SUB Hamburg B/116888 Foreign Policy Theories, Actors, Cases SECOND EDITION Edited by Steve Smith Amelia Hadfield Tim Dunne OXJORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
tat- Contents in brief Notes on contributors xxv Introduction 1 Steve Smith, Amelia Hadfield, and Tim Dunne SECTION ONE Foreign Policy Analysis: Theoretical and Historical Perspectives 1 The history and evolution of foreign policy analysis 13 Valerie M. Hudson 2 Realism and foreign policy 35 William C. Wohlforth 3 Liberalism and foreign policy 54 Michael W.Doyle 4 Constructivism and foreign policy 78 Trine Flockhart 5 Discourse analysis, post-structuralism, and foreign policy 94 Lene Hansen SECTION TWO Analysing Foreign Policy: Actors, Context, and Goals 6 Actors, structures, and foreign policy analysis 113 Walter Carlsnaes 7 Foreign policy decision making: rational, psychological, and neurological models 130 Janice Gross Stein 8 Implementation and behaviour 147 Elisabetta Brighi and Christopher Hill 9 The role of media and public opinion 168 Piers Robinson 10 The primacy of national security 188 Brian C. Schmidt 11 Economic statecraft 204 Michael Mastanduno 12 Duties beyond borders 223 Michael Barnett
XViii CONTENTS IN BRIEF SECTION THREE Foreign Policy Case Studies 13 Teaching foreign policy cases 243 Steven L. Lamy 14 The Cuban Missile Crisis 256 Graham Allison 15 Canada and antipersonnel landmines: the case for human security as a foreign policy priority 284 Lloyd Axworthy 16 Neoconservatism and the domestic sources of American foreign policy: the role of ideas in Operation Iraqi Freedom 308 Yuen Foong Khong 17 China and the Tian'anmen bloodshed of June 1989 327 Rosemary Foot 18 India and the World Trade Organization 348 Amrita Narlikar 19 Rising Brazil and South America 367 Arlene B.Tickner 20 Australia and global climate change 384 Matt McDonald 21 Israeli-Egyptian (in)security: the Yom Kippur War 400 Gareth Stansfield 22 Blair's Britain and the road to war in Iraq 419 Tim Dunne 23 Energy and foreign policy: EU-Russia energy dynamics 441 Amelia Hadfield 24 New actors, new foreign policy: EU and enlargement 463 Lisbeth Aggestam Glossary 485 Endnotes 495 Bibliography 503 Index 533
Detailed contents Notes on contributors xxv Introduction 1 Steve Smith, Amelia Hadfield, and Tim Dunne The contemporary relevance of foreign policy 2 Foreign policy theory: disciplinary groundings 3 Organization of the second edition 7 SECTION ONE Foreign Policy Analysis: Theoretical and Historical Perspectives 1 The history and evolution of foreign policy analysis 13 Valerie M. Hudson Introduction: three paradigmatic works 13 Classic FPA scholarship (1954-1993) 17 The psychological and societal milieux of foreign policy decision making 23 FPA self-reflection in the late 1970s and 1980s 27 Conclusion: contemporary FPA's research agenda 30 2 Realism and foreign policy 35 William C.Wohlforth Introduction 35 What is realism? 36 The development of realist theories 38 Realist analysis of foreign policy 42 Using realism in analysing foreign policy 47 Conclusion: hedgehogs, foxes, and analysing foreign policy 50 3 Liberalism and foreign policy 54 Michael W. Doyle Introduction 54 Liberalism 55 Liberal foreign relations 56 Mitigating trade-offs 69 Conclusion 76 4 Constructivism and foreign policy 78 Trine Flockhart Introduction 78
XX DETAILED CONTENTS What is constructivism? 79 Applied constructivism 80 The essence of constructivism 81 Constructivism meets foreign policy 89 Conclusion 92 5 Discourse analysis, post-structuralism, and foreign policy 94 Lene Hansen Introduction 94 Post-structuralism 96 Studying foreign policy discourses 101 Conclusion-the scope, strengths, and weaknesses of discourse analysis 106 SECTION TWO Analysing Foreign Policy: Actors, Context, and Goals 6 Actors, structures, and foreign policy analysis 113 Walter Carlsnaes Introduction 113 Historical background 115 The role of actors and structures in 'process' approaches to FP 116 The role of actors and structures in'policy'approaches to FP 118 Conclusion 124 7 Foreign policy decision making: rational, psychological, and neurological models 130 Janice Gross Stein Introduction 130 Commonsensical understandings of rationality 131 Psychological models: the 'cognitive revolution' 132 Neuroscience, emotion, and computation 139 Conclusion 143 8 Implementation and behaviour 147 Elisabetta Brighi and Christopher Hill Introduction 147 When actors meet their environment theoretical issues 148 Exerting influence 157 The practical importance of context 158
DETAILED CONTENTS xxi The instruments of foreign policy 161 Conclusion 166 9 The role of media and public opinion 168 Piers Robinson Introduction 168 Public opinion and foreign policy 170 Media and foreign policy 172 Procedural versus substantive criticism and influence 176 Media, public opinion, and theoretical frames 179 Conclusion: new technology and the 'War on Terror' 183 10 The primacy of national security 188 Brian C. Schmidt Introduction 188 Realism and national security 190 Security studies and national security 195 National security and American grand strategy 197 Conclusion 201 11 Economic statecraft 204 Michael Mastanduno Introduction 204 Economic statecraft: instruments and objectives 206 Economic sanctions: not always successful, but still useful 209 Why governments still find sanctions useful 212 Economic incentives: an under-appreciated instrument of statecraft? 217 Economic interdependence: source of political harmony or conflict? 220 Conclusion 221 12 Duties beyond borders 223 Michael Barnett Introduction 223 Duties beyond borders 224 Theories of foreign policy and duties beyond borders 226 Are foreign policies becoming kinder and gentler? 229 The tragedy of Rwanda 231 Libya: case of interests or responsibilities? 235 Conclusion 237
XXii / DETAILED CONTENTS SECTION THREE Foreign Policy Case Studies 13 Teaching foreign policy cases 243 Steven L. Lamy Introduction 243 What are the differences between a research case and a teaching case? 245 Retrospective and decision-forcing cases 248 Learning about the foreign policy process with cases 250 Testing middle-range theories 252 Conclusion: why cases work so well 254 14 The Cuban Missile Crisis 256 Graham Allison Introduction 256 Operation Anadyr 257 Why missiles in: four hypotheses 260 Why American blockade 264 Why Soviet withdrawal of missiles from Cuba 267 Analytical epilogue: three conceptual frameworks for analysing foreign policy 273 15 Canada and antipersonnel landmines: the case for human security as a foreign policy priority Lloyd Axworthy 284 Introduction 284 The context 288 The process 294 Establishing a legacy 300 16 Neoconservatism and the domestic sources of American foreign policy: the role of ideas in Operation Iraqi Freedom 308 Yuen Foong Khong Introduction 308 Neoconservatism as a domestic source of American foreign policy 310 The four tenets of neoconservative foreign policy thought 313 Neoconservatives and the slaying of the Iraqi monster 315 Neoconservatism in the context of other factors 320 Conclusion 322 17 China and the Tian'anmen bloodshed of June 1989 327 Rosemary Foot The external consequences of China's open door policy 328 The human rights issue before Tian'anmen 330
DETAILED CONTENTS xxiii The Tian'anmen crackdown 331 Immediate foreign policy consequences 337 China's foreign policy response to sanctions 340 The deepening of China's involvement with human rights 342 China's emergence as a significant global actor 343 Conclusion 344 18 India and the World Trade Organization 348 Amrita Narlikar Introduction 348 India's schizophrenic rise ' 349 From the margins of the GATT to the core of the WTO 351 The political economy of rising influence 355 Institution-specific explanations: learning to negotiate successfully 357 The burden of rising power 363 Conclusion 364 19 Rising Brazil and South America 367 Arlene B. Tickner Introduction 367 Brazilian diplomacy: methods and mechanisms 369 Three keys to Brazil's rise 372 Why South America? 375 Power without leadership 378 Conclusion 381 20 Australia and global climate change 384 Matt McDonald Introduction 384 Global climate change and the UNFCCC regime 385 Australia and global climate change 389 Australia and UNFCCC 391 Conclusion 396 21 Israeli-Egyptian (in)security: the Yom Kippur War 400 Gareth Stansfield Introduction 401 The legacies of the Six- Day War of 1967 403 Foreign policy thematics 412 Conclusion 416
XXIV DETAILED CONTENTS 22 Blair's Britain and the road to war in Iraq 419 Tim Dunne Introduction 419 UK foreign policy: agency and commitments 422 The road to war 427 Inside the UNSC 433 Conclusion 437 23 Energy and foreign policy: EU-Russia energy dynamics 441 Amelia Hadfield Introduction 441 The role of energy in foreign policy 443 Energy in post Cold War reform 446 Pre-crisis 449 Security of supply crisis r 453 Foreign policy perspectives 456 Conclusion 459 24 New actors, new foreign policy: EU and enlargement 463 Lisbeth Aggestam Introduction 464 EU foreign policy 466 The Big Bang enlargement 468 Beyond enlargement: EU foreign policy in the neighbourhood 478 Conclusion: the transformative power of the EU 480 Glossary 485 Endnotes 495 Bibliography. 503 Index 533