BERITA PSSM. PSSM: 2000(1) Untuk Ahli Sahaja Jan - Mac Berita PSSM 2000(1) 1 JAWATANKUASA KERJA PSSM, 2000/02 MATLAMAT PSSM

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BERITA PSSM PSSM: 2000(1) Untuk Ahli Sahaja Jan - Mac 2000 JAWATANKUASA KERJA PSSM, 2000/02 MATLAMAT PSSM Presiden: Dr. Abdul Rahman Embong (UKM) Timb. Presiden: Dr. Mohd Hazim Shah (UM) Naib Presiden: Dr. Kamaruddin M. Said (UKM) Sdr. Mohd Darbi Hashim (UITM) Sdri. Norani Othman (UKM) Setiausaha: Sdr. Muhd Asri Mohd Ali (UM) Pen. Setiausaha: Sdri. Saliha Hj. Hassan (UKM) Bendahari: Sdri. Lai Suat Yan (UM) Ahli-ahli JK: Dr. Edmund Terence Gomez (UM) Dr. Shanti Thambiah (UM) Sdr. Chin Yee Whah (UKM) Dr. Phua Kai Lit (Univ. Perubatan) Dr. Diana Wong (UKM) Dr. Rashila Ramli (UKM) Dr. Rokiah Alavi (UIA) Ditubuhkan dalam tahun 1979, Persatuan Sains Sosial Malaysia (PSSM) bertujuan mempergiat, mendorong dan mengembangkan pengajian serta penyelidikan sains sosial. Antara kegiatan-kegiatan Persatuan ialah menganjurkan forum, seminar dan persidangan, menerbit buku dan jurnal Ilmu Masyarakat dan menyebar maklumat melalui Berita PSSM. Persatuan Sains Sosial Malaysia sentiasa mangalukanalukan ahli-ahli baru dari semua peringkat mahasiswa, para akademik/bukan akademik, golongan ikhtisas dari dalam negeri dan luar negeri. Untuk keterangan lanjut, sila hubungi: Sdr. Muhammad Asri Mohd Ali d/a Fakulti Ekonomi & Pentadbiran Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur (Tel.: 7593730; Email: g9asri@umcsd.um.edu.my) Website: http://phuakl.tripod.com/pssm/homepage.htm MESYUARAT AGUNG PSSM TAHUN 2000 Mesyuarat agung PSSM tahun 2000 telah diadakan pada jam 8.15 malam, Khamis 17hb. Februari, di Bilik Wawasan, Rumah Universiti, Universiti Malaya. Majlis tersebut mencatat kehadiran sebanyak 60 orang ahli. Setelah membentangkan laporan aktiviti tahunan persatuan, Presiden PSSM sesi 1998/99, iaitu Profesor Jomo K.S. telah membentangkan beberapa usul yang kemudiannya diterima oleh ahli. Di antaranya terdapat usul untuk melantik semula Dr. Syed Husin Ali, Prof. Ishak Shari dan Datuk Zahari Rashid sebagai pemegang amanah PSSM. Selain itu, terdapat usul mengucapkan tahniah kepada Menteri Pendidikan yang baru dan menyatakan kesediaan PSSM untuk bekerjasama dengan pihak kementerian terutama dalam usaha untuk membuat pembaharuan dasar pendidikan tinggi negara. Sementara itu, laporan kegiatan dan laporan kewangan tahunan pada sesi lepas masing-masing telah dibentangkan oleh Sdr. Muhammad Asri Mohd Ali (Setiusaha) dan Sdr. Latif Hj. Salleh (Bendahari). Mesyuarat Agung PSSM tahun 2000 telah membuat pemilihan barisan Jawatankuasa Kerja yang baru. Mesyurat sebulat suara memilih Profesor Madya Dr. Abdul Rahman Hj. Embong sebagai Presiden PSSM bagi sesi 2000/01 2000/02. Senarai lengkap barisan Exco baru seperti di atas. Sdr. Abdul Rahman dalam ucapan ringkas selepas pemilihannya selaku Presiden yang baru menyatakan ucapan terima kasih kepada barisan Exco lama yang telah memberi sumbangan besar kepada PSSM. Beliau juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua ahli PSSM yang hadir dan berazam untuk memastikan PSSM bekerja keras bagi mencapai apa yang dihasratkan oleh para ahli sains sosial di negara ini. Berita PSSM 2000(1) 1

FORUM UMUM POLITIK MALAYSIA SEMASA: PEMILIHAN AHLI MKT UMNO DAN LAIN-LAIN Satu forum umum yang bertajuk Politik Malaysia Semasa: Pemilihan Ahli Majlis Kerja Tertinggi UMNO dan Lain-lain telah diadakan sebaik sahaja tamat Mesyuarat Agung Tahunan PSSM pada 17 Februari. Forum tersebut dipengerusikan oleh Sdr. Norani Othman. Panel yang hadir pada forum tersebut ialah YB. Dr. Syed Adzman Syed Ahmad Nawawi, Dr. Zambri Kadir (CEO CELDES) serta Prof. Jomo K.S. Seorang lagi ahli panel yang sepatutnya hadir pada malam tersebut iaitu Sdr. Abdul Razak Baginda (CEO MSRC) telah menarik diri pada saat-saat akhir. Dr. Zambri Kadir menyentuh tentang proses pemilihan MKT UMNO yang akan diadakan pada bulan Mei tahun 2000 dengan mengemukakan trend pengundian perwakilan UMNO terutamanya di peringkat Naib Presiden. Sdr. Syed Adzman pula banyak menyentuh tentang keputusan pilihanraya umum yang diadakan pada bulan November 1999. Menuruytnya, keputusan pilhanraya umum yang lalu dengan jelas menunjukkan kemerosotan undi yang diperolehi oleh UMNO dan masyarakat Melayu yang menurut beliau tidak lagi menganggap UMNO sebagai parti yang relevan. Sementara itu Sdr. Jomo pula dalam ulasannya menyebut tentang kemungkinan Dr. Mahahthir dicabar oleh Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah memandangkan kemerosotan pengaruh Dr. Mahathir dan UMNO di kalangan orang-orang Melayu seperti yang diperlihatkan oleh keputusan pilihanraya umum yang lalu. Malaysia menurut Sdr. Jomo akan terus dikuasai oleh MAD (ringkasan untuk Mahathir, Abdullah Badawi dan Daim Zainuddin). Majlis pada malam itu berakhir pada jam 11.20 malam. LAPORAN SESI SUMBANGSARAN (25 Mac 2000) SAINS SOSIAL PADA ABAD KE-21 DAN PERANAN PSSM Satu sesi sumbangsaran anjuran PSSM telah diadakan pada 25 Mac 2000 di Bilik Seminar, Fakulti Sains Kemasyarakatan dan Kemanusiaan (FSKK), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Dalam ucapan pembukaannya pada sesi itu, Presiden PSSM yang baru, Profesor Madya Dr. Abdul Rahman Embong (dari Jabatan Antropologi dan Sosiologi UKM) menyorot kembali idea penubuhan PSSM yang dicetus dalam resolusi Konferensi Kebangsaan Peranan dan Orientasi Sains Sosial dan Ahli-Ahli Sains Sosial di Malaysia anjuran Jabatan Antropologi dan Sosiologi, UKM pada 17-18 Ogos 1974 bahawa tujuannya ialah untuk menyatukan seluruh tenaga sains sosial di Malaysia bagi mengembangkan ilmu sains sosial dan memberikan sumbangan kepada negara. Beliau menyatakan bahawa hasrat ini tercapai apabila PSSM ditubuhkan secara rasmi pada 1977. Sehingga kini, Persatuan ini sudah mengharungi sejarah selama 23 tahun dan mempunyai enam orang Presiden, iaitu Dr. Zainal Keling (1977-80), Dr. Syed Husin Ali (1980-90), Dr. Ishak Shari (1990-1994), Dr. Ikmal Said (1994-96), Dr. Jomo K.S. (1996-2000) dan Dr. Abdul Rahman Embong (2000-2002). Mengatur Semula Strategi Dalam ucapan pembukaannya itu, Presiden juga menegaskan bahawa PSSM sebagai organisasi nasional sains sosial haruslah terus menerus memberikan kepimpinan intelektual kepada usaha perkembangan bidang sains sosial di Malaysia di samping memberi input kepada penggubalan dasar pembangunan negara dan Berita PSSM 2000(1) 2

masyarakat. Tuntutan ini adalah selaras dengan kehendak Perlembagaan PSSM. Beliau mengingatkan bahawa keadaan sekarang amat berbeza dengan keadaan dua dekad lebih yang lalu semasa PSSM ditubuhkan. Untuk memainkan peranannya secara lebih berkesan, beliau menyarankan PSSM perlu mengambil kira perubahan dalam senario perkembangan sains sosial kini dan juga dalam masyarakat itu sendiri baik di tingkat global mahupun di dalam negeri serta berusaha mengatur semula strateginya selaras dengan perubahan tersebut. Ini boleh dilaksanakan dengan melakukan stocktaking tentang keadaan kini. Untuk tujuan tersebut, beliau menegaskan pandangan dan kerjasama seluruh ahli amat dialu-alukan dan sesi sumbangsaran ini ialah salah satu cara untuk mendapatkan pandangan mereka. Beliau juga menyatakan bahawa objektif khusus sesi sumbangsaran ini ialah untuk mengumpul pandangan dan cadangan ahli bagi membantu pihak pimpinan PSSM menggubal sebuah dokumen strategik yang akan menggariskan hala tuju PSSM dalam senario perkembangan ilmu dan masyarakat yang pesat berubah pada abad baru ini. Tumpuan Perbincangan Sesi sumbangsaran ini yang dihadiri oleh kirakira 40 orang ahli telah berjalan dengan rancak selama dua jam dari 10.00 pagi hingga 12.00 tengah hari. Perbincangan tertumpu kepada tiga perkara: Mengenalpasti kedudukan sains sosial kini di Malaysia dan kedudukan PSSM; Menggariskan apa yang harus dilakukan oleh PSSM untuk mencapai matlamatnya; Menggariskan cara dan pendekatan yang harus digunakan bagi mencapai matlamat tersebut. Pandangan dan Cadangan Ahli Para ahli telah memberikan pandangan secara terbuka dan bebas dalam sesi itu. Mereka menegaskan bahawa sebagai sebuah pertubuhan sains sosial, PSSM perlu bersifat broad-based, mengambil pendirian yang tegas dan berprinsip tetapi non-partisan, menggabungkan rancangan jangka pendek dengan rancangan jangka panjang, serta mengenalpasti keutamaannya kerana Persatuan tidak boleh melakukan segalagalanya. PSSM harus mengenalpasti core business dan juga core competencenya, harus membina niche sendiri dan merancangkan aktivitinya berdasarkan kekuatan yang ada padanya. Para ahli mencadangkan supaya PSSM menghidupkan semula jurnal Ilmu Masyarakat yang harus berperanan sebagai intellectual flagship atau mercutanda intelektual Persatuan. PSSM juga perlu meneruskan penerbitan Berita PSSM secara kerap yang patut juga memuatkan berita-berita tentang kegiatan ahli dan pencapaian mereka, mengadakan persidangan kebangsaan sekali setahun, meneruskan Persidangan Antarabangsa Malaysian Studies yang diadakan sekali dalam dua tahun, membuka cawangan PSSM di universiti-universiti di luar Lembah Kelang dan lain-lain. Sebagai satu projek keutamaan, para ahli mencadangkan supaya PSSM menjalankan satu audit bagi menilai perkembangan sains sosial khususnya di institusi pengajian tinggi (dari segi pengajaran, penyelidikan, penerbitan dan khidmat masyarakat) dan mengemukakan saranansaranan yang perlu. Semasa menutup sesi itu, Presiden PSSM mengucapkan terima kasih atas pelbagai pandangan dan cadangan bernas yang dikemukakan para ahli dalam sesi itu. Beliau juga memberitahu bahawa Jawatankuasa Kerja yang baru telah merangka serentetan aktiviti yang akan dilaksanakan bagi tahun 2000 dan 2001 dan sebahagiannya adalah sama seperti dicadangkan oleh para ahli dalam sesi sumbangsaran itu. Beliau mengatakan bahawa sesi sumbangsaran semacam ini akan diteruskan lagi bukan sahaja di Lembah Kelang tetapi juga di universitiuniversiti di luar Lembah Kelang untuk mendapatkan pandangan ahli. Beliau berjanji segala pandangan dalam sesi sumbangsaran ini akan dirumuskan dan dijadikan panduan oleh Jawatankuasa PSSM untuk merangka dokumen perancangan strategiknya nanti. Berita PSSM 2000(1) 3

PERKEMBANGAN SAINS KEMASYARAKATAN DAN KEMANUSIAAN DI MALAYSIA: REALITI DAN CABARAN BARU Petikan rencana pengarang Akademika (jurnal sains kemasyarakatan dan kemanusiaan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) Bilangan 53, Julai 1998. Diterbitkan semula dengan kebenaran sidang editor Akademika. Rencana pengarang ini ditulis oleh Ketua Editor Akademika, Abdul Rahman Embong. Masyarakat manusia pada akhir abad ke-20 kini sedang menghadapi pergolakan besar dan mengalami perubahan yang pesat dan mendalam. Bidang ilmu pula terus menerus berkembang. Untuk memainkan peranannya dengan lebih berkesan pada masa hadapan, Lembaga Editorial dan para penyumbang untuk Akademika perlu peka terhadap beberapa perkembangan penting, baik dalam bidang ilmu mahupun dalam masyarakat yang turut memberi dampak ke atas bidang ilmu. Di sini kami akan membuat ulasan ringkas mengenai beberapa perkembangan penting ini. Pertama, pertumbuhan prolifik pascamodenisme, pasca-marxisme, feminisme, teori pascakolonial, pengajian budaya dan aliran intelektual lain telah menimbulkan kekeliruan yang tidak sedikit di kalangan barisan ilmuan akademik konvensional. Oleh kerana aliran pemikiran baru ini tidak terkongkong dalam bingkai satu-satu disiplin, maka sempadan antara disiplin mulai cair, sehingga ia menyebabkan bertambahnya kecenderungan dan aktiviti lintas batas antara pelbagai disiplin. Percambahan yang rancak ini memberikan satu cabaran serius kepada perspektif teori konvensional atau tradisional dan kepada kebiasaan pendirian satu disiplin. Walau bagaimanapun, satu perdebatan yang bermakna di antara perspektif teori konvensional/tradisional yang menjadi pegangan selama ini dengan aliran intelektual baru yang mencabar ini sedang berlaku. Perdebatan ini sepatutnya digalakkan kerana ia boleh melahirkan proses saling mengisi di antara kedua-duanya. Sementara kita tidak boleh menerima yang baru bulat-bulat tanpa sikap kritis, kita juga tidak boleh menjadi seperti petapa intelektual yang mempercayai kemurnian bidang ilmu sendiri dan bermati-matian mempertahankan monopoli ke atas wilayah ilmu itu, dan hanya melepaskan batuk di tangga terhadap kekuatan pendekatan pelbagai disiplin. Kedua, beberapa perkembangan yang berlaku di luar wacana ilmiah bukan sahaja telah membawa dilema dan cabaran baru kepada kehidupan manusia dan hubungan antarabangsa, tetapi juga telah menguji parameter ilmu pengetahuan dan pengertian kita, dan menghadapkan kita dengan medan pertarungan intelektual yang baru. Perkembangan-perkembangan ini, khususnya peningkatan pemikiran neo-liberal di kalangan pemimpin politik dan peneraju dunia perniagaan serta penjelmaannya menjadi dasar pemerintah di serata dunia; peluasan kuasa pasaran dan proses globalisasi dengan pemampatan masa dan ruang; serta perkembangan pesat teknologi maklumat termasuk Internet, telah mencipta perbatasan baru, yang sebahagian besar daripadanya tidakpun diketahui. Sebagai contoh, krisis kewangan dan ekonomi di Asia kini, yang merupakan satu krisis global dengan pemicu serantau, secara jelas menunjukkan bukan sahaja ketidakupayaan pemerintah untuk menanganinya, tetapi juga ketidakupayaan disiplin-disiplin tradisional untuk menganalisis dan menafsirkan fenomena ini dengan memuaskan and memberikan kepimpinan intelektual. Oleh yang demikian, adalah menjadi tanggungjawab para ilmuan untuk membuat perenungan dan kritikan diri, dan dengan teliti mengkaji dan mengemukakan analisis tentang pelbagai proses yang sedang berlangsung supaya ia dapat dibahas di kalangan komuniti ilmuan, dan juga untuk menjadi rujukan para pembuat dasar dan orang awam. Proses-proses ini tidak dapat dihuraikan dengan sempurna dengan sematamata bergantung pada paradigma lama ataupun pada alat-alat analisis daripada satu disiplin sahaja. Berita PSSM 2000(1) 4

Ketiga, seiring dengan beberapa proses yang dibincangkan dalam perkara kedua di atas, satu aliran yang merimaskan telah muncul, yang sebahagiannya dicetuskan oleh negara dan gerak kuasa pasaran, yang menuntut supaya ilmu pengetahuan bersifat utilitarian dan tunduk kepada kehendak pasaran. Konsep kerelevanan ilmu telah ditafsirkan secara sempit daripada sudut jangka pendek kepentingan pasaran. Aliran ini menggugat peranan institusi pendidikan, seperti universiti sebagai sebuah institusi pengajian tinggi, serta sebagai gedung budaya dan peradaban, yang misinya ialah untuk pendidikan manusia atau insan, dan bukan semata-mata untuk latihan pembangunan sumber manusia. Dalam masyarakat dunia yang secara berat sebelah menekankan kepentingan sains dan teknologi dan keunggulan kuasa pasaran, pelbagai bidang ilmu pengetahuan, khususnya sains kemasyarakatan dan kemanusiaan tulen, menghadapi tekanan hebat untuk mewajarkan kerelevanan masing-masing, sekalipun terdapat diktum yang sudah lama teruji bahawa disiplin soft atau tulen ini berperanan untuk pembinaan akal budi kemanusiaan yang halus. Berdasarkan perkembangan di atas, para sarjana sains kemasyarakatan dan kemanusiaan tidak harus bersikap nostalgik dan defensif. Kita perlu memandang ke hadapan, bersikap imaginatif dan inovatif. Kita perlu menyedari bahawa kuasa pasaran dipacu oleh kepentingan jangka pendek. Sementara itu negara pula yang bertindak balas terhadapnya sering mengubah posisinya terutamanya apabila ia berkonflik dengan kuasa pasaran, dengan yang satu cuba mendisiplin yang lain. Komuniti ilmuan, terutamanya mereka daripada disiplin yang dikatakan soft tersebut, perlu mengambil pandangan jangka panjang dalam perancangan akademik dan usaha intelektual mereka. Sementara penyesuaian perlu dilakukan dan fikiran yang ketinggalan zaman dikikis, kita tidak boleh mentakrif semula kerelevanan disiplin kita daripada kacamata jangka pendek semata-mata. Cita-cita yang tidak kunjung padam bagi pendidikan untuk pembangunan insan dan pembinaan akal budi kemanusiaan adalah pandangan jangka panjang yang seharusnya mendasari sebarang penyesuaian jangka pendek yang perlu dilakukan untuk tujuan menguasai kemahiran. Dengan kata lain, penguasaan kemahiran bagi pembangunan sumber harus dipadukan dengan pendidikan untuk membina insan dan penghalusan akal budi umat manusia itu sendiri. Ini menegaskan kerelevanan disiplin-disiplin tulen melampaui keterbatasan temposentrisme masa kini. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES IN MALAYSIA: NEW REALITIES AND CHALLENGES Excerpts from the editorial in Akademika (journal of the social sciences and humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) No. 53, July 1998. Reprinted with permission from Akademika s editorial board. The editorial is written by its chief editor, Abdul Rahman Embong. Today, at the close the twentieth century, human societies are faced with major upheavals, and are going through rapid and profound changes. The corpus of knowledge also continues to proliferate. To ensure that Akademika can play its role more effectively in the future, its editors and contributors must be keenly sensitive to important developments in the various branches of knowledge, as well as to developments in human societies that impact upon the frontiers of knowledge. We shall comment briefly on some of these major developments. First, the prolific growth of post-modernism, post-marxism, feminism, post-colonial theory, cultural studies and other intellectual trends throws the conventional academic order into some confusion. Since these new intellectual Berita PSSM 2000(1) 5

pursuits are not confined within disciplinary monoliths, boundaries between disciplines begin to erode, leading to a proliferation of crossboundary tendencies and activities. This factor poses a critical challenge to hitherto longestablished conventional or traditional theoretical perspectives and to the habitual mould of the single discipline approach. Nevertheless, a meaningful debate between the received conventional/traditional wisdom and the new intellectual upstarts has been underway. Such a debate, with the possible cross-fertilisation, should be encouraged. Whilst we should not uncritically go overboard to embrace the new, neither should be we become intellectual hermits believing in our own purity and claiming territorial monopoly, paying only lip service to the strength of multidisciplinary approaches. Second, a number of developments extraneous to the domain of academic discourse, had not only posed new dilemmas and challenges to human life and international relations, but had also tested the parameters of our knowledge and understanding, and confronted us with new intellectual fault lines. These developments viz. the upsurge in neo-liberal thinking among the political elite and captains of industry, and its translation into government policies the world over; the expansion of the market forces and the process of globalization with its attendant timespace compression; as well as the dramatic growth of information technology, including the Internet have created new, and in many ways, unknown frontiers. For example, the current financial and economic turmoil in Asia a global crisis with regional triggers has thrown into sharp relief not only the incapacity of states to handle it, but also the incapacity of the traditional disciplines to analyse and interpret the phenomenon satisfactorily and provide intellectual leadership. Hence, the onus is on the academic community to engage in self-reflection and criticism, and rigorously study and provide analyses of the various ongoing processes so that they can be debated within the academic fraternity and also serve as reference for policymakers and the lay public. These processes cannot be explained adequately by simply relying on the old paradigm or by merely clinging to the analytical tools of one single discipline. Third, related to the processes discussed in the preceding argument, a disturbing trend has emerged, sparked off in part by both the state and the market, which demand that knowledge should be utilitarian and subservient to the interest of the market. The concept of relevance has been narrowly defined to suit the shorttermist market needs. Such a trend undermines the role of educational institutions, such as universities as a seat of higher learning, and a citadel of culture and civilisation, whose mission is the education of men (and women), and not merely for human resource development training. In a world society which one-sidedly emphasises the importance of science and technology and the omnipotence of the market, various branches of knowledge, namely the so-called soft social sciences and humanities, come under intense pressure to justify their relevance, despite the long tested dictum that these soft disciplines are for the refinements of humanity. In light of the above, social scientists and humanities scholars should not be nostalgic and be on the defensive. We need to be forwardlooking, imaginative and innovative. We have to realise that markets are driven by short-termist interests, and states responding to market forces, often shift positions especially when they come into conflict with the latter, with each trying to discipline the other. The academic community, especially those in the soft disciplines, should take a long range view in their academic planning and intellectual pursuits. Whilst adjustments need to be made and outmoded thinking be discarded, we should not redefine our relevance in a short-termist manner. The neverending quest for the education of men (and women) and the refining of humanity is the long range view that should underlie any short-term adjustments for human resource development. In other words, the acquisition of skills for resource development should be integrated with the overall education of men (and women) and the refinement of humanity. The relevance of the soft disciplines thus goes beyond the tempocentrism of the present. Berita PSSM 2000(1) 6

SOKONG, SETUJU, DAN PUJI by Dr. Collin Abraham Tan Sri Musa s focus on Sokong dan Setuju in his recent exclusive interviews with the Star newspaper (27 and 28 February 2000) has raised certain theoretical and practical political questions, which I believe are worth looking at more closely both generally and in specific contexts. Indeed, perhaps I might be excused for adding on another dimension namely Puji because this is an essential end variable, so to speak, to encapsulate the total scenario which should now read Sokong, Setuju dan Puji. In this way, the meaning when taken in its totality, reinforces the further possibility of making a contribution to what has been referred to as the Politics of Flattery which in effect was what I believe Musa was alluding to. The Historical and Theoretical Background As a starting point it may be useful to point out that the basis for such scenarios are not new. It can be traced to the well established contention that it is always better to be seen as agreeing than disagreeing. For example, this goes as far back as 1620 when Francis Bacon noted that: It is the peculiar and perpetual error of human understanding to be moved and more excited by affirmatives than negatives (Bacon 1920). Put in another way, it makes sense to say that, generally when one agrees with an argument or contention the perception is created of an agreeable personality or indeed a morally good person. Moreover, and particularly in what social scientists have referred to as simple and traditional societies, it is not uncommon to find what might be termed as less overtly articulating cultures where playing safe by agreeing rather that disagreeing would constitute the norm. This seems reasonable because in the case of a latter response one might be asked or indeed challenged to state your case. This may certainly be one good reason for the tendency for people in these cultures to come across as yes men rather than to take the risk of calling a spade a spade. The Political Power Base But the more important and indeed crucial reason is clearly political in the sense of accessibility to, and articulation of, political power. The historical record abounds with examples of societies where, because of the concentration of political power in the hands of the King or Emperor and his inner circle, and the consequent lack of, or limited access, to the articulation of power by other groups there were countless numbers of lackeys and hangers-on around the King or Emperor. These persons were classic examples of Yes men always willing to give the Ruling Class only the advice that they wished to hear irrespective of the possible negative social consequences of such illadvice. By ostensibly agreeing with their views, they (the former) always gave the impression of being loyal citizens in the hope of gaining favour to enhance their own personal gain. Put in somewhat simplistic terms in the present context the greater the frequency of Sokong, Setuju dan Puji, the greater the likely benefits that would accrue. Political scientists have looked to early traditional societies, especially within the Feudal system of Government, as examples where political leadership under certain political ideologies such as the Divine Right of Kings or Oriental Despotism were seen as necessary conditions for the stability of these societies. The involvement and intertwinement of religion served to further reinforce the state apparatus not only to ensure the stability but indeed the very survival of these societies. Sociological and Political Analysis Recent sociological and political analysis has however questioned the legitimacy of these societies where tradition by itself, or in itself, was seen as the cornerstone and legitimate basis of society from time immemorial. Professor Anthony Giddens, a foremost sociologist, in his 1999 BBC Reith Lectures, for instance, drawing from the sophisticated work of Hobswawm and Ranger has argued that the idea of tradition as we know of it today is itself a creation of modernity. They argue therefore that there is such a thing as Invented traditions and customs which aren t genuine ones. They are contrived, rather than growing up spontaneously; they are used as a means of power; and they haven t existed since time immemorial. Whatever continuity they imply with the long-term past is largely false (Giddens 1999). Giddens goes on to further argue that all traditions are in fact invented in the sense that tradition always incorporates power, whether they are constructed in a deliberate way or not. Kings, Emperors, Priests and others have long invented traditions to suit themselves and legitimate their rule (Giddens 1999). What is even more interesting is Giddens s theoretical analysis about the political significance and the meaning of tradition in terms of unquestionable acceptance of the political status quo. Berita PSSM 2000(1) 7

The key factor here is that traditional practices do not offer alternatives and therefore it follows that people are mentally conditioned not to ask about alternatives of which they are not aware in the first place. Therefore in effect the status quo cannot be challenged because whatever political system exists must obviously be the best. This fits perfectly with the adage For forms of Government let Fools contest: whatever is, is best Another equally astute theoretical observation of Giddens is that the process of social change, does not materially alter the traditional political base of society. This is because tradition has entrenched frameworks for action which go largely unquestioned since traditional leaders are essentially Guardians who are not the same as Experts. Their power and social status positions therefore are based on the fact that they are the only persons capable of interpreting traditional truths (Giddens 1999). Finally, according to Giddens, another relevant argument for the persistence of tradition, despite the changes which normally accompany modernisation, is that such changes are largely confined to urban areas in public institutions, such as the polity, and the bureaucracy. Consequently traditional values and ways of doing things tend to persist or be re-established in every day life resulting in a kind of symbiosis between modernity and tradition both in the urban and to some extent the rural areas as well. The Malaysian Case It will be generally agreed, that much of the above scenario could be said to be applicable directly or indirectly to the Malaysian case as well. There is however another dimension which is crucial for a fuller understanding of the Sokong, Setuju dan Puji scenario. This is the dependency syndrome the origins of which can be traced to the philosophy and policies of the British Colonial Government and which in my view have become entrenched in Malay politics today. Perhaps, I can be excused for attempting a thumb-nail sketch in the context of this article. This can be explained simply and briefly as follows. Because the British colonial government usurped Malay political sovereignty through the political process of indirect rule it created in its place the symbolic notion of protection whereby the traditional rights and social institutions of the Malays as the rightful owners of the land had to be protected. This was further articulated and manifested as protection of the religion and customary rights of the Malays and re-inforced through the revitalised pomp and splendour of the Feudal period as highlighted in the Institution of the Rulers Durbar. Subsequently, and even more relevant to the argument being advanced here, was the fact that the Malays also needed to be protected via compensation economically for the Colonial immigration policies that literally allowed millions of Chinese and Indians to enter the country to develop the tin and rubber industries. It is worth pointing out that notion was a kind of rationalisation on the part of the Government for facilitating the immigration process without the permission or indeed the consent of the Malay Rulers. In fact, the colonial record will show that this notion of economic protection was mentioned in somewhat crude terms by none other than Swettenham who suggested that the immigrants should be given every encouragement to develop the economy provided they compensated the Malays financially as the indigenous people of the land. Indeed, even our first Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman is reported to have made a statement along the same lines. It is therefore not surprising that with the advent of political independence and the emergence of political parties and with the Malays continuing to be marginalised from the mainstream modern sector of the economy that they should continue to look to their political leaders and political parties for economic protection. However, political power systems, being what they generally are, becomes increasingly difficult for individuals and groups to gain access to political power for economic gain. In short, therefore, it might be argued that the scenario of Sokong, Setuju dan Puji is in fact the political articulations of those individuals and groups who are mostly among the less powerful or the powerless and may even be interpreted as the weapons of the politically weak. Indeed in a situation of political and economic closure and against the background of rising expectations in the context of modernisation, the scenario might even be justified as the Way Forward for those who have no choice but to subscribe to Sokong, Setuju dan Puji. References Bacon, Francis. Novum Orgunum: The New Organon and Related Writings. New York: Liberal Arts (Original Work published 1620). Giddens, Anthony. 1999. Tradition and Modernity: BBC 1999 Reith Lectures, from Raffles Review Vol. 111 No. 2 pp. 16-22. Berita PSSM 2000(1) 8