Chapter 28: Part 3 Cold War and a New Western World, 19451965 900907 (8 th VolumeNewer) Important Vocabulary Terms Sputnik Stalin Khrushchev Twentieth Congress Alexander Solzhenitsyn DeStalinization Leonid Brezhnev Klement Gottwald Tito Stalinization Wladyslaw Gomulka Imre Nagy (Nahj) Janos Kadar
Reading and Discussion Questions Recovery and Renewal in Europe FOCUS QUESTION: What were the main developments in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe between 1945 and 1965? The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev What did the impact of World War II have on the Soviet economy? How did Stalin propose they cope? Discuss the impact this had on the role of Soviet women. Describe the recovery overall. Stalin s Policies In which economic area did Stalin focus? Why do you think this was the case? Describe the impact of his efforts domestically and militarily. Give three examples of Stalin s repressive rule. What happened on March 5, 1953 that gave hope to many in the Soviet Union and in the United States?
1) The economic policies of Stalin a) completely overtaxed a wardamaged industrial plant as production of material goods long failed to surpass prewar levels b) were unrealistic since Russia lacked readily accessible natural resources and fossil fuels c) managed to product both guns and butter, that is rearmed the Soviet military while producing cheap and plentiful consumer goods d) instituted a modified freemarket capitalism in all economic areas except for heavy industry e) emphasized the development of heavy industry and the production of modern weapons and space vehicles Khrushchev s Rule How was Khrushchev different from Stalin in regards to domestic policy? DOCUMENT ACTIVITY: Khrushchev Denounces Stalin (p. 901) According to Khrushchev, what were Stalin s crimes? What purposes, political and historical, do you think Khrushchev intended his denunciation of Stalin to serve? 2) At the 20 th Congress of the Communist Party in 1956, Khrushchev a) pardoned Stalin for his crimes b) insisted that the forced labor camps must stay open indefinitely c) urged the Party to adopt a limited form of capitalism in order to stay in power d) called for cessation of the Cold War e) condemned Stalin
What impact did Khrushchev s policies have on the Communist internally and foreign to the Soviet Union? Describe his domestic economic reforms? How successful or unsuccessful were these measures? 3) An example of the relaxation of repressive Stalinism during 3) Khrushchev s regime was the publication of a) his own autobiography b) Stalin s Last Will and Testament c) Trotsky s Dr. Zhivago d) Solzhenitsyn s A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich e) the Bible and the Koran for the first times since the Revolution of 1917 What made Khrushchev unpopular with high ranking Soviet officials? How was his vacation in 1964? Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain How did Czechoslovakia differ from some of the other eastern bloc nations?
4) Due to it s strong democratic traditions, the last Eastern country to fall under Soviet, oneparty domination after World War II was a) Bulgaria b) Poland c) Hungary d) Czechoslovakia e) Romania Albania and Yugoslavia What was unique about the development and established government in Albania? Describe the relationship between Tito and Yugoslavia with Stalin. Describe how nationalism impacted this relationship. 5) Yugoslavia from World War II through 1960 was characterized by a) its close alliance with the West in the Cold War b) a strict adherence to Staliniststyle Communism c) the leadership of Tito, who asserted Yugoslavia s independence from the Soviet Union d) its adoption of Maoist rather than the Stalinist model of Communism e) its complete rejection of Marxian economics Why do you suppose the Eastern Bloc nations followed a process of Stalinization from 48 53? In the long run, how was this perceived?
1956: Upheaval in Eastern Europe What impact did Stalin s death have on the Eastern European nations? 6) In 1956 in Poland, Wladyslaw Gomulka a) worked with the Soviets to crush a nascent independence movement b) declared his nation s right to follow its own socialist path c) tried to assassinate Nikita Khrushchev d) started an underground newspaper dedicated to fascism e) ordered the construction of a wall separating Poland from the Soviet Union How was the internal dissent in Hungary different from that in Poland? From which figure from Hungarian history do you think the Hungarians drew inspiration during this struggle? (Think Augsgleich) What was the end result in the revolution in Hungary in 1956? What impact did it have on the other Eastern European satellite nations? Read the Document on page 904: Soviet Repression in Eastern Europe: Hungary, 1956 Based on this selection, what was the Soviet Union s policy toward its Eastern European satellite states in the 1950 s? What impact did the change in policy have on Eastern Europe?
How are the events that took place in Hungary in 1956 of both the Soviet Government and Imry Nagy similar? How were they different? What reasons account for the differences in perspective? Did the Soviet s do the right thing at that moment? Explain. Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy Why did the communists fare well in elections in places like Italy and France in 1946 and 1947? How and why did socialism evolve in the 1950 s? Who were the Christian Democrats and what were their policies? France: The Domination of De Gaulle What did De Gaulle believe his mission to be? What Republic did he oversee? 7) Charles de Gaulle withdrew from politics in 1946 because a) he was discredited by his links with the communists b) the United States wanted France out of Indochina c) radical union leaders constantly harassed him d) he believed the Fourth Republic had become weak e) he wanted to become king
Briefly list the 3 controversial occurrences and events which led France to yet again submit themselves to a revision of their constitution and call for stronger executive power. Yet another Republic! (Seriously!) France and the 5 th Republic! 8) As president of France, Charles de Gaulle s position in the Cold War was to a) closely align France with the Warsaw Pact nations b) make France the third nuclear power and pursue a largely independent political course c) let American policy guide France and other European nations d) make France the leading European power in NATO e) join the nonaligned thirdworld nations List at least two positives of De Gaulle s time in power What impact did Nationalization have on the French economy and why. What were 3 reasons why De Gaulle resigned in 1969?
West Germany: A Reconceived Nation 9) The first chancellor of the German Federal Republic, Konrad Adenauer a) flowed British leadership on foreign policy b) remained neutral between the two superpowers c) rebuilt the German army as quickly as possible d) sought above all a reconciliation of relations with France e) became America s most trusted ally Why was this important? (Think historically!) What happened with West Germany in 1955? What was the economic miracle and who was Ludwig Erhard? What were guest workers and from where did they come? What led to the rise of (SPD) Social Democrats in the 1960 s? Great Britain: The Welfare State Who was Clement Attlee and why did he replace Churchill and the conservatives following World War II? Describe the following programs of Britain s Welfare State: Nationalization Social Welfare Socialized Medicine
What impact did this welfare state have on Britain s foreign policy? What did this have to do with the Truman Doctrine? 10) Which of the following statements about postwar Britain is false? a) the Conservative Party in the 1950 s revoked nearly all of the socialist legislation of the Labour Party of the 1940 s b) A National Insurance and National health acts helped make Britain a welfare state c) Neither Labour nor the Conservatives could solve problems of labor, the economy, or Northern Ireland d) Churchill served a second term before retiring e) The Suez Crisis proved that Britain could not successfully oppose America s will Italy: Weak Coalition Government 11) PostWar Italian politics were characterized by a) the dominance of the Communist Party b) the demise the of the Christian Democrats c) the hegemony of the Christian Democrats with backing from the Catholic Church d) the rapid rise and fall of Communistdominated coalition governments e) frequent military coups Western Europe: The Move Toward Unity What was the ECSC? 12) One Country that was not an original member of the European Coal and Steel Community was a) France b) England c) West Germany d) Italy e) Belgium
Define the EUROATOM What was the ROME TREATY? 13) The Common Market was a) primarily a military alliance of certain European countries b) a forum of European nations founded to solve social problems c) founded for economic reasons, including to promote free trade among member nations d) established for cultural reasons to combat American materialism e) founded with the intent to include all the nations of Europe, including the Soviet Union, as well as the United States, in the organization