FINAL REPORT STUDY CONDUCTED FOR THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION

1 FINAL REPORT ANALYSIS OF FRENCH-LANGUAGE SETTLEMENT SERVICES ONTARIO AUGUST 12, 2011 FINAL REPORT RESEARCH ON SETTLEMENT SERVICES AVAILABLE IN FRENCH FOR FRANCOPHONE NEWCOMERS TO ONTARIO STUDY CONDUCTED FOR THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION AUGUST 12, 2011

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENT SERVICES AVAILABLE IN FRENCH FOR FRANCOPHONE NEWCOMERS TO ONTARIO STUDY CONDUCTED FOR THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION JULY 15, 2011 Mandate This report has been prepared in response to a request for proposals from the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration (MCI). The mandate of our study was as follows: to identify and analyze existing literature on the Francophone newcomer settlement process in Ontario; to hold consultations with service providers and Francophone newcomers to gather information on their experiences; to better understand the strengths, weaknesses, best practices and gaps in the settlement services available for Francophone newcomers to Ontario. Demographic analysis The study presents a demographic analysis of Francophone immigration to Ontario (2006 Census), based on the criterion of First Official Language Spoken (FOLS), which is similar to the Inclusive Definition of Francophone (IDF) used by the province of Ontario, as opposed to the Mother Tongue (MT) criterion. Using the FOLS criterion, there are a total of 96,010 Francophone immigrants in Ontario, compared with 36,980 using the MT criterion. This represents a difference of 259% ((96,010/36,980)*100). While these data are somewhat dated, they are still useful as they depict general trends. The highlights of the demographic analysis are as follows: Ontario's Francophone population of about 578,000 represents 4.8% of the total population. The 96,000 or so Francophone immigrants (for all immigration periods) represent 17% of the francophone population of Ontario 2.8% of Ontario's immigrant population. Francophone new immigrants (2001-2006) account for 3.8% of Ontario's recent immigrant population (2001-2006). Francophone immigration is on the rise. In 2006, 60% of Francophone immigrants were aged 44 or under. Clearly, a large proportion of Francophone immigrants are young people. A major shift occurred between 1996 and 2006 in terms of the countries of origin of Ontario's Francophone immigrants. Recent Francophone immigrants from African countries now outnumber recent Francophone immigrants born in Europe or other parts of the world. Francophone immigration is an urban phenomenon, being concentrated in Toronto (33%), Ottawa (24%) and other parts of Southern Ontario Peel, York, Hamilton, Halton, Essex, Waterloo, Middlesex, Durham and Niagara. The Francophone immigrant population in Peel and York regions alone (19,000) is higher than the total Francophone population of Saskatchewan. Review of literature on Francophone immigration to Ontario The study inventoried a total of 151 documents published between 1998 and 2010. Of these, 48 (32%) deal with economic integration issues, and 38 (25%) address social integration issues. Survey of settlement service organizations The survey inventoried 189 organizations offering a variety of immigrant settlement services in Ontario. These organizations can be classified into four categories: Organizations identified as being Francophone, offering services mainly in French but also in ; we inventoried a dozen or so of these.

3 Organizations which actively offer services in both French and and which are largely considered to be Anglophone; we inventoried a dozen or so of these. Organizations which use French sporadically, along with several other languages in response to individual requests for services. In these cases, French is offered on demand. We inventoried approximately fifty of these. Organizations offering services in and languages spoken by immigrants. We inventoried approximately one hundred and twenty of these. Our research identified 95 social and cultural organizations associated with Francophone immigrant communities. About 40 of these are well-established, with their own websites, offices and organized staff. We also identified 32 Christian places of worship in immigrant communities, offering services in French as well as in and a few other languages. We inventoried a total of 137 mosques in Ontario, but were unable to determine the languages used. We also identified nine French-language media outlets associated with immigrant communities. Interviews with settlement service providers The firm, in concert with the Ministry, chose 41 service providers for interviews; in total, 33 were reached and 15 completed the interview. Eighteen indicated they could not participate in the research for various reasons, primarily because they serve few francophone immigrants. All of the respondents indicated that Francophone immigrants face two major hurdles: language barriers stemming from a lack of proficiency in, and difficulty entering the labour market. They also noted that these two hurdles are closely related. Our interviews with Francophone community leaders confirmed these two major challenges. Findings from focus groups A significant portion of our research budget was used to convene nine focus groups, involving 147 individuals from various regions of the province, to ensure that the participants represented a cross-section of different segments of Ontario's Francophone immigrant communities. Given that the focus groups generated qualitative data, we could not draw conclusions applicable to the entire population. Rather, these data reflect the viewpoints of randomly selected individuals with regard to their settlement experiences in Ontario. Almost half of the participants in our focus groups indicated that in order to get established, they relied mainly on assistance from family and/or friends already living in Ontario, as opposed to settlement organizations. These participants were very satisfied with their project to immigrate to Ontario. About 50% of the focus group participants tended to be more dissatisfied than satisfied with their immigration project. In particular, they were very dissatisfied with the labour market integration services they received. They reported that sessions they attended on resume writing and job-interview preparation did not help with their job searches. Currently, these individuals still do not have jobs or have found short-term or unstable employment. In their view, the concept of newcomer settlement support services constitutes a best practice in the immigration system, but governments must review with service organizations the quality of services and the delivery models used. Strengths Our research identified three strengths relating to Francophone newcomer settlement in Ontario. 1. The ability of Francophone immigrant families in Ontario to integrate by themselves, relying on the advice of friends and family already residing in the province, is one of the strengths identified during our study. These people did extensive groundwork prior to arrival, poring over the Government of Canada and Government of Ontario websites. On their arrival, they devoted the necessary time to learn, becoming sufficiently fluent to use at work. They took courses to obtain Canadian credentials, and they now feel well-integrated into Canadian society after three, four or five years here. Other participants were recruited by employers

4 and immigrated to Canada as skilled workers. They are particularly happy in Canada, notably because their Francophone employer arranged housing and is supporting their efforts to have their families join them. They receive excellent settlement services from the local Francophone organization, and they are telling others in their native country how positive their experiences have been to date. 2. Overall, participants were very satisfied with the educational services available for immigrant children in French-language schools, in both the public and Catholic school boards. In general, French-language schools seem to be a determining factor of successful Francophone immigration. 3. Another strength lies in the number and relevance of cultural, social, sports and religious organizations operating in Francophone immigrant communities. These organizations receive no government funding, but they play an important role in the lives of their members and adherents. The focus group participants felt that Francophone immigrants sometimes have a tendency to gravitate only toward these organizations, and in so doing fail to establish sufficient ties with the broader community. Weaknesses Our research found four weaknesses relating to Francophone newcomer settlement in Ontario. 1. The most evident weakness brought to light in our research was, without question, labour market integration. This problem was reported by focus group participants as well as key respondents from service organizations. 2. A second weakness identified in our study concerns language training. Most of the respondents were very dissatisfied with the availability of language courses and the teaching methods used. 3. A third weak point concerns the counselling and support given by organizations offering newcomer settlement services. Participants in six of the nine focus groups found that staff members in these organizations do not provide effective guidance and coaching, create a dependency on their services or direct them towards social services rather than the workplace. 4. Family pairing programs, which match newcomers with Canadian families or longestablished immigrant families, are wellviewed by those who have participated in them. The weakness stems from the fact that there are too few such programs aimed at Francophone communities in Ontario. Best practices Our research identified five best practices. 1. In Northern Ontario, an employer recruited Francophone workers from abroad through the Destination Canada program. The young men hired practise a trade for which there is currently a labour shortage in Ontario. The Francophone employer arranged housing for them and is supporting their efforts to bring their families to Canada. Contact interculturel francophone de Sudbury, the local settlement organization, is well attuned to its community, and is providing settlement services for these workers. As a result of this partnership, these immigrants are very happy in Canada and are spreading the word in their country of origin to recruit others to Canada. 2. The London-Sarnia branch of the Association canadienne-française de l'ontario (ACFO) has successfully colocated various settlement and employment services for Francophone immigrants in its area. This approach has created a onestop outlet for services in French in a region with a relatively small Francophone population. 3. The "Opportunities for All" program introduced by RDÉE Ontario (economic development and employability network) provides useful training for Francophone immigrants wishing to start up their own business. The participants acknowledged

5 the value of these services, but noted that they lack access to microcredit funding to help launch their individually or familyoperated small business. 4. The "Settlement Workers in Schools" program is in itself a best practice. The benefits of the program were mentioned on several occasions during our research. The fact that the program is up and running in 66 French-language schools across the province is proof of its success. Certain workers noted that their offices are located on school premises, which makes their work more effective and facilitates greater contact with students. 5. Bridge training programs also constitute a best practice. Key respondents from institutions indicated that the success rate is about 80%, which means that 80% of participants find and retain a job after completing their program. Considering the resources invested per participant, one would expect a high success rate. While these programs are relatively recent, they appear to be well-designed and welldelivered. Further avenues of research The mandate of this project was to identify emerging issues surrounding Francophone immigration to Ontario, and not to make recommendations. Our findings point to other avenues of research that should be explored to gain a better understanding of these issues. Definition of Francophone immigrant Further research is required to get a more accurate indication of the number of Francophone immigrants in Ontario and of the realities they face. The federal and Ontario governments use different definitions to identify Francophone immigrants, which yield very different results. The discrepancy between the two is significant and has a public policy impact, given that the funds allocated for newcomer settlement are based on number of users. The data indicate mainly the number of immigrants settling in Ontario. It is harder to obtain published data on the number of Francophone immigrants who leave Ontario. Recruitment of Francophone immigrants There are few initiatives in Ontario aimed specifically at recruiting Francophone immigrants. Our review of the literature suggests that the recruitment of immigrants, Francophone and non-francophone, will become an increasingly pressing issue over the next few years. The Provincial Nominee Program holds significant potential for Ontario's Francophone communities. It would be useful to explore more fully the best practices that could be implemented to recruit Francophone immigrants to Ontario. The role of community organizations and public and semi-public institutions in Francophone newcomer settlement Input from our focus groups led to an important finding: about 50% of the participants felt they had successfully established themselves from all points of view, with little recourse to the services of community groups. Instead, they had relied on the advice and support of family and friends throughout the settlement and integration process. Our research indicates that a certain number of Francophone immigrants require specialized services soon after they arrive in Ontario. The organizations these individuals are likely to consult include government agencies providing specific statutory and regulatory information, municipalities offering local economic development strategies, school boards and post-secondary institutions delivering educational services, and semi-public

6 institutions like health centres. These specialized services are normally outside the scope and capacity of community organizations. A useful avenue of research would be to examine the outcomes achieved by organizations providing services to Francophone immigrants to measure the effectiveness of services in facilitating individual integration, in particular economic integration. A systematic study would be able to chart the progress of Francophone immigrants through the settlement, integration and inclusion process and identify key areas in order to align public funding for maximum impact on individuals. Performance of language training programs A significant proportion of the participants in our study indicated that they were not satisfied with their language learning experience. Almost all of the settlement service organizations we consulted confirmed that language training is a major challenge. Given the growing number of Francophone immigrants in Ontario, it would be advisable to conduct a study on the effectiveness of the methods used to teach and the accessibility of these programs for Francophone immigrants. Challenges of economic integration Our study found that economic integration is the overriding issue for a certain proportion of Francophone immigrants. Moreover, our research seems to indicate that this issue is beyond the capacity of community settlement organizations. This would suggest there is a need to rethink public funding strategies aimed at supporting immigrant economic integration and the approaches used. Existing models do not appear to be achieving the desired outcomes. Further research would be required to shed more light on this issue.

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...2 1. MANDATE... 10 2. ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT... 12 3. DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS... 12 4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 25 4.1. Introduction... 25 4.2. Documents Reviewed... 26 4.3. Thematic Analysis... 26 4.4. Themes... 28 4.5. Conclusion... 31 5. SURVEY OF SETTLEMENT SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS... 31 5.1. Organizations Offering settlement services... 37 5.2. Organizations Offering Language Training... 37 5.3. Organizations Offering Employability Services... 32 5.4. Settlement Workers in Schools... 32 5.5. Ethnic and Cultural Organizations... 33 5.6. Places of Worship... 33 5.7. The Media in Francophone Immigrant Communities... 33 5.8. School Boards Offering Language Courses... 34 6. FINDINGS OF OUR INTERVIEWS WITH SERVICE PROVIDERS... 34 6.1. Participation in Interviews... 34 6.2. Observations from our Interviews... 35 7. FINDINGS OF INTERVIEWS WITH FRANCOPHONE LEADERS... 38 8. FINDINGS OF THE FOCUS GROUPS... 39 9. FRENCH LANGUAGE BRIDGE TRAINING PROGRAMS... 47 10. SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS... 48 10.1. Quantitative Findings... 48 10.2. Qualitative Findings... 50 10.2.1. Strengths... 50 10.2.2. Weaknesses... 50 10.2.3. Best Practices... 52

8 11. CONCLUSION: FURTHER AVENUES FOR RESEARCH... 53 11.1. The Definition of a Francophone Immigrant... 53 11.2. Recruitment of Francophone Immigrants... 54 11.3. The Role of Community Organizations and Organizations in the Public and Broader Public Sectors in Welcoming Francophone Immigrants and Helping Them to get Settled... 54 11.4. The Efficacy of Language Training Programs... 55 11.5. The Challenges of Economic Integration... 55 SCHEDULES... 56 Schedule 1 Organizations Offering Settlement Services... 58 Schedule 2 Organizations Offering Language Training... 86 Schedule 3 Organizations Offering Employability Services... 93 Schedule 4 Settlement Workers in French Schools... 100 Schedule 5 Ethnic and Cultural Organizations in Immigrant Communities... 107 Schedule 6 Christian Places of Worship in Francophone Immigrant Communities... 112 Schedule 7 Mosques and Islamic Centres... 114 Schedule 8 Media in Francophone Immigrant Communities... 121 Schedule 9 School Boards Offering Language Courses... 122

9 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Profile of Francophone Immigration in Ontario 2006 First Official Language Spoken...15 Table 2 Profile of Francophone Immigration in Ontario 2006 Mother Tongue...15 Table 3 - Comparison between Mother Tongue and First Official Language Spoken 2006 Number and Percentage of Francophone Immigrants in Ontario...16 Table 4 Worldwide Sources of Francophone Immigrants 2006 First Official Language Spoken...17 Table 5 Worldwide Sources of New Francophone Immigrants 2006 First Official Language Spoken...18 Table 6 Francophone Immigrants and Age Groups 2006 First Official Language Spoken...19 Table 7 Francophone Immigration by Period of Immigration from 1961 to 2000 and Projection for 2001-2010 Ontario First Official Language Spoken...19 Table 8 Francophone Immigrants by Census Division Ontario 2006 First Official Language Spoken...20 Table 9 New Francophone Immigrants by Census Division Ontario 2006 First Official Language Spoken...22 Table 10 Francophone Immigrant Population as a Percentage of the Total Immigrant Population Ontario 2006 First Official Language Spoken...24 Table 11 Categories of Themes Identified Review of the Literature Canada 1998 to 2010...26 Table 12 Themes of Articles on Ontario Published over the Last 5 Years...27 Table 13 Settlement Workers in Schools Program, Distribution in Ontario s French- Language Public and Catholic Schools - 2010-2011...33

10 1. MANDATE This report was prepared in response to a request for proposals from the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration (MCI). The Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration welcomes newcomers in addition to supporting and promoting equal opportunities and measures for responsible citizenship and voluntarism, in the economic and social interests of Ontario s communities. The Ministry has a mission to build a province in which newcomers are warmly welcomed, diversity is celebrated, voluntarism is valued and recognized, and people are engaged in working together to improve quality of life for everyone. The Immigration Policy Branch and the Immigration Programs Branch support the social and economic integration of newcomers by developing policies and offering a number of programs, specifically, settlement services, language training, and labour market integration. The Ministry funds third-party organizations to deliver a wide range of programs such as the Newcomer Settlement Program, the Ontario Bridge Training programs, the Language Interpreter Services Program, and Ontario s Community Builders. Settlement services are offered in a variety of languages to meet the needs of newcomers to Ontario. Francophones have lived in Ontario for over 350 years. The preamble to the French Language Services Act (1986) states that the Legislative Assembly recognizes the contribution of the cultural heritage of the French speaking population and wishes to preserve it for future generations. Supporting immigration in Francophone communities is one way of ensuring that they continue to flourish. After Quebec, Ontario is the province that welcomes the greatest number of Francophone newcomers to Canada. MCI is committed to ensuring that Francophone newcomers receive services in French that enable them to fully participate in all areas of life in Canada and that optimize the benefits of their participation in, and contribution to, Canadian society. The overall objective of the study is to help MCI to better understand the strengths, weaknesses, best practices, and gaps in the settlement services offered to Francophone newcomers to Ontario. MCI is also interested in the challenges and obstacles that Francophone newcomers face in accessing services in French that are adapted to their needs. The mandate of the study is to perform the following tasks: to identify and analyze the literature on the process whereby Francophone newcomers settle in Ontario; to hold consultations with service providers and Francophone newcomers to gather information on their experiences, i.e., both offering settlement services to Francophone newcomers and supporting their access to these services. Consultations with service providers must not be limited to services currently funded by MCI; to analyze the conclusions of the research in the form of a summary report. In the context of this study, the following terms and expressions have the following definitions: Francophone Newcomer : refers to a newcomer:

11 whose mother tongue, with or without another language, is French; whose mother tongue is not one of the official languages (i.e., who is an Allophone), and who, of Canada s two official languages, speaks only French; whose mother tongue is not one of the official languages; who speaks both French and ; and who usually speaks either a language that is not an official language or French, alone or in combination with another language, in the home. This meets the new Inclusive Definition of Francophone (IDF) introduced by the Government of Ontario in June 2009 (see http://www.ofa.gov.on.ca/en/news-090604.html) Organization delivering services : refers to a non-government organization that delivers services to immigrants, refugees, and refugee claimants. Settlement services : these services include client needs assessment, support in settlement and orientation, information and orientation, counselling, language training, interpretation and translation services, and employment support services such as help finding work, writing a résumé and preparing for an interview, labour market integration, and career planning. The mandate of the study required us to perform the following tasks: 1. The preparation of a preliminary report with a review of the literature on the settlement and integration of Francophone newcomers in Ontario. 2. A series of consultations with Francophone newcomers and French-language service providers (Francophone and non-francophone organizations). These consultations included conversations with key leaders in the Francophone community, Francophone newcomers whether or not they had used settlement services adapted to their needs (by means of a sample of Francophone newcomers from various regions of Ontario), and with representatives from a variety of service providers (small, large, exclusively Francophone, bilingual). 3. In the context of the consultations, we examined the strengths, weaknesses, and quality of settlement services for Francophone newcomers to Ontario. We also examined best practices and gaps in services. In accordance with the mandate, the final report had to address the strengths, weaknesses, best practices, and gaps in the settlement services adapted and offered to Francophone newcomers to Ontario. It had to include: 1. A summary including the main research findings and the impact in terms of policymaking; 2. An analysis of the information collected during the consultations; 3. An overview of the links between our review of the literature and our conclusions.

12 2. ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT The report presents the following information. According to the MCI mandate, the summary must present the research observations and conclusions, as well as avenues for further research. Part 3 presents a demographic analysis based on data from the 2006 Census. Part 4 presents a review of the literature. Part 5 presents a survey of settlement service providers. To make this report easier to read, contact information for each organization is provided in the schedules. Part 6 presents the findings of interviews with the key respondents from the settlement service providers. Part 7 presents the results of interviews with key community leaders. Part 8 presents the findings of focus groups held in various regions of the province. Part 9 presents the French-language bridge training programs. Part 10 presents a summary of the quantitative and qualitative research findings. Part 11 contains the conclusion, with suggestions for additional research. 3. DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS The following tables provide a demographic analysis of Francophone immigration to Ontario using data from the 2006 Census. While these data are somewhat dated, they are still useful as they depict general trends. Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 present the differences in the numbers and percentages of immigrants, depending on whether Mother Tongue (MT) or First Official Language Spoken (FOLS) is used to perform calculations. The FOLS heading comes closest to the Inclusive Definition of Francophone (IDF) adopted by the Province of Ontario. These tables clearly demonstrate the importance of the IDF when it comes to services for Francophone immigrants. Using the FOLS criterion, there are 96,010 Francophone immigrants in Ontario. Using the MT criterion, there are 36,980 Francophone immigrants in Ontario. This represents a difference of 259% ((96,010/36,980)*100). It should be noted that a similar gap in percentages occurs when we compare the data using the FOLS criterion with the data using the MT criterion for Anglophone immigrants. For some 2 million Anglophone immigrants, is the FOLS, but is not their mother tongue. Table 4 and Table 5 confirm a significant trend in Francophone immigration. Table 4 presents the regions from which all 96,010 Francophone immigrants in Ontario came. In 2006, 35,645

13 Francophone immigrants or 37.1% came from Europe and 21,925 or 22.8% came from Africa. Table 5 presents the data for the 22,150 new Francophone immigrants, i.e., those who immigrated to Canada between 2001 and 2006. In 2006, 6,480 or 29.3% of new Francophone immigrants came from Europe and 7,185 or 32.4% of new immigrants came from Africa. Between 1996 and 2006, there was a shift in the countries of origin of Francophone immigrants to Ontario. Table 6 confirms that Ontario s Francophone immigrants are young. In 2006, some 60% of Francophone immigrants were aged 44 and under. Table 7 presents the historical trends in Francophone immigration to Ontario, by decade, beginning in 1961. To present a table by decade, we projected the total number of immigrants for the decade 2001-2010 by doubling the number of immigrants who arrived between 2001 and 2006. Figure 1 illustrates the upward trend of Francophone immigration to Ontario, which is four times higher in the last decade, compared to the decade from 1971 to 1980.

14 Figure 1 Trend in Francophone Immigration to Ontario 1961 to 2011 First Official Language Spoken Legend: PLOP Français FOLS French PLOP Anglais et français FOLS and French TOTAL FRANCOPHONE (PLOP F + PLOP AF) TOTAL FRANCOPHONE (FOLS F + FOLS EF) à to Projection Projection Table 8 presents the places where Francophone immigrants in Ontario live, by Census division. In 2006, approximately 92% of Francophone immigrants lived in Toronto, Ottawa or southern Ontario. In 2006, approximately 31,800 Francophone immigrants or 33.1% lived in Toronto, followed by 23,340 or 24.3% who lived in Ottawa. Peel and York regions had approximately 19,000 Francophone immigrants or 20%. The regions of Hamilton, Halton, Essex, Waterloo, Middlesex, Durham and Niagara accounted for approximately 15% of Francophone immigrants. Table 9 presents the data for new Francophone immigrants (immigrants arriving between 2001 and 2006). The trend is basically the same, except that 39% settled in Toronto and 22% settled in Ottawa.

15 Table 1 Profile of Francophone Immigration in Ontario 2006 First Official Language Spoken ACCORDING TO FIRST OFFICIAL LANGUAGE SPOKEN TOTAL FOLS ENGLISH FOLS FRENCH FOLS ENGLISH AND FRENCH TOTAL FRANCOPHONE (FOLS F + FOLS EF) TOTAL POPULATION 12 028 895 11 189 935 497 155 80 890 578 045 4.8% Non-immigrants 8 512 020 7 994 680 453 680 23 770 477 450 Immigrants 3 398 725 3 091 855 40 645 55 365 96 010 2.8% 16.6% FRANCOPHONE POPULATION AS A % OF TOTAL POPULATION FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANT POPULATION AS A % OF TOTAL IMMIGRANT POPULATION FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANT POPULATION AS A % OF TOTAL FRANCOPHONE POPULATION Table 2 Profile of Francophone Immigration in Ontario 2006 Mother Tongue ACCORDING TO MOTHER TONGUE TOTAL MT ENGLISH MT FRENCH MT ENGLISH AND FRENCH TOTAL FRANCOPHONE (MT F + MT EF) TOTAL POPULATION 12 028 900 8 361 995 496 600 36 255 532 855 4.4% Non-immigrants 8 512 020 7 355 090 461 105 32 325 493 430 Immigrants 3 398 725 974 105 33 205 3 775 36 980 1.1% 6.9% FRANCOPHONE POPULATION AS A % OF TOTAL POPULATION FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANT POPULATION AS A % OF TOTAL IMMIGRANT POPULATION FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANT POPULATION AS A % OF TOTAL FRANCOPHONE POPULATION

16 Table 3 - Comparison between Mother Tongue and First Official Language Spoken 2006 Number and Percentage of Francophone Immigrants in Ontario DIFFERENCE IN THE NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS ENGLISH FRENCH ENGLISH AND FRENCH TOTAL FRANCOPHONE (F + EF) PERCENTAGE OF FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANTS WITH FOLS BASED ON THE NUMBER CALCULATED USING MT WITH FOLS 3 091 855 40 645 55 365 96 010 259.6% WITH MT 974 105 33 205 3 775 36 980 DIFFERENCE -2 117 750-7 440 51 590 59 030 DIFFERENCE IN THE NUMBER OF NEW IMMIGRANTS (2001-2006) ENGLISH FRENCH ENGLISH AND FRENCH TOTAL FRANCOPHONE (F + EF) PERCENTAGE OF NEW FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANTS WITH FOLS BASED ON THE NUMBER CALCULATED USING MT WITH FOLS 505 135 9 145 13 005 22 150 287.5% WITH MT 101 365 6 800 905 7 705 DIFFERENCE -403 770-2 345 12 100 14 445

17 Table 4 Worldwide Sources of Francophone Immigrants 2006 First Official Language Spoken ONTARIO TOTAL FOLS ENGLISH FOLS FRENCH FOLS ENGLISH AND FRENCH TOTAL FRANCOPHONE (FOLS F + FOLS EF) % TOTAL POPULATION Total population Nonimmigrants 12 028 895 11 189 935 497 155 80 890 578 045 4.8% 8 512 020 7 994 680 453 680 23 770 477 450 Immigrants 3 398 725 3 091 855 40 645 55 365 96 010 2.8% 16.6% FRANCOPHONE POPULATION AS A % OF TOTAL POPULATION FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANT POPULATION AS A % OF TOTAL IMMIGRANT POPULATION FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANT POPULATION AS A % OF TOTAL FRANCOPHONE POPULATION IMMIGRANTS BY PROVENANCE United States 106 405 104 375 1 235 445 1 680 1.7% Central America 58 940 53 475 325 1 485 1 810 1.9% West Indies and Bermuda 211 380 205 340 4 505 785 5 290 5.5% South America 157 700 149 505 475 2 515 2 990 3.1% Europe 1 307 885 1 210 755 14 065 21 580 35 645 37.1% Africa 164 795 139 635 15 320 6 605 21 925 22.8% Asia and the Middle East 1 376 595 1 214 155 4 595 21 890 26 485 27.6% Oceania etc. 15 025 14 615 125 60 185 0.2 % PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANTS

18 Table 5 Worldwide Sources of New Francophone Immigrants 2006 First Official Language Spoken ONTARIO TOTAL FOLS ENGLISH FOLS FRENCH FOLS ENGLISH AND FRENCH TOTAL FRANCOPHONE (FOLS F + FOLS EF) NEW IMMIGRANTS (ARRIVED BETWEEN 2001 AND 2006) BY PROVENANCE United States 18 305 17 630 180 175 355 1.6% Central America 9 315 7 750 10 210 220 1.0% West Indies and Bermuda 20 105 18 570 1 035 180 1 215 5.5% South America 30 390 27 180 95 760 855 3.9% Europe 84 590 72 025 1 740 4 740 6 480 29.3% Africa 40 320 31 685 5 255 1 930 7 185 32.4% Asia and Middle East 375 225 327 865 830 5 005 5 835 26.3% Oceania etc. 2 495 2 425 10 10 20 0.1% 2001 to 2006 580 740 505 135 9 145 13 005 22 150 23.1% % PERCENTAGE OF NEW FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANTS (2001-2006) FROM EACH REGION

19 Table 6 Francophone Immigrants and Age Groups 2006 First Official Language Spoken ONTARIO TOTAL FOLS ENGLISH FOLS FRENCH FOLS ENGLISH AND FRENCH TOTAL FRANCOPHONE (FOLS F + FOLS EF) PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL IMMIGRANTS BY AGE GROUP 0 to 14 years 181 200 164 660 3 120 6 315 9 435 9.8% NUMBER OF FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANTS 15 to 24 years 308 655 290 125 3 965 10 520 14 485 15.1% 25 to 44 years 1 076 995 1 013 970 14 210 19 320 33 530 34.9% 45 to 64 years 1 160 830 1 068 570 12 095 13 335 25 430 26.5% 65 years and over 671 045 554 535 7 255 5 875 13 130 13.7% % Table 7 Francophone Immigration by Period of Immigration from 1961 to 2000 and Projection for 2001-2010 Ontario First Official Language Spoken IMMIGRANTS BY PERIOD OF IMMIGRATION ONTARIO TOTAL FOLS ENGLISH FOLS FRENCH FOLS ENGLISH AND FRENCH TOTAL FRANCOPHONE (FOLS F + FOLS EF) Before 1961 442 695 423 945 3 765 2 085 5 850 6.1% 1961 to 1970 405 185 378 110 5 225 3 045 8 270 8.6% 1971 to 1980 478 340 444 900 5 455 5 095 10 550 11.0% 1981 to 1990 558 225 505 580 6 280 9 785 16 065 16.7% 1991 to 2000 933 545 834 190 10 780 22 345 33 125 34.5% 2001 to 2006 580 740 505 135 9 145 13 005 22 150 23.1% PROJECTION 2001-2010 (= 2001-2006 x 2) 1 161 480 1 010 270 18 290 26 010 44 300 % PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF FRANCOPHONE IMMIGRANTS

20 Table 8 Francophone Immigrants by Census Division Ontario 2006 First Official Language Spoken Francophone Immigrants (FOLS) by Census Division Ontario 2006 FOLS ENGLISH AND FOLS FRENCH TOTAL FRANCOPHONE FRENCH PERCENTAGE OF PROVINCIAL TOTAL ONTARIO 40 645 55 365 96 010 Toronto (3520) 01010 11 350 20 450 31 800 33.1% Ottawa (3506) 00000 13 330 10 010 23 340 24.3% Peel (3521) 00001 3 605 6 930 10 535 11.0% York (3519) 00000 2 880 6 000 8 880 9.2% Hamilton (3525) 00000 800 1 700 2 500 2.6% Halton (3524) 00000 1 105 1 355 2 460 2.6% Essex (3537) 00000 825 1 625 2 450 2.6% Waterloo (3530) 00000 625 1 505 2 130 2.2% Middlesex (3539) 20 000 720 1 140 1 860 1.9% Durham (3518) 00000 815 825 1 640 1.7% Niagara (3526) 01000 595 735 1 330 1.4% Frontenac (3510) 01010 325 485 810 0.8% Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry (3501) 20000 445 300 745 0.8% Simcoe (3543) 00000 375 290 665 0.7% Prescott and Russell (3502) 01000 465 170 635 0.7% Greater Sudbury (3553) 00010 440 160 600 0.6% Wellington (3523) 00000 175 380 555 0.6% Peterborough (3515) 01010 145 130 275 0.3% Brant (3529) 20 000 130 110 240 0.2% Lambton (3538) 00010 135 65 200 0.2% Leeds and Grenville (3507) 00000 125 70 195 0.2% Hastings (3512) 21 010 115 50 165 0.2% Cochrane (3556) 21 010 130 35 165 0.2% Chatham-Kent (3536) 01010 85 70 155 0.2% Grey (3542) 01000 65 80 145 0.2% Oxford (3532) 00000 60 80 140 0.1% Thunder Bay (3558) 01010 95 40 135 0.1% Lanark (3509) 00000 60 70 130 0.1% Renfrew (3547) 01010 80 45 125 0.1% Algoma (3557) 01010 80 40 120 0.1%

21 Francophone Immigrants (FOLS) by Census Division Ontario 2006 FOLS FRENCH FOLS ENGLISH AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL FRANCOPHONE FRENCH PROVINCIAL TOTAL Haldimand-Norfolk (3528) 20 000 60 50 110 0.1% Nipissing (3548) 21 010 75 35 110 0.1% Perth (3531) 00000 30 60 90 0.1% Northumberland (3514) 01010 50 30 80 0.1% Muskoka (3544) 21 010 30 40 70 0.1% Kawartha Lakes (3516) 01010 20 35 55 0.1% Huron (3540) 00000 10 45 55 0.1% Timiskaming (3554) 01010 35 20 55 0.1% Dufferin (3522) 00001 20 25 45 0.0% Elgin (3534) 00000 25 20 45 0.0% Lennox and Addington (3511) 00000 15 15 30 0.0% Prince Edward (3513) 01010 30 0 30 0.0% Parry Sound (3549) 01010 15 15 30 0.0% Kenora (3560) 22 020 20 10 30 0.0% Bruce (3541) 01010 10 15 25 0.0% Rainy River (3559) 00010 10 0 10 0.0% Haliburton (3546) 01010 0 0 0 0.0% Manitoulin (3551) 01010 0 0 0 0.0% Sudbury (3552) 01010 0 0 0 0.0%

22 Table 9 New Francophone Immigrants by Census Division Ontario 2006 First Official Language Spoken New Francophone Immigrants (FOLS) by Census Division Ontario 2006 FOLS FRENCH FOLS ENGLISH AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL FRANCOPHONE FRENCH PROVINCIAL TOTAL ONTARIO 9 145 13 005 22 150 Toronto (3520) 01010 2 970 5 845 8 815 39.8% Ottawa (3506) 00000 3 340 1 600 4 940 22.3% Peel (3521) 00001 1 175 1 840 3 015 13.6% York (3519) 00000 265 930 1 195 5.4% Hamilton (3525) 00000 245 410 655 3.0% Essex (3537) 00000 175 450 625 2.8% Waterloo (3530) 00000 110 340 450 2.0% Middlesex (3539) 20 000 125 305 430 1.9% Halton (3524) 00000 115 290 405 1.8% Durham (3518) 00000 125 265 390 1.8% Niagara (3526) 01000 95 205 300 1.4% Greater Sudbury (3553) 00010 105 25 130 0.6% Simcoe (3543) 00000 60 60 120 0.5% Wellington (3523) 00000 20 95 115 0.5% Frontenac (3510) 01010 15 85 100 0.5% Prescott and Russell (3502) 01000 45 20 65 0.3% Lambton (3538) 00010 50 10 60 0.3% Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry (3501) 20000 15 35 50 0.2% Peterborough (3515) 01010 20 20 40 0.2% Northumberland (3514) 01010 10 20 30 0.1% Oxford (3532) 00000 0 30 30 0.1% Chatham-Kent (3536) 01010 0 25 25 0.1% Nipissing (3548) 21 010 15 10 25 0.1% Hastings (3512) 21 010 10 10 20 0.1% Muskoka (3544) 21 010 0 20 20 0.1% Lanark (3509) 00000 0 15 15 0.1% Brant (3529) 20 000 0 15 15 0.1% Leeds and Grenville (3507) 00000 0 10 10 0.0% Lennox and Addington (3511) 00000 10 0 10 0.0%

23 New Francophone Immigrants (FOLS) by Census Division Ontario 2006 FOLS FRENCH FOLS ENGLISH AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL FRANCOPHONE FRENCH PROVINCIAL TOTAL Kawartha Lakes (3516) 01010 0 10 10 0.0% Perth (3531) 00000 0 10 10 0.0% Grey (3542) 01000 10 0 10 0.0% Renfrew (3547) 01010 10 0 10 0.0% Timiskaming (3554) 01010 0 10 10 0.0% Cochrane (3556) 21 010 10 0 10 0.0% Algoma (3557) 01010 10 0 10 0.0% Prince Edward (3513) 01010 0 0 0 0.0% Dufferin (3522) 00001 0 0 0 0.0% Haldimand-Norfolk (3528) 20 000 0 0 0 0.0% Elgin (3534) 00000 0 0 0 0.0% Huron (3540) 00000 0 0 0 0.0% Bruce (3541) 01010 0 0 0 0.0% Haliburton (3546) 01010 0 0 0 0.0% Parry Sound (3549) 01010 0 0 0 0.0% Manitoulin (3551) 01010 0 0 0 0.0% Sudbury (3552) 01010 0 0 0 0.0% Thunder Bay (3558) 01010 0 0 0 0.0% Rainy River (3559) 00010 0 0 0 0.0% Kenora (3560) 22 020 0 0 0 0.0%

24 Table 10 Francophone Immigrant Population as a Percentage of the Total Immigrant Population Ontario 2006 First Official Language Spoken Francophone Immigrant Population as a Percentage of the Total Immigrant Population - Ontario 2006 First Official Language Spoken 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ONTARIO TOTAL FOLS ENGLISH FOLS FRENCH FOLS ENGLISH AND FRENCH TOTAL FRANCOPHONE (FOLS F + FOLS EF) FRANCOPHONES AS A % OF TOTAL PEOPLE WITHOUT FOLS TOTAL POPULATION 12 028 895 11 189 935 497 155 80 890 578 045 4.8% 260 915 IMMIGRANTS 3 398 725 3 091 855 40 645 55 365 96 010 2.8% 210 860 RECENT IMMIGRANTS (2001 TO 2006) 580 740 505 135 9 145 13 005 22 150 3.8% 53 455

25 Table 10 reveals four significant facts: Francophones represent 4.8% of the population of Ontario. Francophone immigrants (all periods of immigration combined) represent 2.8% of the immigrant population of Ontario. New Francophone immigrants (2001-2006) represent 3.8% of recent immigrants (2001-2006) to Ontario. Francophone immigrants (96 010 / 568 045) represent 17% of the total Francophone population of Ontario. It should be noted that the totals for Columns 34, and 5 (FOLS, FOLS French, and FOLS and French categories) do not correspond to the totals in Column 2. The difference is the number of people without a first official language spoken, i.e., the number of people who spoke neither nor French at the time of the 2006 Census. This number is provided in Column 8. 4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4.1. Introduction Immigration forms part of the social, economic, and cultural development of Canadian society. It has also proven to be a significant factor in the development of French-language communities outside of Quebec, because it can be a source of revitalization for the Francophone population, language, and culture in Canada. In fact, for these communities and for the federal government, the settlement of French-speaking newcomers in Francophone minority communities has become an important objective, indeed a priority. This is evident in the creation, in 2002, of the Citizenship and Immigration Canada-Francophone Minority Communities Steering Committee, which was given the mandate of developing strategies to increase the number of French-speaking immigrants in Francophone minority communities and to facilitate their reception and integration 1. In September 2006, the Steering Committee released the Strategic Plan To Foster Immigration To Francophone Minority Communities, which set out the challenges of, and strategies associated with, immigration to minority communities 2. This document is but one example of the importance that the government places on integrating French-speaking immigrants in Canada. Outside of Quebec, Ontario has the greatest number of French-speaking people. New Brunswick has some 236,100 Francophones, who represent 33% of the province s population. 1 The strategic plan, published in November 2003, presents the Steering Committee s mandate and its five objectives in detail. See http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/settlement/framework-minorities.asp 2 See http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/settlement/plan-minorities.asp

26 Ontario has twice this number, with a population of 578,045 Francophones who represent approximately 4.8% of the total population. Thus, Ontario is the province with, potentially, the greatest number of communities able to welcome French-speaking newcomers. According to the 2006 Census, immigrants represent approximately 20% of the total population of Canada and 28% of the population of Ontario; 2.8% of immigrants in Ontario are Frenchspeaking. However, numbers alone are not enough to facilitate settlement for newcomers; tools and strategies are also needed. The literature on Francophone immigration reviewed in this document has uncovered several elements that may be used to meet the needs of immigrants and organizations interested in facilitating their integration into Canadian society, particularly into Francophone communities. Below, we present the results of a survey of the literature on Francophone immigration to Canada. First, a general overview of the 151 documents that were reviewed is provided, then special emphasis is placed on documents published in the last five years, i.e., since 2005, that directly concern Ontario or regions of Ontario. 4.2. Documents Reviewed A total of 151 documents published between 1998 and 2010 were reviewed, including government reports (47), scientific articles (45), and studies produced for community organizations (35) or organizations in the broader public sector (16). The remaining eight articles mostly came from the Metropolis network 3. An Excel database submitted to the Ministry presents the titles, authors, years, and abstracts (when available) of these documents. 4.3. Thematic Analysis In the literature on Francophone immigration to Canada, we identified 10 major themes. The integration of newcomers is by far the most common theme in the articles surveyed. Studies on economic integration and social integration represent close to 60% of the literature on Francophone immigration to Canada, followed, in order of frequency, by demographic portraits or profiles, children and schools, criminality and violence, immigrant women, health, language skills, working with minorities, and interprovincial mobility. Table 11 presents the number of documents in each of the 10 themes found in the 151 documents reviewed, according to the main theme addressed. Each document has been assigned a single main theme. Table 11 Categories of Themes Identified Review of the Literature Canada 1998 to 2010 Themes Number of Documents % Economic and Labour Market Integration 48 32% Social Integration 38 25% Demographic Portraits and Profiles 23 15% 3 The Metropolis International Network is a network of university and government researchers.

27 Themes Number of Documents % Children and Schools 15 10% Criminality and Violence 8 5% Immigrant Women 7 5% Health 4 3% Language Skills 3 2% Working with Minorities 3 2% Interprovincial Mobility 2 1% Total 151 100% The fact that half of the documents on social and economic integration come from institutions in the public or broader public sector is indicative of the importance that governments place on the issue of the integration of newcomers. In contrast, the fact that only 20 of the 86 documents on this issue are academic documents attests to the lack of university research in this field. Of the 151 texts surveyed, 44 date from the past five years and focus primarily on the situation in Ontario or in a specific region of Ontario. For example, some studies are on Toronto or on northern Ontario. Most (20) of these 44 articles were published by an institution in the public or broader public sector. University research accounts for 25% of the documents. In addition, a significant percentage of the literature presents information on existing policies and resources, rather than the results of research or studies (see Office of the Fairness Commissioner, 2010; Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration, 2009; Office of Francophone Affairs, 2006; Government of Ontario, 2009). What emerges from this survey of the literature on the situation in Ontario is the need for scientific studies on the integration of Francophone newcomers into Frenchlanguage communities. In terms of a thematic analysis, we noted the same trend in the 44 articles written in the past five years in Ontario as in the texts for Canada as a whole. Social and economic integration represented over half of the documents surveyed (see Table 12). Once again, this is indicative of a marked interest in facilitating the integration of immigrants. Table 12 Themes of Articles on Ontario Published over the Last 5 Years Themes Number of Documents % Social Integration 14 32% Economic and Labour Market Integration 12 27% Demographic Portraits and Profiles 9 20% Working with Minorities 3 7% Criminality and Violence 2 5% Children and Schools 2 5% Health 2 5% Total 44 100% Moreover, certain themes seemed to be limited to documents of a national scope whereas others were more provincial in their focus. The themes of immigrant women, language skills, and interprovincial mobility were only found in documents relating to Canada. Some documents

28 that were national in scope contained information specific to different regions of the country or emphasized differences between provinces. 4.4. Themes As indicated above, 10 themes were identified: economic integration, social integration, demographic portraits and profiles, children and schools, criminality and violence, immigrant women, health, language skills, working with minorities, and interprovincial mobility. Some themes were found only in documents relating to Canada. Of the 44 articles on Ontario (2005 to 2010), only seven of the 10 themes were found. In this section, we present a summary of the information found in the literature, according to each of the themes in the 44 articles. 1. Social integration Social integration is the most prevalent theme in terms of the number of articles and documents in the literature on Francophone immigration to Ontario. The focus is primarily on the way in which communities and organizations can adapt to a new clientele in order to offer improved settlement services to newcomers. The profile of immigrants has changed significantly in recent years (Madibbo and Labrie, 2010; Diallo and Lafrenière, 2007). The clientele of community organizations, which was previously more homogenous and of French-Canadian and European extract, has become more diverse geographically and socially, with a range of cultural practices, languages, and identities (Madibbo and Labrie, 2010). As a result, these organizations need to transform themselves and reformulate their strategies to more fully support integration. Labrie (2008) notes that organizations that serve the French-language community in Ontario have transformed themselves over the past two decades to accommodate these demographic changes. The author notes the effect of multiple identities and linguistic practices on the participation of ethnic groups in Ontario s French-language community. Other authors examine the transformation of structures of integration (Diallo and Lafrenière, 2007). Yet others are still attempting to identify strategies for integration developed by immigrants and by the host society to adapt to these demographic changes (Madibbo, 2005). We also find strategies and measures for the integration of immigrants as proposed by government institutions. In particular, the Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration (2008) presents the first Canada-Ontario Immigration Agreement (COIA). Its overall goal is to support the successful social and economic integration of immigrants in Ontario [ ] Newcomers are welcomed and fully integrated into Canadian and Ontario communities; Newcomers are engaged and participate in all sectors of Ontario/Canadian society economic, social, political and cultural; Ontario/Canadian society and communities benefit from the contribution of newcomers. Lastly, the literature surveyed also contains a number of reports from conferences, forums, and workshops (for example, Côté, 2006; Réseau de soutien à l immigration francophone - région Centre-Sud-Ouest de l Ontario, 2008; Jangles Productions, 2009; Centre francophone de Toronto, 2009). These reports summarize discussions held during conferences on the accessibility and availability of services. Special attention is paid to the challenges and prospects for the future, as well as the management of settlement resources. These reports touch on the themes raised by the research findings presented above, i.e., that services must be adapted to meet the needs of a changing clientele.