IN AND OUT OF OFFICE, 1918-33
1919: Churchill was named Minister of War He insisted on intervening in the Russian Civil War and sending troops to Ireland
In spite of cabinet disapproval, Churchill sent British troops to side with the Whites against the Reds in the Russian Civil War
The Red Army, led by Trotsky, triumphed over White armies and Allied troops
Churchill predicted that Leon Trotsky would establish a worldwide state under domination of Jewish commissars.
Sir Mark Sykes and Georges Picot divided the Middle East, 1916
Minister of Colonies, 1921 Churchill presided over more than 60 colonies 458 million subjects 14,000,000 square miles
Churchill with King Faisal of Mesopotamia
Churchill and advisors in Cairo to reorganize Britain s Middle East mandates
Taking a break from the Cairo meeting (WC is second from left)
Churchill and his advisors created Mesopotamia, (Iraq) as a British mandate. Sunnis, Shiites, and Kurds had to compete for power.
Faisal, King of Mesopotamia, in Paris with Lawrence of Arabia
Balfour Declaration
Jewish settlers at Jerusalem s Wailing Wall
What possible problems could Britain s mandates cause?
Blacks and Tans busied themselves alienating the Irish
1922 Churchill lost his Dundee seat to Prohibitionist Edwin Scryngeour I left Dundee without an office, without a seat, without a party, and without an appendix.
Campaigning in 1924 once again as a Conservative
1925: Chancellor of the Exchequer
Churchill s biggest (admitted) mistake He returned Britain to the gold standard. At $4.86 for a pound, British exports became unaffordable. Unemployment resulted.
Keynes lambasted Churchill
Keynes blamed economic disaster on Churchill
1.7 million workers went out to protest wage reductions and worsening conditions for 1.2 million miners. The strike was a failure..
Workers struck for 10 days
Strikers took out their anger on this bus
Churchill lost a large amount
The Depression, 1930s
The Great Depression was not entirely --- or even mainly -- Churchill s fault, but his returning to the gold standard was a contributing factor
Churchill broke with the Liberals over plans for Indian self-rule
CHURCHILL VEHEMENTLY OPPOSED ANY PROGRESS TOWARD SELF- GOVERNMENT FOR BRITISH INDIA
72 met at the first Indian National Congress, 1885 in Bombay
1906: Founding of the Muslim League
1909: Morley-Minto Reforms Some elected Indians were to sit on provincial councils An increased number of Indians would be appointed to the central council An Indian would be appointed to the viceroy s council his cabinet These reforms were not intended to lead to independence. But they did!
A million Indians fought in World War I
Woodrow Wilson published his 14 Points in 1917 Wilson called for selfdetermination of peoples. Indians and other colonial peoples seized on his words as justification for becoming independent.
Lenin called for world revolution, 1918 If the Russians could sweep away unwanted rulers, maybe Indians could too.
12 to 13,000,000 died in India
1919: British troops killed 379, wounded 1,500 in Amritsar, Punjab. Gandhi initiated non-cooperation.
Gen. R.E.H. Dyer ordered troops to fire into a gathering in Amritsar Britain deposed the Caliph in Istanbul. A Muslim mob in Amritsar had killed three Englishmen. Troops fired into a crowd of at least 15,000.
Mohandas K. Gandhi 1870-1948 After studying law in England and passing the bar, Gandhi went to South Africa to defend the Indian minority.
Mohandas K. Gandhi Gandhi wanted to free India from Britain after the Amritsar Massacre. In 1920 he decided to confront the British with a civil disobedience campaign. (He never held n office)
Gandhi s Satyagraha Campaign He asked Indian officials to resign Indians were asked not to pay taxes Indians to burn British clothes and weave their own Disobey British order but do not fight back Go to jail willingly if arrested Remove children from government schools The British didn t know how best to respond
Salt March 1931 240 miles to the sea
Gandhi was jailed For periods between 1920 and 1922, 1930 and 1934, 1942. He asked politely for the maximum sentence but was usually released early
Gandhi in London: Gandhi helped negotiate the India Act of 1935, which gave 11 provinces parliamentary government.
The King had enough clothes for both of us, Gandhi reported.
CHURCHILL COMMENTED It is alarming and also nauseating to see Mr. Gandhi... Striding halfnaked up the steps of the Vice-regal palace to parley on equal terms with the representative of the King- Emperor.
1935: Indians shared governance
Viceroy s House, Delhi, 1936
The Churchills had five children, 1909-22 Diana Randolph Sarah Marigold Mary - pictured Marigold died as a child
Chartwell, Kent, purchased 1922
WC spent 40,000 on purchase & renovations. The property was valued at 12,000
1931: Winston, Clementine, Diana, Randolph, guest Charlie Chaplin
One of Winston s hobbies
Painting in southern France Hitler set out to be a painter as a young man. Churchill became a very competent painter.
Churchill mastered the fine art of the insult (Lady Nancy Astor)
Visiting a slum in Manchester
Churchill made an average 11,000 p.a. in the 30s. His maid: 1 per week
Always spent more than he made Lough wrote: I have never encountered risk-taking on Churchill s scale.
W.C. spent lavishly & was always in debt. He HAD to keep writing.
Churchill was assisted by researchers and ghost writers He was the highest paid writer in Britain, and had truly mastered the English language.
Without a cabinet office, Churchill had time to write a four-volume biography of his ancestor. The volumes were published 1933-38.
Churchill began the project in 1937. This acclaimed history was published 1956-58.
Thank you, everybody