States & Types of States

Political Geography Nation: a group of people with a common culture - Tightly knit group of people possessing shared cultural beliefs & unity: genous - Ancestry or historical events - Language - Ethnicity - Religion - EX. State: an organized independent area Territory administered by a: How many are there in the world? Defined territory - Permanent population Recognized by international community Sovereign government Pg. 1 Power + control over its internal & foreign affairs» AKA country

Stateless nation: a nation with NO boundaries & NO government of its own Differences in States: Nation-State: state whose territory is occupied by a particular ethnicity nation (90% or greater) State settled by a certain group of people Ethnicity can transform into a nationality over time Self-determination: an ethnicities have the right to govern themselves Multinational State: state with 2 or more nations A state with more than one nation (less than 90%) Nation-state is occupied by a particular ethnicity that has become a nationality Agree to coexist peacefully

A. Nation-state Poland and Slovenia are examples of states occupied by a distinct nation or people B. Multinational state Switzerland shows that a common ethnicity, language, or religion is not necessary for a strong sense of nationalism

FEDERAL STATE (Government) Government system where power is divided (national, state, & local government) rather than concentrated within a central government (global trend) Size of federal states varies Larger states: Russia, Brazil, Canada, India, & U.S. Belgium is federal state = two cultural groups Advantages: good for multi states nationalities representation + degree of autonomy Disadvantages: government agencies may have overlapping functions different agencies must work together

Federalism

UNITARY STATE (Government) Power in the hands of central government Works best in nation-states with few internal cultural differences (single ethnic state) & smaller states Advantages: central government -=more power Disadvantages: states have little or no autonomy to their land territories EX. France, Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, Communist Europe, China Especially common in EUROPE

ARAB SPRING: Late 2010- spring 2011 Major protests in countries in SW Asia & N. Africa Force to remove autocratic rulers in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, & Yemen Protests Demonstrations, rallies, strikes, & civil disobedience Led by college-age people Social media contagious diffusion

Armed conflicts: 2 types International conflict two or more nations engage their formal militaries in combat Non-international conflict- conflict kept entirely within the borders and forces of a single state ( such as the use of government military forces to quell dissidents, or a traditional civil war between two opposing factions within a state.) Not covered under the Geneva Conventions War - organized conflict that is carried out by states or within states. Extreme violence, social disruption, & economic destruction

TERRORISM Systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimate another group to grant their demands How does terrorism differ from an assassination?

What is Terrorism? The use of violence by one group in order to intimidate another group These attacks are aimed at ORDINARY PEOPLE!

GOAL: What is the intent of terrorism? Intimidate a population Coerce a government into granting its demands

ASSASSINATION Aimed to attack one particular individual 4 U.S. Presidents Lincoln 1865 Garfield 1881 McKinley 1901 Kennedy 1963 1 attempted but survived Reagan 1981 Julius Caesar, Franz Ferdinand & leaders in Israel / PLO

TERRORISM AGAINST AMERICANS INTERNAL TRANSNATIONAL 1993 NYC World Trade Center car bomb deployed in garage of World Trade Center 1995 Timothy McVeigh - Car bomb killed 168 people in Oklahoma City @ Alfred Murrah Federal Building Unabomber Theodore Kaczynski 2013 Boston Marathon 1988 - Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland 1996 Truck bomb blew up US soldiers apartment in Saudi Arabia 1998 US embassies in Kenya & Tanzania bombed 2000 USS Cole bombed while in port in Yemen 2001 9/11

Al-Qaeda & Osama Bin Laden Osama Bin Laden From one of Saudi Arabia s wealthiest families. Used that wealth to support the Afghanistan resistance Founder and leader of Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda = terrorist network founded by Osama Bin Laden Saw violence as a way to bring attention to issues & grievances not addressed through peaceful negotiation HOLY WAR = Jihad Focused on driving Westerners out of the Middle East Feels our ideas has contaminated the Muslim society

State Support for Terrorism Hiding Terrorists wanted by Supplying weapons, money, other countries & intelligence IRAQ AFGHANISTAN Communism influence Taliban takeover Support of al-qaeda & Osama bin Laden US invasion in 2001 New struggle inside multiethnic state PAKISTAN Taliban party Multiethnic state & intrafaith conflict Assassination of Osama bin Laden President Saddam Hussein elected in 1979 War with Iran in 1980 Attack on Kurds in 1988 Invasion of Kuwait in 1990 1991 Persian Gulf War 2003 US led attack regime change Multiethnic state & intrafaith conflict IRAN Largest Muslim State Theocracy Revolution Iran-Iraqi War 1980-1988 Decreased US relations over nuclear weapons & leadership

State Support for Terrorism Planning attacks using terrorists LIBYA Poor relations with US since 1981 Bombed Berlin nightclub - 1986 US bombed Tripoli & Benghazi Bombs on Pan Am Flight 103 killed 270 people in Scotland 1988 UN economic sanctions Turned over terrorists Arab Spring UN & people ousted Qaddafi