APES Chapter 10 Study Guide 1. How can the population change in a particular year be calculated? 2. Define the term crude birth rate. 3. Name the continent that has the highest crude birth rate and crude death rate. 4. Between 1963 and 2002, the rate of the world s annual population change dropped by what %? 5. Between 1963 and 2000 the human population size increased by %. 6. True/False: When the total fertility rate drops below the replacement-level fertility, the population is balanced and stops growing. Together China and India make up 38% of the world s population. The most rapid population growth is taking place in developing countries. Europe has a negative growth rate. Africa has the highest population growth rate. 7. Which of the following countries would produce the greatest rise in population size from experiencing a growth rate of 1.2%? Country A with a population of 100,000 Country B with a population of 1 million Country C with a population of 10 million Country D with a population of 1 billion Country E with a population of 100 million
8. Which of the following would contribute the greatest number to total population size in one year? a country of 1.5 million people with a growth rate of 3% a country of 5 million people with a growth rate of 2.5% a country of 100 million people with a growth rate of 2% a country of 500 million people with a growth rate of 1.5% a country of 10 million people with a growth rate of 2.5% 9. What is the actual average replacement-level fertility for the whole world? 10. What is the most useful measure of fertility for projecting future population change? 11. How long has the birth rate in the U.S. been at or below replacement level? 12. When did the total fertility rate in the U.S. reach its peak? 13. Name the industrialized country that has the highest teenage pregnancy rate. 14. Name some social factors that affect birth and fertility rates. 15. What could decrease the likelihood of a couple having child? The child is part of the family labor pool. Contraceptives are not available. Women have many opportunities to participate in the work force. Infant mortality rates are high. 16. Of the following forms of birth control which is the most effective? total abstinence condom hormonal implant diaphragm plus spermicide oral contraceptives
17. Of the following forms of birth control which is the least effective? IUD spermicide oral contraceptive hormonal implant rhythm method condom 18. True/False: Migration within countries plays an important role in the population dynamics of cities, towns, and rural areas. Women with access to education and jobs usually have fewer children. The rise in the size of the human population is due primarily to a higher birth rate. Increased food supplies and medical care have increased life expectancy. Only a few countries annually accept a large number of immigrants or refugees. 19. Name indicators of overall health in a country or region. 20. Is a high infant mortality rate most often associated with undernutrition or a balanced diet? 21. Define infant mortality rate. 22. Which of the following reasons could help explain why the U.S. has one of the highest infant mortality rates of developed countries? lack of health care for children of the poor after birth high birth rate for teenage women lack of adequate prenatal care the older age of pregnant women as a result of many women delaying having children drug addiction among pregnant women
23. True/False: The birth rate for U.S. teens age 15-19 dropped to its lowest since 1940. More than 800,000 U.S. teens become pregnant annually. The U.S. has the highest teenage pregnancy rate of any industrialized country. Babies born to teenagers are more likely to be high-weight babies than those born to other women. 24. True/False: The number of environmental refugees is increasing. Migration from urban areas to rural areas is increasing worldwide. People tend to move from areas of lower opportunity to areas of higher opportunity. Most countries restrict immigration rates. 25. What is meant by the term age structure? 26. Name the categories by which population age structure diagrams can be divided. 27. Age structure diagrams are useful for comparing one with another. 28. What type of age structure would a country have that has achieved zero population growth (ZPO)? inverted pyramid broad-based pyramid little variation in population by age large prereproductive population large postreproductive population 29. What type of age structure would a country have that was rapidly growing? Use the responses from questions #28.
30. Which of the following would have the greatest built-in momentum for population growth? large population size large number of people age 29-44 large number of people under age 34 large number of people under age 15 large number of people over age 60 31. Define the term baby boomer. 32. True/False: A baby boomer will strongly influence demands for goods and services. will influence politics. place strains on Medicare as middle age approaches. place strains on social security as they retire. take voluntary early retirement. 33. List some effects a country could experience which is undergoing rapid population decline. 34. Which of the following statement about Japan s population is false? The aging of Japan s population has encouraged investment in automation and encourage women to stay at home. Japan has one of the world s lowest infant death rates. Japan offers access to family planning. Between 1949 and 1956, Japan s population growth rate was cut in half. 35. Which countries are mentioned in the text that accept large numbers of immigrants? 36. What % of the U.S. population counted for legal and illegal immigration in 2002?
37. Which of the following statements would most likely characterize consequences of U.S. immigration? In times of high unemployment, immigrants willing to work for low wages may take jobs from or lower wages of native-born workers. Immigrants are often willing to take low-paying jobs that many nativeborn Americans refuse to do. In the long run, legal immigrants pay more in taxes than they use in public services. Federal and state governments are coordinating their responses to immigration. 38. Which of the following most characterizes U.S. immigration policy? Some citizens are opposed to limiting immigration because immigrants pay taxes and take many menial, low-paying jobs. Over the past decade, efforts to deport illegal immigrants have weakened. Some citizens feel that limiting immigration diminishes the U.S. role in providing a place of opportunity for poor and oppressed people. Some environmentalists want to limit immigration to a small percentage of U.S. population growth. The law prohibits hiring of illegal immigrants. 39. Proponents of population regulation believe we do not provide the basic necessities for one out of people on earth today. 40. People who oppose population regulation would most likely agree to which of the following statement(s)? Many immigrants open businesses and create jobs. Population regulation is a violation of religious beliefs and an intrusion into personal privacy and freedom. People are the world s most valuable resource for finding solutions to our problems. Lack of a free and productive economic system in developing countries is the primary cause of poverty and despair. Increasing human population threatens the earth s life-support systems.
41. Those who agree with population regulation would not say Billions more people on the earth will intensify many environmental and social problems. It is unethical for us to control birth rates. The gap between the rich and poor has been narrowing since 1960. We have the freedom to produce as many children as we want. 42. Which of the following is most likely to be found in a system dynamics computer model? feedback loops synergistic interactions mathematical equations simple cause and effect relationships between two variables 43. Which of the following statements best summarizes the Limits to Growth projection for consequences of continuing our societies at current world population growth and industrial output rates? Our societies: are currently in sustainable dynamic equilibrium. will continue with minor changes. will demonstrate overshoot and collapse patterns in the next decade. will demonstrate overshoot and collapse patterns in the next century. 44. Define the term demographic transition. 45. According to demographic transition, transition takes place in four stages. Name and define each stage.
46. Demographic transition is a model that helps explain death rates falling before birth rates or birth rates falling before death rates. 47. During demographic transition, birth rates of a population will be high during which stage? 48. ZPG in a country is likely to occur during which stage in the demographic transition model? 49. Death rates fall while birth rates remain high during what stage in the demographic transition model? 50. Birth rates and death rates are high during which stage in the demographic transition model? 51. Some experts fear that developing countries lack sufficient to allow the demographic transition to occur. 52. What is the purpose of family planning? 53. From the list below, which country has been successful in reducing population growth by using family planning programs? Nigeria Canada India China Haiti 54. The success of a family planning program will be enhanced when there is a high infant mortality rate. contraceptives are widely available.
implementation is left to central planners. the leadership is apathetic. the majority of the people live in the countryside. 55. Name some ways in which governments have attempted to reduce population growth. 56. Economic rewards and penalties in population control strategies will work best if they decrease a poor family s income or land. don t increase a poor families economic status. are retroactive. push rather than nudge people to have fewer children. reinforce existing customs and trends. 57. Name some ways in which women would be empowered thus enabling them to have fewer and healthier children. 58. Women possess what % of the world s land? 59. Women receive what % of the world s income?
60. When and where did the first national family planning program begin? 61. Why has India s family planning yielded disappointing results? 62. What is India s infant mortality rare? 63. True/False: Indian women still have an average of 2.1 children. Government pensions have eliminated the need for large families. Women do not have access to birth control Many cultural norms favor large families. There is a strong preference for female children. 64. True/False: (with regard to China) Illiteracy is about 1/3 of India s rate. Total fertility dropped from 5.7 to 1.8 children per woman. Life expectancy is 12 years higher than India. Married couples have access to free birth control In the last quarter century, China s crude birth rate dropped from 32 to 25 per 1,000 people. 65. Discuss China s population policy.
66. Based upon your answer to #65 China s population control program would include which of the following? Employ freely available contraceptives. Employ compulsory measures. Emphasize huge family-planning centers Offer economic incentives Preferential treatment in employment for a couples one child 67. What do you believe to be the most important feature of China s population control program that could be transferred to other countries? 68. True/False: Parts of the world are exceeding carrying capacity for humans, and with current trends, eventually other parts of the world will too. Parts of the world are exceeding carrying capacity for humans, although most parts do not need to be concerned. All parts of the world are well below carrying capacity for humans. 68. Name the countries listed in your text that have achieved replacement-level fertility within 15-30 years. 69. Population growth can be slowed by reduction in poverty elevation in status of women improving health care of infants, children, and pregnant women investment in family planning economic disincentives to have large families 70. From the list for #69, which would play the least important role in slowing global population growth?
71. What are the goals of the 1994 UN Conference on Population and Development? Please Note: 1. There will be 13 true and false questions. Please review the following: The relationship between birth rates in develop countries and emigration rate Empowerment of women and its effect on birth rates. Does humankind s ability to expand new habitats increases population impact the environment? Relationship between birth and death rates to economic development of a country Are death rates high during preindustrial stage and if so why, if not why not Is India s population control system more effective than China s? Do countries where AIDS is more prevalent have a zero growth age structure? If the replacement-level fertility rate of a population is higher that the total fertility rate, does the population have a negative growth rate? Has the political structure in China directly or indirectly influence a gender imbalance that favors men? Do populations need to be large to have better services? Is a regions life expectancy inversely related to crude death rate of that region? Does increasing or reducing illegal immigration into U.S. increase rate of economic growth? Does a high or low infant mortality rate increase a country s replacement-level fertility? 2. There will be 10 matching questions with two diagrams. Fig. 10 7 (pg. 179) Fig. 10 14 (pg. 184) Fig. 10 20 (pg. 189)