Tried and Executed for Treason) 2. Maximilien Robespierre (Jacobin Leader who took control of France as a virtual dictator and caused the Reign of Terror through excessive use of the Guillotine) 3. Napoleon Bonaparte (French Officer who became known as Savior of the French Republic and later rose to become Dictator of the French Empire. Create a comprehensive code of laws called the Napoleonic Code. Was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and Exiled to Island of St. Helena)
History Makers during the Age of Revolution Leaders of Latin America (1789 C.E. 1822 C.E.) 1. Toussaint L Ouverture (Revolutionary Leader of the Haitian Revolution) 2. Simon Bolivar (Revolutionary Creole General from Venezuela who joined forces with San Martin to Liberate South America from Spain) 3. Jose de San Martin (Revolutionary Creole General from Argentina who joined forces with Bolivar to Liberate South America from Spain) 4. Padre Miguel Hidalgo (Revolutionary Mestizo Leader who led people of Mexico during Revolution) 5. Padre Jose Maria Morelos (Revolutionary Mestizo Leader who continued to lead the people of Mexico during the Revolution after Hildago was defeated) 6. John VI of Portugal (King of Portugal who granted Brazil Independence Bloodless Revolution ) Nationalist Leaders of Europe (1815 C.E. 1881 C.E.) 1. Louis-Napoleon (President and Emperor of France s Third Republic who reformed the country) 2. Alexander II (Tsar of Russia who reform the government and signed the Emancipation of the Sefs. Assassinated by Terrorists) 3. Camillo di Cavour (Italian Prime Minister who led Revolution for Italian Unification) 4. Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian Military Leader of the Revolutionary Red Shirts who fought during the Revolution for Italian Unification) 5. Otto von Bismark (Prussian Statesman and Naval Officer who led Revolution for German Unification and became first Prime Minister of Unified Germany) 6. William I of Prussia (King of Prussia who was crowned the first Kaiser of Unified Germany) Movement of Ideas during the Age of Revolutions Major Social, Political & Economic Movements in the Early Modern World (1500 1800 C.E.) 1. Scientific Revolution (Period when Scientific thought was promoted by the new ideas of the Renaissance allowing for new developments in physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology, and human anatomy between 1520 1720 C.E.) 2. The Enlightenment (A period in Western philosophy when intellectual, scientific, and cultural life was centered on the ideas of reason as the primary source for legitimacy and authority in all things between the 1630 s and the 1820 s) Governance During the Age of Revolutions European Enlightenment (1550 C.E. 1800 C.E.): 1. Social Contract (Ideology developed by Thomas Hobbes where Government is created through the Consent or Agreement of the People) 2. Natural Rights (Concept promoted by Englishman John Locke concerning the idea that All Men are Born Free and Equal ) 3. Life, Liberty & Property (The three Natural Rights of All Men according to John Locke) 4. Freedom of Speech and (Concepts developed out of Voltaire s ideas of Universal Tolerance) Religion 5. Checks and Balances (The Concept of Separation of Powers developed by Baron de Montesquieu based on the idea that Governments should have different branches) 6. Consent of the Governed (Concept promoted by Jean Jacques Rousseau that Governments should be established based on the General Will of the People or Society) 7. Fair and Speedy Trail (Concepts promoted by Cesare Baccaria concerning the need for Justice to be Fair it must be Swift, Impartial, and the Punishment should fit the Crime ) 8. Enlightened Despots (Absolute Monarchs who embraced many elements of Enlightened Thinking)
Governance During the Age of Revolutions Colonial America (1650 C.E. 1800 C.E.): 1. Declaration of Independence (Document created by the Continental Congress outlining the Rights of the Colonists against the unlawful actions of the British Parliament and Monarchy according to traditional British Law) 2. Federal System (System established under the U.S. Constitution based on the idea of Checks and Balances to divide power between the national and state governments) 3. U.S. Bill of Rights (The First Ten Amendments of the U.S. Constitution designed to Protect the People s Natural Rights of Speech, Press & Religion from the new Government) The French Revolution and Europe (1770 C.E. 1815 C.E.) 1. Old Regime (Term used to describe the Social and Political System in France during the 1770 s) 2. Estates (The Political Division of France s Social Classes into Clergy, Nobles and Commoners) 3. Estates-General (French Assembly of Representatives from the Three Estates) 4. National Assembly (New title given to France s Third Estate who was charged with Passing Laws and Reforms in the Name of the People) 5. Tennis Court Oath (A Pledge by the National Assembly to Create a New Constitution for France) 6. Legislative Assembly (A New body within the National Assembly with the power to Create New Laws and Reject Declarations of War thus Limiting the Power of the Monarchy) 7. Emigres (Nobles and those Loyal to the Monarchy who fled France with the hope of Restoring the Old Regime and Undoing the Revolution) 8. Jacobins (Radical Political Organization dedicated to Eliminating the Monarchy in France) 9. Coup d-etat (To Overthrow the Legitimate and Recognized Government within a Nation, State, or Country) 10. Balance of Power (The ideology in Europe where no one country could threaten another politically, economically, or militarily) 11. Legitimacy (The principle of restoring the rightful hereditary rulers to their thrones after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte) 12. Concert of Europe (Agreement between countries that nations would help one another if any future Revolutions broke out) Military Conflicts During the Age of Revolutions Conflicts during the Age of Revolutions (1500 1900 CE): Dutch Revolt (1566-1579 C.E.) Due to the Spanish Reconquista and military campaigns in Europe and America, the Spanish King imposed heavy taxes on the people of their Dutch territory in the Spanish Netherlands. Due to the high taxes and poor treatment of the Dutch Protestants by their Catholic rulers, the Dutch rebelled and eventually won their independence from Spain. Thirty Years War (1618-1648 C.E.) A War that was actually caused by multiple conflicts between several European Nations. Initially started between the Catholic Hapsburg s (who ruled Austria and Spain) and Protestant German Provinces who opposed their Catholic rulers. By 1635, France (which was dominantly Catholic) joined the Protestants against their Hapsburg enemies. Treaty of Westphalia (1648 C.E.) This is one of the most important treaties in history due to several key results: 1. It weakened the power of the Hapsburgs in Europe 2. It strengthened France s Military and Political power 3. It gave the German States their independence 4. It ended Religious Wars in France 5. It created a new method for making peace treaties (where All participants have a right to be present at the Peace Negotiations)
Military Conflicts During the Age of Revolutions Conflicts during the Age of Revolutions (1500 1900 CE): Glorious Revolution (1688 C.E.) Due to King James violating the rights of England s Parliament under English Law (based on the Magna Carta, Habeas Corpus and the Petition of Rights), Parliament secretly supported an Invasion of England by William and Mary (Duke & Duchess of Orange in the Netherlands) to overthrow King James II. King James fled the country and William & Mary were crowned King & Queen. War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714 C.E.) Conflict erupted over the rule of Spain by France when King Louis XIV s grandson became King of Spain. As a result of King Louis hatred for the Hapsburg Dynasty and attempt to control Spain thru his grandson, war broke out between France and its enemies in Spain, Austria, Portugal, the Netherlands and England. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748 C.E.) Conflict between Frederick of Prussia (allied with France) & Maria Theresa of Austria (allied with Britain) over a women s legitimacy to rule over a sovereign nation. Frederick the Great s desire to control mineral rich regions of Austria caused him to underestimate Marie s strength as a ruler and caused Prussia to loose the war against Austria and its allies. French and Indian War (1754-1763 C.E.) Conflict between the French controlled Colonies along the Mississippi and Ohio River Valley s and the British Controlled New England, Virginia and Carolina Frontiers over trading rights and continued expansion. The conflict also included the Civilized Indian Tribes that allied themselves with either the French or British hoping to gain expanded hunting lands and trading rights for themselves. Seven Years War (1756-1763 C.E.) Conflict that erupted over continued aggression and changing alliances between Frederick the Great of Prussia (now allied with Britain) and Maria Theresa of Austria (now allied with France and Russia). When Frederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian Ally, a great war evolved that brought the two alliances against each other in Europe, India and the America s. American Revolution (1775-1781 C.E.) Conflict between the British American Colonies and Britain s King and Parliament over excessive Taxation without Representation and the violation of Colonial Rights under traditional British Law. Events like the Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, and the Declaration of Independence led to war between Colonial Rebels and Loyalists that resulted in six years of war and the creation of a new Nation known as the United States of America. French Revolution (1789-1795 C.E.) Conflict between the French People and their Absolute Monarchy (King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette) over excessive taxes, extreme debt, crop failures, starvation, and unfair laws. Rivalry between the King and political activists in the Estates General increased, while the people became more and more aggravated by debt, taxes, starvation and cruel treatment. Events like the Great Fear (increased use of the Guillotine to execute revolutionaries), Reign of Terror, and Invasion by Prussia and Austria, caused the revolution to last six years until the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleonic Wars (1795-1815 C.E.) Conflicts that occurred under the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte (including the invasions of Italy, Egypt, Spain and Russia) as he attempted to gain control of the European Continent resulting in the great battles of Trafalgar (French Navy defeated by the British) and Waterloo (French Army defeated by British and their allies) & the exile of Napoleon to the Islands of Elba & St. Helena. Congress of Vienna (1814-1815 C.E.) Treaty after the defeat of Napoleon, which resulted in the following: 1. Creation of the independent Kingdom of the Netherlands 2. Creation of the German Confederation of Independent German States 3. Establishment of Switzerland 4. Establishment of a Balance of Power in Europe 5. Reinforcement of the Treaty of Westphalia 6. Creation of the Holy Alliance and the Concert of Europe Latin American Revolutions (1808-1824 C.E.) Conflicts throughout Latin America that occurred as a result of the following influences: Enlightened thinking, Successful revolutions in North America and France, and Napoleon s Invasion of Spain & Portugal. Key events included the revolutions in Venezuela (under Simon Bolivar), Argentina (under Jose de San Martin), Haiti (under T oussant L Overture), and Mexico (under Padres Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos).
Religious Beliefs during the Age of Revolutions Europe (1550 C.E. 1800 C.E.): 1. Edict of Nantes (A Declaration by the King of France concerning religious tolerance in France) 2. Thirty Years War (A Thirty Year Conflict between Protestant and Catholic leaders in Europe) 3. Treaty of Westphalia (A Treaty that would end the religious wars in Europe) 4. Freedom of Religion (Concepts developed out of Voltaire s ideas of Universal Tolerance) 5. Holy Alliance (A Pledge between European Nations to treat each other using Christian beliefs)