Index Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia fasciata) mosquito 41, 42, 44 5, 48 9 Africa burden of disease 162 colonialism 82, 126 7, 128 HIV 153 Hutu refugees in Burundi 118 malaria control program, WHO 83 marketing the margins 226 Nigerian civil war 119 South Africa 100 African migrants, Canada 147 age of universal contagion 1, 14, 154 AIDS see HIV/AIDS air travel 187, 188 9, 247 8 Albania 30 Algeria 100 Allen, T. and Styan, D. 121, 123 Alma-Alta Declaration 83 4 America see United States (US) Anopheles mosquito 45, 48, 49 anthrax 212, 253 anthropological minimum 130 1 Anti-Tuberculosis Association of Western Australia 108 Argentina 100 arms control see bioweapons Asia/Asian migrants Australia 109 Toronto 220, 221, 222, 225, 226, 234 5 Atkinson, Joan 146, 147 8 Australia cyber-border 109 10 migrant health screening 99 100 migration history 102 3 migration legislation 99, 103 4, 108 quarantine 22, 103 Australian Aborigines 103 Baetz, Walter G. 51 Balibar, Etienne 137, 140, 141, 146 7 Bangladesh 100 Bashford, Alison 22, 97, 103, 140, 188 Battista, Michael 147 264 Bauman, Zygmunt 137, 139 Berger, Phillip 152 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 89 biological self 31 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) (1972) 199, 200, 211 biosecurity definition 197 double burden of 214 15 dual purpose approach/synergy thesis 206 7, 210 13 emergence of biosecurity industrial complex 213 14 historical relationship between security and infectious disease 197 202 intervention strategies 209 13 policy approaches 202 3 and public health governance 204 6, 214 15, 216 surveillance strategies 207 9 bioterrorism 164 5, 253 4, 257 see also biosecurity; bioweapons BioWatch 208, 209 bioweapons and infectious diseases 198 200, 202, 253 US and Soviet Union (BWC) 199, 200, 211 see also biosecurity Blair, Tony (New Labour government) 166 7, 168 boat people 120, 122 Brauman, Rony 122, 123, 125 Brazil 100 Britain see United Kingdom (UK) British colonialism 103, 126 7, 130 British humanitarianism 124, 125, 126 7 British Medical Association 107 British Thoracic Society, Code of Practice (TB) 101 Brower, J. and Chalk, P. 161 Brundtland, Gro Harlem (Brundtland Report) 88 9, 160
Index 265 Bryden, John 143 bubonic plague 249, 250 Bulgaria 30, 31 Bunyavanich, S. and Walkup, R.B. 77 8 burden of disease 162 Bush, George W. (administration) 163, 165, 210 Bynum, W.F. 110 Canada 100, 251 2, 255 Chinese migrants 140, 142 3, 223, 224, 234 5 and global migration flows 139 44 HIV testing 141, 143, 145, 146 9, 150, 151, 152 3, 154 and India, bubonic plague 249, 250 Indian migrants 249 migration legislation 140 5, 147 8, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 223 racelessness /multiculturalism 141 2, 149 53, 154, 223, 232 4 restricting immigration through excessive demand 144 9 see also SARS, Toronto cancer 79, 116 Candau, Marcolino 81, 82 capitalistic medicine 121 Caplan, Elinor 137, 144, 145 6, 147 Caribbean/West Indians colonial history, France 127 Panama Canal workers 47, 51 2 Castel, Robert 180, 181 2, 183 CDC see Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 88, 188 9, 243, 246, 247, 253 4 Europe 164 5 Chagas disease 146 Chile 100 China 100, 200 and SARS 184 5, 189, 220, 222, 223, 224 and WHO/UN 81, 83 Chinatown, Toronto 187, 226, 230, 233 4 Chinese Canadian National Council 223 Chinese migrants Australia 103, 104 Canada 140, 142 3, 223, 224, 234 5 Chisholm, Brock 80, 81 cholera and Muslim pilgrimage 24 9, 33 4 post-world War I 31 Chow, Olivier 228 Christian Medical Commission 83 citizenship 97, 110 11, 172, 192 Canada 140 1, 142, 144 and humanitarianism 118, 127, 129 racialized concept of 136 civilization 21 3, 34 Cold War biosecurity 200, 201 2 end of 23, 165 and WHO 81, 85 collective security, UN 203 colonialism Africa 82, 126 7, 128 Australia 103 British 103, 126 7, 130 French 122 3, 126 7, 128, 129 30 India 130 and tropical medicine 43, 46 US 41 2, 47 8, 55 6 and World Health 3 6, 151 2 Commission on Macro-Economics and Health (CMH) 162 Commonwealth migrants, UK 107 8 Constantinople 27 8 Consultants in Communicable Disease Control (CsCDC), UK 100 1, 101 2 Cuba, yellow fever experiments 43 6, 53 cyber-border 109 10 Der Derian, James 161 diphtheria 84 Doctors Without Borders see Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Doctors of the World see Médecins du Monde (MDM) drugs and biosecurity 211, 212 13 Dubois 127 dysentery 31 Ebola virus 143 economics Commission on Macro-Economics and Health (CMH) 162, 216 crisis and recovery see under SARS, Toronto
266 Index economics continued vs social analysis of ill-health 82 see also funding Ecuador 53 4, 55 Egypt 26 7, 29, 33 4 emails 249 50 emerging infectious diseases (EID) 187 8, 190, 192, 242 7, 253 epidemiological and political borders 35 Equality for Gays And Lesbians Everywhere (EGALE), Canada 147 eradication 205 6, 210 see also smallpox; yellow fever European Center for Disease Prevention and Control 164 5 European monitoring of Mediterranean region 26, 28 9, 34 European Union (EU) 164 6, 171 failed states 23 4 Fairchild, Amy 98 Farley, John 54 Fassin, Didier 128 9 filariasis 45 Finlay, Carlos 44 Foege, William 88 Fontana, Joe 145, 153 France colonialism 122 3, 126 7, 128, 129 30 Médecins du Monde (MDM) 116, 122, 126 Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) 116, 119 26 medical humanitarianism 116 35 migration legislation (illness clause) 116, 117, 118, 126, 128 30 Frist, Bill 214 Fukuyama, Francis 23, 27, 29 30, 34 funding 163 4, 165 constraints, UN and agencies 78 9 Emerging Infection (Institute of Medicine report) 244 marketing post-sars Toronto 229 smallpox eradication, India 64, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72 WHO 84 5, 86, 87, 89 Gaddis, John 34 Gandhi, Indira 66, 67, 69 70, 71 Gandhi, Sanjay 69 Geneva Protocol 199 geopolitics changing borders 247 52 and disease prevention 2, 240 63 Gerberding, Julie 179 germ theory 26 7 Germany 33, 128 Gilman, Sander 149 Gleed, Jason 230 global context of SARS 192 Global Fund 163 global health and international health 76 9 WHO embraces 87 9 Global North vs Global South 244 Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) 208, 246 7 Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN) 241 2, 247 57, 258 global public health surveillance 240 63 globalization 10 13 age of universal contagion 1, 14, 154 and colonialism 151 2 nation-states/sovereignty and 137 8, 139 44, 159 60 new paradigm of 78 see also internationalization; migration Godlee, Fiona 86 Goldberg, David 145, 150, 154 Gorgas, William C. 43, 44, 45 6, 48, 49, 52, 53 4, 56 Granjon, Bernard 126 Grasset, Nicole 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 Greece 30, 31 Guayaquil, Ecuador 53 4, 55 Hague Peace Conferences 21 handwashing 185, 186 Hanson, Pauline 109 Haraway, Donna 110 Hardt, M. and Negri, A. 14, 136, 139, 154 health asylum 167 8 Health Canada 136 7, 144, 184, 252 health promotion 181 health tourism 167 8 Henderson, Donald 61, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 82
Index 267 hepatitis B 137, 146 Hill, Jay 149 HIV/AIDS Africa 153 and biosecurity 206, 213 Canada 141, 143, 145, 146 9, 150, 151, 152 3, 154 and collapse of USSR 33 as foreign disease 152 3 and globalization 138 and medical humanitarianism 116, 118 19, 125 and migration 160, 162, 163 4, 165, 166, 167 8, 169, 172 as political, social and biological condition 128 9 and WHO 86 hookworm 79 Howard, Michael 102 humanitarianism, medical 116 35 illness clause, migration legislation, France 116, 117, 118, 126, 128 30 immigration see migration; specific countries, nationalities and infections India 100 British colonialism 130 bubonic plague 249, 250 smallpox eradication (1960 80) 60 75 Indian migrants, Toronto 249 50 Indonesia 100 influenza pandemic (1918 19) 201 Institute of Medicine, US 23 4, 244 6, 247 internal control of TB, UK 100 1, 105, 111 international and global health 76 9 international and national focus, biosecurity 208 9, 213 international organizations, history of 3, 79 80 international public health strategies 34 5 International Sanitary Conferences/Regulations 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 35, 242 internationalization sanitary zone, eastern Poland (1921 23) 31 3, 35 see also globalization Internet emails 249 50 GPHIN 241 2, 247 57, 258 ProMED-mail 184, 250, 251, 253 syndromic surveillance 254, 255 Irish migrants, UK 107 8 island-status 103, 105 Italy 33 Jain pilgrims, Bihar, Indian 69 70 Japan 22, 200 Kassalow, Jordan 161, 162 Keenan, Tom 124 King, Nick 97 8, 192 Klein, Alana 148 Korea 100 Kouchner, Bernard 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 Kraut, Alan 97 Langmuir, Alexander 243 Laqueur, Thomas 117 Lastmand, Mel (Mayor of Toronto) 220, 225, 228 9, 231 League of Nations (LN) 21, 30, 32, 79 80 see also United Nations (UN) Lederberg, Joshua 244 legislation see under specific countries leprosy 79 Lesbian and Gay Pride festival, Toronto 232 local control of TB, UK 100 1, 105, 111 Locke, John 130 London Missionary Society 21 2 London School of Tropical Medicine 45 Low, Donald 224 5 Lubiano, Wahneema 150, 151 Maastricht Treaty 164, 165 Macedonia 29 31 McGreer, Alison 179 Mahler, Halfdan T. 83, 85 malaria 79, 125 Anopheles mosquito 45, 48, 49 HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and 160, 163, 172 in Macedonia and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 29 31
268 Index malaria continued post-world War I 31 WHO program 81 2, 83 Malaysia 100 Malkki, Liisa 118 marketing the margins 226 marketing post-sars Toronto 226 35 Manson, Patrick 45 Mason, Peter 222 measles 84 Médecins du Monde (MDM) 116, 122, 126 Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) 116, 119 26 media India 249 Toronto 221, 222 3, 224, 225, 226 8 medical examination Ellis Island, US 98 SARS 188 9 see also tuberculosis screening medical humanitarianism 116 35 medical missions/missionaries 21 2, 83, 124 5, 126, 128 Medical Officers of Health (MOH) 105 6, 107 medical reductionism 42 Mediterranean region, European monitoring of 26, 28 9, 34 Mehta, Uday 130, 131 migration of health professionals 168 and security 6 10, 159 76 see also globalization; specific countries, nationalities and infections militarized space, quarantine as 26 military health 43 4, 198, 212 military intelligence, US 256 7 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 162 3, 165, 166 missions/missionaries 21 2, 83, 124 5, 126, 128 Miyoshi, Masao 139 Montenegro 100 moral obligation, medical humanitarianism as 122 3 mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia fasciata) 41, 42, 44 5, 48 9 Anopheles 45 politics of control (1920 1900) 41 59 multiculturalism/ racelessness, Canada 141 2, 149 53, 154, 223, 232 4 Muslim pilgrimage and cholera 24 9, 33 4 Nakajima, Hiroshi 85 6, 89 nation-building 29 31, 34 5 nation-states/sovereignty and globalization 137 8, 139 44, 159 60 and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) 120, 121 National Institutes of Health (NIH), US 214 national and international focus, biosecurity 208 9, 213 national security 6 10 nationalism and regionalism 106 9 Nehru, Jawaharlal 62 3 neonatal tetanus 84 new public health 181 Noguchi, Hideyo 55 non-government organizations (NGOs) 83, 124, 125, 126, 165 non-immunes, protection of 43, 50 offshore screening for TB 99 100, 101, 104, 110 Others, nationalism and regionalism 106 9 Ottoman Empire 24 9, 28 Overseas Development Aid (ODA) 163 4 Oxfam 119, 124, 125 Pakistan 100 Panama Canal and Canal Zone 41, 42, 46 53, 54 yellow fever 46 53, 55 6 Papua New Guinea 100 Parry, Benita 140 Patton, Cindy 151 2, 154 Perry, James C. 50 1 Petersen, A. and Lupton, D. 140 Philippines 100 pilgrims Jain 69 70 Muslim 24 9, 33 4 Poland, eastern (1921 23) 31 3, 35 poliomyelitis 84, 116
Index 269 political asylum and medical humanitarianism 118 political climate and migrants 116 17 and WHO 82 3, 86 7 political and epidemiological dynamics 160 political importance of public health 214, 215 political neutrality 117 19, 124 5, 127, 131 political, social and biological condition, HIV/AIDS as 128 9 politics of mosquito control (1900 1920) 41 59 Portugal 100 pre-emptive measures 24 9, 33 President s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) 163 prevention, public health governance intervention 205 6, 210 11 primary health care (1973 93) 82 5 Project BioShield 211, 213 ProMED-mail 184, 250, 251, 253 protection, public health governance intervention 206, 211 12 Proust, Adrien 34 public health governance interventions 205 6, 210 13 quarantine 23 Australia 22, 103 limitations of 180, 189 Muslim pilgrims, cholera epidemic 25 8 racial, Balkan states 31 SARS, Toronto 33, 183 4, 185 7, 189, 219 20 racelessness /multiculturalism, Canada 141 2, 149 53, 154, 223, 232 4 racial profiling, Toronto 221, 234 5 racial quarantine, Balkan states 31 racial segregation and differences, Panama 50 1, 55 6 racialized concept of citizenship 136 racism 97, 103, 111, 142, 223, 225 Republican racism 127, 128 and welfare fraud 150 1 Rae, Kyle 232 Razack, Sherene 142, 145, 150 1 Red Cross 119 20, 192 Redfield 125, 126, 128, 130 1 Reed Commission 44 5 Reed, Walter C. 43, 44 6 regionalism and nationalism 106 9 relapsing fever 31 Republican racism 127, 128 research, biosecurity 211 response, public health governance intervention 206, 212 13 right to interfere 121 3 Rockefeller Foundation 30 1, 32, 79 and WHO 79, 84 yellow fever eradication 53, 54 5, 56 Roosevelt, Theodore 46 7, 48, 52 Rose Carter, Henry 44 5, 49 Rose, Wickliffe 32, 54 Ross, Ronald 45, 49, 50 Russia 22, 32, 100 see also Soviet Union Sanitary Conferences see International Sanitary Conferences/Regulations sanitary zone, eastern Poland (1921 23) 31 3, 35 SARS 160, 164 5, 172, 179 95 danger and risk 180 3, 187 90, 227 8 new normal 190 3 surveillance failure 184 SARS II 189 90 SARS Scientific Advisory Committee 189 90 SARS, Toronto 183 7, 188 9, 219 39 belonging 228 31 and China 184 5, 189, 220, 222, 223, 224 economic crisis 187, 219, 220 and recovery 220 1, 226 35 exotic plaguetown 221 5 GPHIN 255 6 management 225 7 quarantine 33, 183 4, 185 7, 189, 219 20 redomesticated city 227 8 tourism 187, 220 1, 226, 227, 228 9, 230, 231, 233 and WHO 186 7, 188 9, 192, 219, 220, 224 5, 226, 229, 232 World City 231 4 Sassen, Saskia 139 40, 141 Schabas, Richard 189
270 Index Schengen area, EU 165 6 screening see medical examinations; tuberculosis screening securitization of global public health 253 7 security discourse 169 70 infectious disease, development and 161 4 national 6 10 traditional notions of 215 see also biosecurity Serbia 29 31, 100 sexually-transmitted diseases 180 1 syphilis 51, 104, 137 see also HIV/AIDS Shah, Nayan 140, 234 Siegfried, André 29 Silver, George 78 9 Singapore 100 smallpox 32, 206, 210 India (1960 80) 60 75 vaccination 65 6, 212, 213 WHO 60 75, 82, 84 social consequences of SARS 186 7 social medicine 79, 80 social vs economic analysis of ill-health 82 socio-medical needs in developed countries 125 6 Soper, Fred L. 80, 81 South Africa 100 sovereignty see nation-states/sovereignty Soviet Union (USSR) collapse of 33 sanitary zone, eastern Poland (1921 23) 31 3, 35 tuberculosis 169 and US (BWC) 199, 200, 211 and WHO 81, 82, 83 see also Russia species-membership 118 Sri Lanka 100 Stampar, Andrija 30, 80 stigmatism 97, 191 pariah status of Toronto 222 3, 231 Suez Canal 25, 26, 34 suffering body and political neutrality 117 19, 127, 131 surveillance 242 3 biosecurity 207 9 global public health 240 63 public health intervention 206 SARS 184 syndromic 254, 255 WHO 184, 209, 248 9, 252 syndromic surveillance 254, 255 syphilis 51, 104, 137 Tejada, David 84 tetanus, neonatal 84 third worldism 122 TOPOFF ( Top Officials ) exercises, US 212 Toronto see SARS, Toronto Toronto Song 229 30 tourism, Toronto 187, 220 1, 226, 227, 228 9, 230, 231, 233 tropical medicine 43, 45, 46 tuberculosis collapse of USSR 33 HIV/AIDS and malaria 160, 163, 172 medical humanitarianism 116, 125 and migration 97 8 UK 107 8, 169 72 no exception, no exemption policy 100 notification 169 70 post-world War I 31 very high risk countries 100 and WHO 84, 170 1 tuberculosis screening Australia 99 100 vs UK 98 100, 109 11 Canada 137 UK 98, 99 102, 104, 105 6, 110, 170, 171 2 WHO recommendations 170 1 tularemia 211 typhus 31 2 UNICEF 84, 85, 87, 119 United Kingdom (UK) migrant health screening 100 2 migration legislation 105 6, 107 migration and security 166 8 tuberculosis see under tuberculosis; tuberculosis screening see also entries beginning British United Nations (UN) 80, 81, 123, 203 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 162 3, 216
Index 271 Population Fund (UNFPA) 165 Security Council 163 4 United States (US) biosecurity 198, 199, 200, 208, 209, 211, 212 15 post-9/11 policies 253 4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 88, 188 9, 205, 243, 246, 247 colonialism 41 2, 47 8, 55 6 Ellis Island, medical examinations 98 Institute of Medicine 23 4, 244 6, 247 legislation 31, 254 migration 161 2, 163 military health 198 military intelligence 256 7 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 214 perceptions of Canada 227 8 Red Cross 192 and Soviet Union (BWC) 199, 200, 211 tuberculosis 97 8, 161 and WHO 80, 81, 82 3, 85 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 80, 120 universalism and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) 120 1, 122 3 and racial exclusion 127 vaccination biological weapons, US 211, 212 13 cholera 27 polio 243 smallpox 65 6, 212, 213 WHO program funding 84, 89 yellow fever 55 variola see smallpox Vietnam 100, 223 Vietnamese boat people 122 visas, Australia and UK 99 100, 102 Walt, Gill 86 Watney, Simon 152 weak states 23 4 welfare fraud 150 1 West Indians see Caribbean/West Indians Westphalian system of public health 24, 33 5 whooping cough 84 World Bank 84 5, 86, 87 World City, Toronto as 232 4 World Council of Churches 83 world health 3 6, 151 2 World Health Assembly 79, 80, 81 2, 85, 86, 88 World Health Organization (WHO) 170 1, 197, 201 2, 208, 209, 210 Commission on Macro-Economics and Health (CMH) 162, 216 Constitution 201 2 crisis (1988 98) 85 7 early years 79 82 embraces global health 87 9 in Emerging Infection (Institute of Medicine report) 245 6 Expanded Program on Immunization (1974) 84 Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) 208, 246 7 and GPHIN 256, 257 leadership role 78 9 Ninth Assembly 27 primary health care (1973 93) 82 5 SARS China 222 Toronto 186 7, 188 9, 192, 219, 220, 224 5, 226, 229, 232 smallpox 60 75, 82, 84 surveillance 184, 209, 240 58 passim tuberculosis 169, 170 1 World War I, aftermath 3, 6, 21, 31 2, 35, 201 World War II, aftermath 3, 6, 84 humanitarian organizations 119 migration and health screening 98, 104, 107 public health 200, 201, 244 X-rays 100, 101 2, 104, 106, 108, 171 Yach, D. and Bettcher, D. 78, 79 yellow fever Cuba 43 6, 53 mirage of eradication 55 6 Panama 46 53, 55 6 world-wide eradication 52 5 Zimbabwe 100