INDEX ABORIGINAL GANGS, 23, criticisms of, 171 173 69, 153, 279, 311, 313 314 discharging firearm recklessly ALBERTA offence, 169 170 gang activity in, 313 gang peace bonds, amendments to, 171 AUGER, MICHEL, 73 74 murder, treatment of, 168 169 BAIL, see REVERSE ONUS passage through Parliament, BAIL PROVISIONS 166 167 BIKER peace officers, new offences CLOTHING/SYMBOLS against, 170 bans on, 298 purpose of, 167 Hells Angels, of, 333 336 Vancouver gang war context, wearing of, 182 183 163 166, 173 BIKER GANGS BILL C-24 generally, see ORGANIZED Auger, shooting of Michel, CRIME; OUTLAW 73 74 MOTORCYCLE GANGS Charter challenges to, see listing legislation, effects on, CANADIAN CHARTER OF 291 RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS Quebec biker violence, 27 50 commission of offence for criminal organization (CC s. BIKER WARS, 27 50, 467.12(1)) 163 166, 173, 349 351 described, 115 BILL C-14 mental element, 118 123 British Columbia gang violence context, 163 166, physical elements, 116 117 173 proof of, elements, 116, 123 Criminal Code amendments content of, generally, 83, 87 in, 167 171 context of, 73 82 409
BILL C-24 (cont d) membership offence, 102 criminal organization participation, see definition (CC s. 467.1(1)), participation in activities of 84 100 criminal organization (CC s. elements of, generally, 467.11(1)) 84 86, 88 criticisms of, 150 161 facilitating/committing one broad brush effects, 153 or more serious offences, defence lawyers, effect on, 93 97 154 generally, 99 100 generally, 150 151, 156, group of three/more 159 160 persons, 91 92 guilt by association issue, group, meaning of, 97 155 material benefit element, Hells Angels, by, 158 97 99 limited effect on Outlaw offences targeted, 95 96 Motorcycle Gangs, 152, 160 proof of, 85, 87 90, 96 police immunity issue, 157 serious offence, definition police powers, as extension of, 93 95 of, 151 UN Convention and, 86 enforcement statistics, criminal organization 185 187 offences, 101 137 factors influencing enactment commission of offence, see of, 82 commission of offence for House of Commons subcriminal organization (CC s. committee report, 75 78 467.12(1)) Bloc Quebecois dissenting criminal organization opinion, 77 78 offence definition, 104 recommendations, 75 77 described, generally, immunity for peace officers, 101 105, 134 137 146 150 enhancer/facilitator accountability, 148 offence, 106 instructing, see instructing discussed, 146 148 commission of offence for exemption from criminal criminal organization (CC s. liability, 148, 157 467.13(1)) reverse sting operations, 149 410
BILL C-24 (cont d) protective measures re justice instructing commission of system participants, 142 145 offence for criminal intimidation offence re organization (CCs. 467.13(1)) participants/journalists, described, 124 144 146 mental element, 127 133 jurors, threats to, 144 physical elements, 125 126 justice system participant, proof of, elements, 125, 134 definition, 145 investigative tools to combat witness intimidation, 143 organized crime, 137 142 tabling of, 78 consecutive sentence, 138 undercover police, see explosives offence, 140 immunity for peace officers murder, first degree, 139 BILL C-95 parole, 140 context of, 27 50 proceeds of crime and criminal organization, forfeiture, 141 definition, 52 54 reverse onus bail, 140 criticisms of, 60 72 sentences, 140 avoidance strategies, special peace bonds, 141 development of, 66 67 wiretap provisions, 138 139 civil liberty issues, 63 Minister of Justice addresses generally, 60 62 re, 78 80 guilt by association issue, Outlaw Motorcycle Gang war 64 65 background, 73 74 passage of, 80 82 ineffectiveness, 71 72 participation in activities of peace bonds, 64 criminal organization (CC s. political grandstanding 467.11(1)), 105 114 issue, 68 elements of, table, 114 prosecutions under, 68 71 knowledge requirement, 111 elements of offence, 56 mental elements, 111 factors influencing enactment physical elements, 107 111 of, 50 proof of, elements, 107 generally, 51 purpose, 112 113 investigation provisions, 58 411
BILL C-95 (cont d) issues in, generally (CC ss. participation/contribution 467.1, 467.12, 467.14), offence, 54 56 224 228 peace bond provision, 58, 64 overbreadth issue, 228 231 penalties under, 56, 57 vagueness issue, 231 233 police surveillance powers, 59 vagueness doctrine, 221 224, purposes of, 51 231 233, 243 Quebec biker violence R. v. Terezakis, 240 246 background, 27 50 criminal organisation, definition, 245 reverse onus bail provisions, 60 effect of, 254 260 seizure provisions, 58 issues in, generally (CC ss. 467.1, 467.13), 240 246 BRITISH COLUMBIA group, meaning of, gang activity in, 163 166, 312 248 254 Hell Angels activities in, 164 knowledge of all elements CANADIAN CHARTER OF of offence issue, 247 RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS knowledge of membership generally, 221 224 issue, 246 listing criminal organizations, overbreadth issue, 244 Charter issues, 296, 299, 302 reasoning in, 254 murder, sentencing re, 168 vagueness issue, 243 overbreadth doctrine, CRIMINAL CODE 221 224, 228 231, 244 amendments, see BILL C-14; R. v. Lindsay, 224 240 BILL C-24; BILL C-95 appeal court decisions, organized crime, approaches 236 240 to, 367 369 constitutional issue, CRIMINAL 236 240 ORGANIZATION, see also criminal organization ORGANIZED CRIME definition, 225 definitions, see BILL C-24; cruel and unusual BILL C-95 punishment issue, 234 236 judicial notice of criminal mens rea issue, 233 organization, 307 412
CRIMINAL ORGANIZATION, participation/contribution see also ORGANIZED offence, see BILL C-95 CRIME (cont d) peace officers, offences listing, Charter issues, 296, against, 170 299, 302 political cycle of, 174 offences re, see CRIMINAL prosecution considerations, ORGANIZATION see PROSECUTION OFFENCES CONSIDERATIONS proof problems, 283 285 sentencing, see CRIMINAL SENTENCING ORGANIZATION witness intimidation, 143 OFFENCES Charter issues, see CRIMINAL CANADIAN CHARTER OF ORGANIZATIONS, see RIGHTS AD FREEDOMS LISTING CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS; commission of offence for ORGANIZED CRIME criminal organization, see BILL C-24 DEFENCE defence considerations, see CONSIDERATIONS DEFENCE crimes of unindicted gang CONSIDERATIONS members, evidence of, discharging firearm recklessly 199 201 offence, 169 170 generally, 189 explosives offence, 140 gang activity in, 312 instructing commission of lawyer payment issue, 204 offence for criminal police witnesses, expert organization, see BILL C-24 opinions of, 190 199 intimidation offence re admissibility criteria, 191 participants/journalists, 144 146 drug code words, 190 jurors, threats to, 144 existence/structure of murder, treatment of, 139, criminal organizations, 168 169 194 199 participation in activities of prior criminal history criminal organization, see evidence, 193 BILL C-24 reliability factor, 192 413
DEFENCE mega trials, 178 CONSIDERATIONS (cont d) GANGS, see ABORIGINAL presumption of innocence GANGS; GANG SWEEPS; issue, 203 ORGANIZED CRIME; wiretap evidence, challenging, OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE 201 203 GANGS DISCLOSURE, 183 185 HELLS ANGELS EVIDENTIARY ISSUES MOTORCYCLE CLUB, see also LISTING crimes of unindicted gang CRIMINAL members, evidence of, ORGANIZATIONS; 199 201 OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE disclosure requirements, GANGS problems re, 183 185 background and structure of, expert evidence, R. v. 324 329 Lindsay, 323 biker war, 349 351 prior criminal history evidence, 193 chapters in, 329 332 wiretap evidence, challenging, clubhouses, 337 341 201 203 criminal activity, methods of, 351 353 EXPERT OPINIONS criticisms of Bill-24 by, 158 expert evidence, R. v. Lindsay, 323 expert evidence, R. v. Lindsay, 323 expert witness issues, 213 police witnesses, expert membership, 341 345 opinions of, see DEFENCE money/banking system, 345 CONSIDERATIONS overview, 323, 351 353 EXPLOSIVES OFFENCE, puppet/support clubs, 345 347 140 recruitment, 341 345 FORFEITURE, 141 reputation, 347 349 GANG SWEEPS Rock Machine, war with, criticisms of, 177 349 351 described, 176 177 rules of, 332 expense/resources required, security systems, 337 341 177 178 symbols of, 333 336 414
HELLS ANGELS collective vs. individual MOTORCYCLE CLUB, see prosecution approaches, 295 also LISTING CRIMINAL colours/symbols bans, 298 ORGANIZATIONS; criminal advertising, effect on, OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE 291 293 GANGS (cont d) Hells Angels Motorcycle Club territoriality, 336 prosecutions INFORMERS, 182 case law, 285 287 INNOCENCE, court challenges by, PRESUMPTION OF, 203 297 299 INVESTIGATION TOOLS, criminal organization proof see BILL-95; BILL-24; problems, 283 285 POLICE mainstream INVESTIGATIONS activities/acceptance of, JOURNALISTS, 73 74, 297 298 144 146 provincial inconsistency, 285, 287 289 JURORS, 144 inter jurisdictional affidavit JUSTICE SYSTEM method, 306 PARTICIPANTS, 142 145 judicial notice of criminal LAWYERS, see DEFENCE organization, 307 CONSIDERATIONS; mega trials challenges, 289, PROSECUTION 305 CONSIDERATIONS models of, 308 LISTING CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS prosecution challenges, 281 282 alternative judicial techniques, 306 307 public confidence issue, 288 arguments against, 294 296, support for, sources of, 293 299 305 studies re, House of arguments for, 289 293 Commons committee, 282, 308 308 biker gangs, effect on, 291 Charter challenges, potential, MANITOBA 296, 299, 302 gang activity in, 314 415
MARITIME PROVINCES violence and bribery, use of, gang activity in, 315 19 MEGA TRIALS, 178, 289, concept defined, 9 15 305 conclusions, 377 388 MOTORCYCLE GANGS, see cooperation among groups, OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE 3 4 GANGS crimes engaged in, 5 MURDER, 139, 168 169 Criminal Code amendments approach, 367 369 NORTHWEST TERRITORIES delayed parole provisions, 368 371 gang activity in, 313 implementation and OFFENCES, see CRIMINAL enforcement issues, ORGANIZATION 377 388 OFFENCES Supreme Court decisions, ONTARIO fault in, 371 gang activity in, 314 threshold attainment ORGANIZED CRIME, see issues, 370 371 also CRIMINAL wiretap provisions, 372 374 ORGANIZATION; profit purpose of, 4 LISTING CRIMINAL described, generally, 1 9 ORGANIZATIONS; OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE global criminals in Canada, 7 GANGS global phenomenon aspects, 3 Australia, effect/strategies in, legislative solutions, 365 367 suggestions, 374 376 characteristics of, 15 21 listing, see LISTING hierarchical, 17 CRIMINAL limited/exclusive ORGANIZATIONS membership, 18 overview of, 6 monopolistic, 20 prominent organizations, 2 4 non ideological, 16 provincial initiatives, see self perpetuation, 19 PROVINCIAL INITIATIVES specialization/division of strategies to fight, 8 labour, 20 theory re, 22 26 416
ORGANIZED CRIME, see gang sweeps, see GANG also CRIMINAL ORGANIZA- SWEEPS TION; LISTING CRIMINAL POLICE INVESTIGATIONS ORGANIZATIONS; OUT- anti gang laws, enforcement LAW MOTORCYCLE statistics/success, 185 188 GANGS (cont d) challenges, 180 182 conspiracy theory, 23 25 Community Response Models enterprise theory, 25 26 of Policing, adoption of, transnationalization of, 265 187 188 United Nations Convention complexities of criminal against, 12 15 justice system, issues re, 188 definition, 14 15 evidentiary disclosure described, 12 13 requirements, problems re, 183 185 terminology, 14 gang clothing/colours/symbols, OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE wearing of, 182 183 GANGS, see also HELLS gang sweeps, see GANG ANGELS MOTORCYCLE SWEEPS CLUB informants, use of, 182 described/history of, 316 structuring of, 179 list of gangs, 321 323 types of, 176 one percenter group, 320 POLICE POWERS, 59, 151 PAROLE PROVISIONS, 140, 262, 368 371 POLICE SURVEILLANCE POWERS, 59 PEACE BONDS, 58, 64, 141, 171 PROCEEDS OF CRIME, 141 PEACE OFFICERS PROSECUTION CONSIDERATIONS immunity for, see BILL C-24 challenges, 211 212, 214 offences against, 170 delay issue, 212 POLICE, see PEACE existence of organization, OFFICERS proof of, 208 211 POLICE GANG UNITS expert witness issues, 213 creation of, 175 generally, 207 417
PROSECUTION criminal organization CONSIDERATIONS (cont d) offences, 263 264 new legislation (Bill-24), generally, 261 effects of, 215 219 involvement in criminal successful prosecutions, organization as aggravating elements of, 219 220 factor, 264 272 PROVINCIAL INITIATIVES murder, 139, 168 asset confiscation, 357 361 parole eligibility, 140, 262, body armour and fortified 368 371 vehicle laws, 361 types of, 140 gang colours prohibitions, 362 UNDERCOVER POLICE, generally, 355 146 150 membership penalties, 364 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION, 12 15, 86 municipal bylaws, 356 private trespass laws, 363 QUEBEC Bill-24 and, 73 82 gang activity in, 315 REVERSE ONUS BAIL PROVISIONS, 60, 140 SASKATCHEWAN gang activity in, 314 SEIZURE, 58 SENTENCING CC ss. 467.11, 467.12, 467.13 case law, 273 280 conditional sentences, 261 consecutive sentence, 138 WIRETAP PROVISIONS, 138 139, 201 203,372 374 WITNESSES expert witness issues, 213 police witnesses, expert opinions of, see DEFENCE CONSIDERATIONS witness intimidation, 143 418